Unicellular aquatic Eukaryota organism that do photosynthesize. Plant-like protist. This presentation provides a generalize idea of protist focusing specifically on some characteristics of protist as well as their division.
1. Plant-like Protist
(Algae) Fasama Hilton Kollie
Lecturer, Department of Biology
Mother Patern College of Health SciencesFebruary 7, 2019
2. Lesson Outline
1. Overview of Algae
2. Evolution and General Characteristics of algae
3. Reproduction in algae
4. Classification of algae
5. Types of algae
3. Lesson Objectives
• Upon completion of this lesson, students will be able to;
1. Define the term algae
2. Identify the general characteristics of algae
3. Describe the process of reproduction in algae
4. Describe the classification of algae
5. Overview of Algae
• Algae are a diverse group of aquatic organisms that have the ability to
conduct photosynthesis
• They are members of the kingdom Protista and are placed in the division
Thallophyta along with Fungi and Lichens
• They are distinguished by their photosynthetic pigments and other
characteristics…
6. Overview of Algae Cont’d…
• Photosynthetic algae possess one or more
chloroplast per cell and can convert light
energy to chemical energy
• Chlorophyll a server as the primary
photosynthetic pigment
• Most algae chloroplast contain a protein-
rich structure called Pyrenoid
7. Pyrenoid:
• They are proteinaceous bodies
• Considered as the organelle of
synthesis and storage of starch
• It function as the centers of
carbon dioxide (CO2) fixation
8. Overview of Algae Cont’d
• Many algae cells have a light
detector consisting of a complex
of pigments
• Eyespot are common pigment
that aid algae in its response to
stimulus
9. Endosymbiotic Event In The Evolution
of Algae
• The diversity of algal phyla coupled with the number of membranes
surrounding their chloroplast suggests that these organisms
underwent different endosymbiotic events
• Initial endosymbiotic event is Primary Endosymbiosis
• Chloroplast with three membranes are products of Secondary
Endosymbiosis
11. Endosymbiotic Event In The Evolution
of Algae Cont’d
• In primary endosymbiosis, a photosynthetic prokaryote was engulfed
by a heterotrophic cell
• Resulting cell evolved into an algae
• In secondary endosymbiosis, an alga was engulfed by another
heterotrophic cell
• Each endosymbiotic event added another membrane to the
chloroplast
12. Endosymbiotic Event In The Evolution
of Algae
• Many other algae have chloroplasts that are surrounded by four
membranes
• Algal cells with three or four chloroplast membranes may have a
higher rate of glucose production
13. General Characteristics of Algae
• Majority of algae live in aquatic environment
• These organisms can thrive in freshwater, lakes or in saltwater
• Habitat
14. • Habitat Cont’d…
• They can also endure a range of
temperature, oxygen or carbon
dioxide concentration
• Eg: Giant Kelp, Green algal
(Dunaliella salina)
• Planktonic are free-floating algae
that live within illuminated
regions of water
Giant kelp
Dunaliella salina
15. • On the basis of habitat, algae are classified into three groups:
1. Aquatic algae
2. Terrestrial algae
3. Algae of unusual habitats
• Habitat:
16. Aquatic Algae:
• Two types: Fresh water and marine water
• Fresh water: Occurs in ponds, lakes, rivers etc
• Eg: Spirogyra
• Marine water: Occurs in saline condition (sea and oceans)
• Eg: member of brown and red algae (Sargassum)
17. Terrestrial Algae:
• Found in soil, rocks, moist wall, tree trunks etc
• Examples: Spirogyra, Vaucheria, Fritschiella found on the surface of soil
Algae on a tree trunkSpirogyra Vaucheria
18. Algae of Unusual Habitat:
• Halophytic algae: found in highly
saline water (Ectocarpus,
Polysiphonia)
• Epipytic algae: On surface of other
plants or algae (Oedogonium)
• Epizoic algae: on animals - snails,
fishes (Cladophora)
Oedogonium
Ectocarpus
Cladophora
19. • Endozoic algae: grow inside
animals (Zoochlorella)
• Symbiotic algae: symbiotic
association with fungi in lichen,
in bryophytes, pteridophytes,
gymnosperms and angiosperms
Zoochlorella
Algae of Unusual Habitat Cont’d:
Lichen
20. • Parasitic algae: parasite on
plants or animals
• Eg: Cephaleuros; red rust
• Thermophytic algae: grow in
hot springs
• Eg: Heterohormogonium
Algae of Unusual Habitat Cont’d:
Cephaleuros
21. • Nutrition:
• Most algae are Autotrophs, specifically, photoautotrophs
• Some algae are Heterotrophs
• Others are Osmotrophic or Phagotrophic
• Mixotrophic
22. Reproduction In Algae
• The biological process by which new individual organisms
“offspring” are produced from their “parents”
• Three are two common methods of reproduction;
• Asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction
23. Asexual Reproduction:
• Asexual reproduction takes place by a variety of spore formed in
different algae, they include;
• Zoospore
• Aplanospores
• Autospores
Zoospores
Aplanospores
25. Algae General Characteristics Cont’d…
• Except Cyanophyceas (blue green algae, BGA) pigments in algae are found
in membrane bound organelles called Plastids
• In BGA, plastids are absent, pigments located at peripheral cytoplasm
• Chromoplasm
• Plastids are of two types:
• Leucoplast – Colourless plastids
• Chromoplast – Coloured plastids
26. Plastid forms In Algae:
• Cup shaped: Clamydomonas, Volvox
• Discoid: Voucheria, Chara
• Girdle shaped: Ulothrix
• Reticulate: Oedogonium, Cladophora
• Spiral: Spirogyra
• Stellate: Zygnema
27. Classification of Algae
• Criteria of Classification
• Algal pigmentation
• Reserve foods
• Flagellation
28. Classification of Algae
• There are two (2) types of algae;
1. Unicellular algae
2. Multicellular algae
29. Unicellular and Colonial Algae
• Algae evolved from single-celled organisms (made up of one cell) to colonial (made
up of many individual cells living together) to multi-cellular (many specialized cells
working together in one organism)
Single celled Colonies Multi-cellular
Time
30. Unicellular and Colonial Algae Cont’d
• Most unicellular and small colonial algae belong to one of seven phyla;
1. Phylum Euglenophyta
2. Phylum Dinophyta
3. Phylum Bacillariophyta
4. Phylum Xanthophyta
5. Phylum Chrysophyta
6. Phylum Cryptophyta
7. Phylum Prymnesiophyta
• Majority of these algae exit as phytoplankton; collection of microscopic,
photosynthetic organisms
31. Multicellular Algae
• Three phyla contain multicellular algae with complex cellular
differentiation and tissue-level organization
• Phylum Chlorophyta
• Phylum Rhodophyta
• Phylum Phaeophyta
• Chlorophyta also includes unicellular species. However, Phaeophyta
and Rhodophyta are almost exclusively multicellular
32. Reference:
• Nabors, Murray W., INTRODUCTION IN BOTANY. Copyright 2004 Pearson
Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco,
CA 94111. www.aw-bc.com
• Singh, V.(2013): A text book of Botany, Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India.
• Cryptogamic botany, Algae & fungi – Gilbert M. Smiths
• A textbook of Algae - A.V.S.S Sambamurty
33. → Martin Luther King Jr.
“The function of education is to teach one to think intensively
and to think critically. Intelligence plus character – that is the
goal of true education”
Editor's Notes
Algae are diverse group of photosynthetic organism that are not Plant
A large, diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are not necessarily closely related, and is thus polyphyletic
POLYPHYLETIC:
In that, all did not originate from the same ancestors.
However, they share similar characteristics as plant-like protist
PHYCOLOGY: sub-branch of botany that studies algae
The absence or present of pigment is the main basis of distinguishing one algae from another
Algae are distinguished by:
1. Photosynthetic pigments
2. Morphology
3. Flagella/No flagella
Chloroplast serve as organelles for photosynthesis
Major pigments in algae:
Chlorophyll, Carotenoids (carotenes and xanthophyll) and Phycobilins
Primary pigment: Chlorophyll a
Secondary pigment: Chlorophyll b, c, d, f, fucoxanthin, phycoerythrin,
A protein body in the chloroplasts of algae and hornworts that is involved in carbon fixation and starch formation and storage.
Carbon fixation or Carbon Assimilation is the conversion process of inorganic carbon (carbon dioxide) to organic compounds by living organisms
CO2 – C3H7O6P
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Done by these processes:
Photosynthesis
Chemosynthesis [occurs in the absence of sunlight]
Appx. 258 billion tons of carbon dioxide are converted by photosynthesis annually.
The majority of the fixation occurs in marine environments, especially areas of high nutrients
EYESPOT [stigma]
Is a light-sensitive pigmented spot on the bodies
A rounded eye-like marking on an animal, especially on the wing of a butterfly or moth.
invertebrates such as flatworms, starfishes, and microscopic crustaceans, and also in some unicellular organisms.
FUNCTION
eyespot is similar to an eye of a human. It helps organisms pick up light waves to help the organism live and function.
Endosymbiosis played a key role in the evolution of algae
Environment can be either terrestrial or acquatic
Acquatic environment constitute
Freshwater [lakes and ponds, rivers, streams, springs, bogs, and wetlands]
Marine water
Dunaliella salina is a type of halophile green micro-algae especially found in sea salt fields
Aquatic environment constitute
Freshwater ecosystem
[lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, springs, bogs, and wetlands]
Marine ecosystem
[salt marshes, wetland, estuaries, mangroves, coral reefs]
Freshwater Vs. Marine
Difference is based on salinity (The concentration of dissolved salt in a given volume of water)
Freshwater has about 0.05% salt whereas 3.5 percent of the weight of seawater comes from the dissolved salts.
Only 1% fo the whole water body in earth is freshwater. 99% is marine water
Salt in the ocean comes from rocks on land.
The rain that falls on the land contains some dissolved carbon dioxide from the surrounding air. This causes the rainwater to be slightly acidic due to carbonic acid (which forms from carbon dioxide and water).
As the rain erodes the rock, acids in the rainwater break down the rock. This process creates ions, or electrically charged atomic particles. These ions are carried away in runoff to streams and rivers and, ultimately, to the ocean. Many of the dissolved ions are used by organisms in the ocean and are removed from the water. Others are not used up and are left for long periods of time where their concentrations increase over time.
Two of the most prevalant ions in seawater are chloride and sodium. Together, they make up over 90 percent of all dissolved ions in the ocean. Sodium and Chloride are 'salty.'
The concentration of salt in seawater (salinity) is about 35 parts per thousand, on average. Stated in another way, about 3.5 percent of the weight of seawater comes from the dissolved salts.
Vaucheria is a genus of Xanthophyceae or yellow-green algae
Vaucheri disperma
Oedogonium is a genus of filamentous green algae, with unbranched filaments that are one cell thick.
Usually attached to aquatic plants by a holdfast
Cladophora is a genus of reticulated filamentous Ulvophyceae (green algae)
Zoochlorella is a genus of green algae comprising one species, Z. parasitica.
Zooxhlorella establish a relationship with marine organisms and some invertebrates
As symbionts, zoochlorellae use carbon dioxide and nitrogenous and phosphorous wastes and, in illuminated conditions, provide oxygen and useful nutrients to their hosts.
LICHEN [algae and fungus]
The fungus breaks down the substrate (even rock), providing nutrients for the alga. The alga is photosynthetic, providing energy for the fungus
Cephaleuros is a genus of parasitic green algae comprising approximately 14 species. Its common name is red rust.
The alga is parasitic on some important economic plants of the tropics and subtropics such as tea, coffee, mango and guava causing damage limited to the area of algal growth on leaves
VARIEGATED LEAF:
A leaf which has both green and non-green parts. As the green parts contain chlorophyll they photosynthesize, but the non green parts do not contain chlorophyll, so they cannot absorb sunlight
Photoautotrophs are capable of synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances using light as an energy source
There exist certain algal species that need to obtain their nutrition solely from outside sources; that is, they are heterotrophic.
Some unicellular species of green algae, many golden algae, euglenids, dinoflagellates, and other algae have become heterotrophs (also called colorless or apochlorotic algae)
Mixotrophy is a mode of cultivation, where heterotrophic and autotrophic modes work simultaneously, leading to utilization of inorganic and organic carbon in the presence of light.
SPORE:
One-celled, reproductive unit capable of giving rise to a new individual without sexual fusion
A haploid reproductive cell which gives rise to a gametophyte [In plants showing alternation of generation]
ZOOSPORE
spore of certain algae, fungi, and protozoans, capable of swimming by means of a flagellum.
Eg: Ulva zoospore (green algae)
APLANOSPORES
nonmotile asexual spore
AUTOSPORES
An autospore is a non-motile (non-flagellated) spore that is produced within a parent cell, and has the same shape as the parent cell, before release
HYPNOSPORE
Hypnospore is a very thick-walled asexual resting spore (as of various green algae)
EXOSPORES [Fungi and algae]
ENDOSPORES [Bacteria or some plant]
CYST[Thick wall spore formed during unfavorable condition]
APLANOGAMY
having nonmotile gametes
It implie the fusion of two non-flagellate gametes
Morphologically similar but physiologically dissimilar
Eg: Order Conjugales
Reserve Food [Starch, some protein/fats and oil]
Paramylon granules
Laminarin
Leucosin
Chloroplast
Eyespot