Organisms with hidden form of reproduction or reproductive structure. This presentation provide a comprehensive knowledge on such organisms thereby aiding to clearly distinguish them from the Phanerogams, which are organisms with and identifiable form of reproduction or their reproductive structures are identifiable.

1. BOTANY
104
Presented by:
Fasama Hilton Kollie
Lecturer, Department of Biology
Mother Patern College of Health Sciences February 4, 2019

2. Lesson Outline
1. Overview of Cryptogamic botany
2. Classification of cryptogams
3. General characteristics of cryptogams
4. Phanerogams
5. Classification of Phanerogams

3. Lesson Objectives
• By the end of this lesson, students should be able to;
• Define the term Cryptogamic botany, cryptogams and phanerogams
• Identify the classification of cryptogams
• Describe the general characteristics of cryptogams
• Identify the major groups of phanerogams

4. Cryptogamic Botany
• Cryptogamae (Greek kryptos, "hidden"
+ gameein, "to marry")
• Lower plants or plant-like organisms that
reproduce by spores
• They represent the non-seed bearing plants
• Other names, such as “Thallophytes",
"lower plants", and “Spore plants" are also
occasionally used.
Spirogyra
Ferns
Mosses

5. Cryptogamic Botany Cont’d…
• Cryptogamae as a group are the
opposite of the Phanerogamae
• Algae, Lichens, Mosses and Ferns
are the best known groups of
cryptogams
• Fungi, Slim molds and Bacteria are
also classified as cryptogams
Fern
Mosses
Algae

6. Classification of Cryptogams
• Many biologist subscribe to a six (6) Kingdom system of high-level classification

7. Kingdom Representative Group
Kingdom Eubacteria Bluegreen bacteria
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Many groups at about the phylum level, of unique
prokaryotic organisms
Kingdom Protista Algae, Slime molds
Kingdom Fungi Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Lichens, Molds, Yeasts
Kingdom Plantae
• Bryophytes (Mosses, liverworts and hornworts)
• Vascular cryptogams (Ferns, horsetails & Club mosses)
• Higher vascular plants ( Conifers, flowering plants)
Kingdom Animalia
Various invertebrate animal phyla
Vertebrate animals
Classification Cont’d…

8. Classification Cont’d…
Kingdom Eubacteria Cyanobacteria
Kingdom Protista Slime molds, Algae
Kingdom Fungi Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Zygomycota etc
Kingdom Plantae
Bryophytes (Moses, Liverworts & Hornworts)
Vascular Cryptogams
(Ferns, horsetails & club mosses)

9. Classification of Plant Kingdom
• Along with animals, there are varieties of
plant species living and surviving in
diverse areas
• In 1883, A. W. Eichler proposed a system
of classification for the whole plant
kingdom
• EICHLER classified plants into two sub-
kingdoms;
̶ Cryptogamae
̶ Phanerogamae

10. Plant Kingdom - Classification
• A. W. Eichler

11. Cryptogams
• Cryptogams are lower plants or plant-like organisms that reproduce
by spores
• They are also called “flowerless” or “seedless plants”
• They are simple plants like algae, mosses and ferns which do not
produce flowers, fruits and seeds

12. Characteristics of Cryptogams
• Cryptogams do not bear flowers and
seeds
• They reproduce through spores
• They need moist environment to
survive
• Eg: Yeast, Chlamydomonas, Nostoc,
Ulothrix, Spirogyra, Ferns, Mosses,
Liverworts, hornworts, horsetails etc
Thallus
spirogyra
Horsetails

13. Classification of Cryptogams
• Cryptogams are divided further into three (3) divisions;
1. Thallophyta
2. Bryophyta
3. Pteridophyta

14. Thallophyta:
• Commonly called Thyllophytes
• Includes plants whose body is not
differentiated into roots, stems and leaves
• The plant body is called “Thallus”
• Thallophyta is sub-divided into;
̶ Algae
̶ Fungi

15. 1. Algae:
• Characteristically ;
• They are mostly found in water or
moist place or well-lighted area
• They contain chlorophyll
• Their cell wall is made up of
cellulose
• Ex: Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra
Volvox

16. 2. Fungi:
• Characteristically;
• Most are multicellular except yeast
• They grow in moist and dark places
• They lack chlorophyll
• Cell wall is made up of fungus
cellulose or Chitin
• Examples: Mushroom, Mucor, Yeast
etc

17. Bryophyta
• Seedless non vascular plants
• Bryophyta are the simples land plants with undifferentiated plant body
• They include plants such as mosses, liverworts, hornworts etc

18. Bryophyta Cont’d:
• Characteristically
• They are found in moist, cool and shady
places
• They are known as amphibian plants as
they need water for reproduction
• The plant body is leaf-life Thallus except
moss
• Examples: liverworts, Moss,
Hornworts, Riccia etc

19. Bryophyta Cont’d…
• Bryophyta is divided into three phyla;
• Marchantiophyta (Liverworts)
̶ Eg: Riccia, Marchantia etc
• Anthocerophyta (Hornworts)
̶ Eg: Anthoceros
• Bryophyta (Mosses)
̶ Eg: Funaria

20. Pteridophyta
• Known as “Wing-plants”
• Seedless vascular plants
• They are the most advanced
cryptogams
• Vascular tissues present in their
body
• Seedless vascular plants

21. Pteridophyta
• Examples: Ferns, Azola, Marsilea, Lycopodium, Horsetail etc

22. Pteridophyta:
• Pteridophyta is divided into four (4)
phyla;
• Psilotophyta - eg: Psilotum
• Lycophyta - eg: Lycopodium, Selaginella
• Sphenophyta - eg: Horsetail Equisetum
• Pterophyta - eg: ferns, Nephrolepsis,
Pteris, Dryopteris etc
Lycopodium
Psilotum

23. Phanerogams:
• Greek, phaneros = "visible“ + gameein, "to marry“
• Also called Spermatophyta
• They prepare their own food
• Bear flowers of different structures and colors and they also bear seed
• They have well developed reproductive system

24. Classification of Phanerogams

25. Gymnosperms:
• They are naked-seeded plant as their seed
are not enclosed in a fruit
• Characteristically;
• They do no produce flowers and fruits
• They are wood trees and live for many
years
• The plant body is differentiated into root,
stem and leaves
• Eg; Cycas, fir, deodar etc

26. Gymnosperms Cont’d…
• Gymnosperms are generally divided
into four distinct division;
1. Cycadophyta – eg: Cycas
2. Coniferophyta – eg: Pinus, Cedrus etc
3. Ginkgophyta – eg: Maidenhair tree
4. Gnetopsida – eg: Gnetum

27. Angiosperms:
• Angiosperms are the largest group among all the groups of plants
• Constitute about 80% of all green plants
• Found in varieties of habitats

28. Angiosperms Cont’d…
• Characteristically;
• They are autotrophs
• Their seeds are enclosed inside
the fruits
• Plants of this group grow in
different habitats. Some are
Hydrophytes, Mesophytes,
Xerophytes, and Epiphytes

29. Angiosperms Cont’d…
• Angiosperms are divided further into two classes;
1. Monocotyledon
2. Dicotyledons

30. Monocotyledon:
• One cotyledon
• Fibrous root system
• Long and narrow leaves with parallel venation
• They have a weak stem
• Examples: Wheat, Rice, Barley, Sugarcane, Maize, Bamboo etc.
Rice (Oryza sativa) Maize (Zea mays) Barley

31. Dicotyledons
• Two seed leaves
• Broad leaves with reticulate venation
• Tap root system
• They have a strong stem
• Examples: Beans, Pea, Mustard, Orange, Mango etc

32. Reference:
• Nabors, Murray W., INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY Copyright 2004 Pearson Education,
Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings, 1301 Sansome St., San Francisco, CA 94111.
www.aw-bc.com

33. Nelson Mandela
“It is what we make out of what we have, not what
we are given, that separates one person from
another”