- Notothylas is a genus of hornworts classified in the division Bryophyta. It reproduces both sexually through spores and vegetatively through parts of the thallus.
- The life cycle involves an alternation of generations between a thalloid gametophyte generation that produces gametes and a sporophyte generation that is bullet-shaped and produces spores.
- Species of Notothylas are found worldwide in moist habitats and vary in characteristics of the thallus, sporophyte structure, and spore ornamentation. Rare species like N. yunannensis from China have unique traits that distinguish them from related species.
This document discusses the artificial classification system, specifically Linnaeus' system from the 1700s. It defines artificial classification as grouping organisms based on non-evolutionary features like floral characteristics. Linnaeus' system classified plants into 24 classes based mainly on their stamen features. While quick and easy to use, artificial systems are limited as they consider only a few characters and may group unrelated plants together.
• Gymnosperms (Gymnos = naked, Sperma = seed) include the small group of plants with naked seeds.
• The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Palaeozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* It was Robert Brown (1827) who first recognised gymnosperms as a separate entity among plant kingdom.
This document provides information about zoosporic fungi. It discusses that zoosporic fungi are true fungi that reproduce asexually through flagellated spores called zoospores. They are divided into three classes based on the flagellation of zoospores: Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Important information about the characteristics, structures, life cycles, orders, and examples of economically important species are provided for each class.
1. Sphenopsida includes the living genus Equisetum and related extinct genera. They attained their maximum development in the Carboniferous period but are now nearly extinct except for Equisetum.
2. Equisetum is characterized by jointed, branched stems with whorls of small scales. It reproduces via spores borne in strobili. Spores germinate to form prothalli that bear archegonia and antheridia.
3. Ophioglossales is an order of ferns that includes the genus Ophioglossum. Ophioglossum has short, erect rhizomes bearing a single leaf. It reproduces via
Pteridospermales, or seed ferns, were characteristic gymnosperm plants that lived from the Devonian through the Permian periods. They bore fern-like foliage and unprotected seeds and included both tree-like and reclining forms. Seed ferns displayed similarities to both ferns and cycads, with fern-like leaves, protostelic stems, and trilete pollen grains resembling ferns, but also erect aerial stems, circinate vernation, and ovules resembling cycads. Major families included Lyginopteridaceae, Medullosaceae, and Glossopteridaceae. Seed ferns represented an important group of early seed plants that bridged ferns and
- Notothylas is a genus of hornworts classified in the division Bryophyta. It reproduces both sexually through spores and vegetatively through parts of the thallus.
- The life cycle involves an alternation of generations between a thalloid gametophyte generation that produces gametes and a sporophyte generation that is bullet-shaped and produces spores.
- Species of Notothylas are found worldwide in moist habitats and vary in characteristics of the thallus, sporophyte structure, and spore ornamentation. Rare species like N. yunannensis from China have unique traits that distinguish them from related species.
This document discusses the artificial classification system, specifically Linnaeus' system from the 1700s. It defines artificial classification as grouping organisms based on non-evolutionary features like floral characteristics. Linnaeus' system classified plants into 24 classes based mainly on their stamen features. While quick and easy to use, artificial systems are limited as they consider only a few characters and may group unrelated plants together.
• Gymnosperms (Gymnos = naked, Sperma = seed) include the small group of plants with naked seeds.
• The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Paleozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* The Gymnosperms originated in the Devonian period of the Palaeozoic Era and formed the supreme vegetation in the Mesozoic Era.
* It was Robert Brown (1827) who first recognised gymnosperms as a separate entity among plant kingdom.
This document provides information about zoosporic fungi. It discusses that zoosporic fungi are true fungi that reproduce asexually through flagellated spores called zoospores. They are divided into three classes based on the flagellation of zoospores: Chytridiomycetes, Hypochytridiomycetes, and Oomycetes. Important information about the characteristics, structures, life cycles, orders, and examples of economically important species are provided for each class.
1. Sphenopsida includes the living genus Equisetum and related extinct genera. They attained their maximum development in the Carboniferous period but are now nearly extinct except for Equisetum.
2. Equisetum is characterized by jointed, branched stems with whorls of small scales. It reproduces via spores borne in strobili. Spores germinate to form prothalli that bear archegonia and antheridia.
3. Ophioglossales is an order of ferns that includes the genus Ophioglossum. Ophioglossum has short, erect rhizomes bearing a single leaf. It reproduces via
Pteridospermales, or seed ferns, were characteristic gymnosperm plants that lived from the Devonian through the Permian periods. They bore fern-like foliage and unprotected seeds and included both tree-like and reclining forms. Seed ferns displayed similarities to both ferns and cycads, with fern-like leaves, protostelic stems, and trilete pollen grains resembling ferns, but also erect aerial stems, circinate vernation, and ovules resembling cycads. Major families included Lyginopteridaceae, Medullosaceae, and Glossopteridaceae. Seed ferns represented an important group of early seed plants that bridged ferns and
fungi: heterothallism, heterokaryosis, parasexuality,fungi sex hormones, Mycorrhizae, Types of mycorrhizae, Defence mechanism in plants- structural and biochemical.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algal cell structuregkumarimahesh
The document summarizes the cell structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic algal cells. Prokaryotic cells like cyanobacteria have an outer cellular covering including a mucilaginous sheath and cell wall, as well as a cytoplasm differentiated into a pigmented chromoplasm and central colorless centroplasm containing DNA. Eukaryotic algal cells have a cell wall, plasma lemma, and protoplast containing organelles like a chloroplast, mitochondria, and flagella. The chloroplast contains thylakoids and pyrenoids and the cell has structures like an eyespot.
This document provides information about the bryophyte Marchantia. It discusses the distribution and habitat of Marchantia, noting that the genus is represented by about 11 species in India. These species are commonly found growing in the Himalayan region at altitudes of 4000-8000 feet. The document also describes some key features of the gametophytic phase of Marchantia, including that the plant body is thalloid, flat, and dichotomously branched, ranging from 2-10 cm in length.
Bryophytes are a division of nonvascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They were some of the earliest land plants, emerging around 485 million years ago. Bryophytes grow in habitats where water is periodically available, such as forest floors, tree trunks, and damp soil. They reproduce through an alternation of generations, where the dominant gametophyte generation produces sex organs and a dependent sporophyte generation that produces spores and fertilizes the eggs to form diploid zygotes. Bryophytes play important ecological roles in soil formation, moisture retention, and nutrient recycling in forests.
Chlorophyta are a division of green algae that contain about 20,000 species. They are eukaryotic organisms with membrane-bound organelles like chloroplasts containing chlorophyll. Their thalli range from unicellular to multicellular filamentous forms. Reproduction can occur asexually through zoospores or sexually from isogamy to oogamy. They exhibit a variety of life cycles including haplontic and diplohaplontic patterns with alternation of generations. Chlorophyta are an important group of photosynthetic organisms and include many common pond algae.
This document discusses the morphological features, anatomy, and reproductive organs of Cycadeoidea, an extinct plant group from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Cycadeoidea trunks were spherical and unbranched or branched, resembling modern cycads. The stems had vascular bundles and a large pith. Reproductive organs occurred in clusters and contained both male and female structures. Male structures bore pollen sacs on branching sporophylls. Female structures consisted of ovule-bearing receptacles with hundreds of stalked ovules and scales.
General Characters of Bacillariophyceae & Pinnularia SMGsajigeorge64
This document provides information on the general characteristics of diatoms of the class Bacillariophyceae and details on the genus Pinnularia. It describes that Bacillariophyceae have over 200 genera and 16,000 species of microscopic, unicellular algae known as diatoms. Pinnularia are pennate diatoms that are mostly freshwater forms. They have an elongate, elliptical cell shape with rounded ends enclosed in a silica cell wall called a frustule made of two overlapping valves. Pinnularia reproduce both vegetatively through cell division and sexually through the formation of auxospores to restore cell size.
- Ginkgo biloba is an ancient tree species known as a living fossil. It is one of the oldest seed plant species still in existence today.
- The tree has distinctive fan-shaped leaves and produces seeds and cones. It is dioecious, with separate male and female trees.
- Ginkgo biloba has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and its extracts may help with conditions like vertigo and cerebral insufficiency. It is also considered a sacred tree in some Asian cultures.
This document summarizes the Bennettitales, a group of fossil plants that flourished during the Mesozoic era. It describes two families of Bennettitales: Bennettitaceae and Williamsoniaceae. Bennettitaceae had deeply sunk flowers on short, thick trunks, while Williamsoniaceae had fully exposed flowers on slender stems. The document provides details on the anatomy, reproduction, and classification of these two extinct families of seed plants.
This document summarizes the life cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae, which causes clubroot disease in cabbage. It has both a haploid and diploid phase. In the haploid phase, resting spores in soil germinate to form zoospores that infect root hairs and develop into gametangia containing gametes. Gametes fuse in pairs during the diploid phase to form zygotes that infect root cells and develop into sporangia, completing the life cycle. The sporangia cause galls or clubs to form on the roots and can remain dormant in soil for years.
Bryophytes are a group of small, simple, green land plants that were some of the first to colonize land. They are divided into three main groups: liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Bryophytes reproduce both sexually and asexually, though their dominant phase is the gametophyte stage. They lack true vascular tissues but have developed protective features to prevent drying out on land. Some bryophytes have economic importance as food sources, in peat formation, for holding water, stabilizing soils, and reducing erosion.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
1. The document discusses the Pteridospermales order, which includes seed-bearing plants that resembled ferns. They first appeared in the late Devonian period and went extinct in the Jurassic period.
2. It focuses on describing the Lyginopteridaceae family, which had fern-like leaves and vines or climbing growth forms. Their anatomy included mesarch stems and leaves as well as seeds enclosed in cupules.
3. Details are provided on the external features, anatomy of the stem, leaf, root, and reproductive organs of the Lyginopteris oldhamia species, including its circinate leaves, mesarch siphonostele stem, and heterosporous ovules
This document provides information about Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria) presented by Dr. Sangeeta Das. It discusses the characteristics, distribution, ecology, thallus organization, cell structure, reproduction of cyanobacteria. It specifically focuses on Nostoc, providing details about its systematic position, morphology, and life cycle. Key points include that cyanobacteria are a primitive group of algae found all over the world, they can have unicellular or colonial thalli, reproduce both vegetatively and asexually, and Nostoc forms filaments within a gelatinous sheath and reproduces through fragmentation and akinete formation.
- The document describes reproduction in the plant genus Equisetum. It discusses the structures involved in sexual and asexual reproduction.
- Fertile aerial shoots bear compact cones made of umbrella-like sporangiophores bearing sporangia. Sporangia contain homosporous spores surrounded by elaters.
- Vegetative reproduction occurs through rhizome tubers. Sexual reproduction involves spores germinating to produce haploid gametophytes bearing antheridia and archegonia for fertilization and diploid sporophyte development.
Phylum lycophyta (Club mosses, Spike mosses & Quillworts)Fasama H. Kollie
The document discusses the phylum Lycophyta. It describes Lycophyta as the oldest living lineage of vascular plants, with three orders: club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts. The dominant generation in Lycophyta is the sporophyte, which reproduces through spores. Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts each have unique characteristics and life cycles. Lycophytes also have economic and ecological importance.
1. Marchantia is a genus of liverworts that reproduces both sexually and asexually. It has a flat, thalloid gametophyte body that is dichotomously branched.
2. The gametophyte produces male and female sex organs called antheridia and archegonia on specialized stalks. Fertilization results in a diploid zygote that develops into a sporophyte.
3. The sporophyte produces spores through meiosis in capsules. The spores germinate to form new gametophytes, completing the life cycle with alternation between haploid and diploid generations.
1. The document discusses the evolution and classification of early vascular land plants, known from fossil evidence. It describes important plant groups from the Ordovician to Devonian periods, including Cooksonia, Rhynia, Aglaophyton, Zosterophyllum, trimerophytes, lycophytes, equisetales, and progymnosperms.
2. Many of these early plants were found preserved as fossils in sites like Rhynie, Scotland, which provide important insights into the origin and diversification of vascular plants.
3. By the late Devonian and Carboniferous periods, lycophytes had diversified and some groups included large trees, while ferns and hor
Algae range in size from microscopic to over 700 feet long. They are photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. Algae reproduce both sexually and asexually and are classified into phyla based on their pigments, food storage, and cell wall composition. The major phyla are brown, red, and green algae. Algae are ecologically important as primary producers and oxygen generators. They also have many uses including food, hydrocolloids, fertilizers, and wastewater treatment.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are either protists or primitive aquatic plants. They vary greatly in size and structure from single-celled to multicellular forms over 70 meters long. While similar to plants in some ways like possessing chlorophyll and cell walls, algae differ in lacking true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue. They are classified into seven phyla based on pigments, food storage and cell wall composition, with the Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta being the major groups of green, brown, and red algae respectively. Algae play important ecological roles as primary producers and oxygen generators in many aquatic ecosystems.
fungi: heterothallism, heterokaryosis, parasexuality,fungi sex hormones, Mycorrhizae, Types of mycorrhizae, Defence mechanism in plants- structural and biochemical.
Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Algal cell structuregkumarimahesh
The document summarizes the cell structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic algal cells. Prokaryotic cells like cyanobacteria have an outer cellular covering including a mucilaginous sheath and cell wall, as well as a cytoplasm differentiated into a pigmented chromoplasm and central colorless centroplasm containing DNA. Eukaryotic algal cells have a cell wall, plasma lemma, and protoplast containing organelles like a chloroplast, mitochondria, and flagella. The chloroplast contains thylakoids and pyrenoids and the cell has structures like an eyespot.
This document provides information about the bryophyte Marchantia. It discusses the distribution and habitat of Marchantia, noting that the genus is represented by about 11 species in India. These species are commonly found growing in the Himalayan region at altitudes of 4000-8000 feet. The document also describes some key features of the gametophytic phase of Marchantia, including that the plant body is thalloid, flat, and dichotomously branched, ranging from 2-10 cm in length.
Bryophytes are a division of nonvascular plants that include mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They were some of the earliest land plants, emerging around 485 million years ago. Bryophytes grow in habitats where water is periodically available, such as forest floors, tree trunks, and damp soil. They reproduce through an alternation of generations, where the dominant gametophyte generation produces sex organs and a dependent sporophyte generation that produces spores and fertilizes the eggs to form diploid zygotes. Bryophytes play important ecological roles in soil formation, moisture retention, and nutrient recycling in forests.
Chlorophyta are a division of green algae that contain about 20,000 species. They are eukaryotic organisms with membrane-bound organelles like chloroplasts containing chlorophyll. Their thalli range from unicellular to multicellular filamentous forms. Reproduction can occur asexually through zoospores or sexually from isogamy to oogamy. They exhibit a variety of life cycles including haplontic and diplohaplontic patterns with alternation of generations. Chlorophyta are an important group of photosynthetic organisms and include many common pond algae.
This document discusses the morphological features, anatomy, and reproductive organs of Cycadeoidea, an extinct plant group from the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods. Cycadeoidea trunks were spherical and unbranched or branched, resembling modern cycads. The stems had vascular bundles and a large pith. Reproductive organs occurred in clusters and contained both male and female structures. Male structures bore pollen sacs on branching sporophylls. Female structures consisted of ovule-bearing receptacles with hundreds of stalked ovules and scales.
General Characters of Bacillariophyceae & Pinnularia SMGsajigeorge64
This document provides information on the general characteristics of diatoms of the class Bacillariophyceae and details on the genus Pinnularia. It describes that Bacillariophyceae have over 200 genera and 16,000 species of microscopic, unicellular algae known as diatoms. Pinnularia are pennate diatoms that are mostly freshwater forms. They have an elongate, elliptical cell shape with rounded ends enclosed in a silica cell wall called a frustule made of two overlapping valves. Pinnularia reproduce both vegetatively through cell division and sexually through the formation of auxospores to restore cell size.
- Ginkgo biloba is an ancient tree species known as a living fossil. It is one of the oldest seed plant species still in existence today.
- The tree has distinctive fan-shaped leaves and produces seeds and cones. It is dioecious, with separate male and female trees.
- Ginkgo biloba has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and its extracts may help with conditions like vertigo and cerebral insufficiency. It is also considered a sacred tree in some Asian cultures.
This document summarizes the Bennettitales, a group of fossil plants that flourished during the Mesozoic era. It describes two families of Bennettitales: Bennettitaceae and Williamsoniaceae. Bennettitaceae had deeply sunk flowers on short, thick trunks, while Williamsoniaceae had fully exposed flowers on slender stems. The document provides details on the anatomy, reproduction, and classification of these two extinct families of seed plants.
This document summarizes the life cycle of Plasmodiophora brassicae, which causes clubroot disease in cabbage. It has both a haploid and diploid phase. In the haploid phase, resting spores in soil germinate to form zoospores that infect root hairs and develop into gametangia containing gametes. Gametes fuse in pairs during the diploid phase to form zygotes that infect root cells and develop into sporangia, completing the life cycle. The sporangia cause galls or clubs to form on the roots and can remain dormant in soil for years.
Bryophytes are a group of small, simple, green land plants that were some of the first to colonize land. They are divided into three main groups: liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Bryophytes reproduce both sexually and asexually, though their dominant phase is the gametophyte stage. They lack true vascular tissues but have developed protective features to prevent drying out on land. Some bryophytes have economic importance as food sources, in peat formation, for holding water, stabilizing soils, and reducing erosion.
The plant body in algae is always a thallus. It is not differentiated in root, stem and leaves. Algae range in size from minute unicellular plants (less than 1 µ in diameter in some planktons) to very large highly differentiated multicellular forms e.g., some sea-weeds.
Their forms may be colonial (loose or integrated by inter-connections of protoplasmic strands), filamentous (branched or un-branched), septate (branched or un-branched), non-septate or branched, multinucleate siphonaceous tube where the nuclear divisions occur without usual septa formation.
1. The document discusses the Pteridospermales order, which includes seed-bearing plants that resembled ferns. They first appeared in the late Devonian period and went extinct in the Jurassic period.
2. It focuses on describing the Lyginopteridaceae family, which had fern-like leaves and vines or climbing growth forms. Their anatomy included mesarch stems and leaves as well as seeds enclosed in cupules.
3. Details are provided on the external features, anatomy of the stem, leaf, root, and reproductive organs of the Lyginopteris oldhamia species, including its circinate leaves, mesarch siphonostele stem, and heterosporous ovules
This document provides information about Cyanophyta (cyanobacteria) presented by Dr. Sangeeta Das. It discusses the characteristics, distribution, ecology, thallus organization, cell structure, reproduction of cyanobacteria. It specifically focuses on Nostoc, providing details about its systematic position, morphology, and life cycle. Key points include that cyanobacteria are a primitive group of algae found all over the world, they can have unicellular or colonial thalli, reproduce both vegetatively and asexually, and Nostoc forms filaments within a gelatinous sheath and reproduces through fragmentation and akinete formation.
- The document describes reproduction in the plant genus Equisetum. It discusses the structures involved in sexual and asexual reproduction.
- Fertile aerial shoots bear compact cones made of umbrella-like sporangiophores bearing sporangia. Sporangia contain homosporous spores surrounded by elaters.
- Vegetative reproduction occurs through rhizome tubers. Sexual reproduction involves spores germinating to produce haploid gametophytes bearing antheridia and archegonia for fertilization and diploid sporophyte development.
Phylum lycophyta (Club mosses, Spike mosses & Quillworts)Fasama H. Kollie
The document discusses the phylum Lycophyta. It describes Lycophyta as the oldest living lineage of vascular plants, with three orders: club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts. The dominant generation in Lycophyta is the sporophyte, which reproduces through spores. Club mosses, spike mosses, and quillworts each have unique characteristics and life cycles. Lycophytes also have economic and ecological importance.
1. Marchantia is a genus of liverworts that reproduces both sexually and asexually. It has a flat, thalloid gametophyte body that is dichotomously branched.
2. The gametophyte produces male and female sex organs called antheridia and archegonia on specialized stalks. Fertilization results in a diploid zygote that develops into a sporophyte.
3. The sporophyte produces spores through meiosis in capsules. The spores germinate to form new gametophytes, completing the life cycle with alternation between haploid and diploid generations.
1. The document discusses the evolution and classification of early vascular land plants, known from fossil evidence. It describes important plant groups from the Ordovician to Devonian periods, including Cooksonia, Rhynia, Aglaophyton, Zosterophyllum, trimerophytes, lycophytes, equisetales, and progymnosperms.
2. Many of these early plants were found preserved as fossils in sites like Rhynie, Scotland, which provide important insights into the origin and diversification of vascular plants.
3. By the late Devonian and Carboniferous periods, lycophytes had diversified and some groups included large trees, while ferns and hor
Algae range in size from microscopic to over 700 feet long. They are photosynthetic organisms that can be unicellular or multicellular. Algae reproduce both sexually and asexually and are classified into phyla based on their pigments, food storage, and cell wall composition. The major phyla are brown, red, and green algae. Algae are ecologically important as primary producers and oxygen generators. They also have many uses including food, hydrocolloids, fertilizers, and wastewater treatment.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are either protists or primitive aquatic plants. They vary greatly in size and structure from single-celled to multicellular forms over 70 meters long. While similar to plants in some ways like possessing chlorophyll and cell walls, algae differ in lacking true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue. They are classified into seven phyla based on pigments, food storage and cell wall composition, with the Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta, and Rhodophyta being the major groups of green, brown, and red algae respectively. Algae play important ecological roles as primary producers and oxygen generators in many aquatic ecosystems.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are either protists or primitive aquatic plants. They vary greatly in size and structure from single-celled to multicellular forms over 70 meters long. While similar to plants in some ways like possessing chlorophyll and cell walls, algae differ in lacking true roots, stems, leaves and vascular tissue. They are classified into seven phyla based on pigments, food storage and cell wall composition, with the largest being the Chlorophyta (green algae), Phaeophyta (brown algae) and Rhodophyta (red algae). Algae play important ecological roles as primary producers and oxygen generators in many aquatic ecosystems.
Cyanobacteria (blue‐green algae)
Dinoflagellates
Euglenoids
Brown, Golden‐brown, and Yellow‐brown Algae
Glaucophytes
Red Algae
Green Algae
Algal Culturing
use of algae
This slide contains all the basic information about classes and divisions of Algae with proper representation of perfect examples with their pictures in the slide. Also included the slide of Algal Blooms and their adverse effects.
Seaweeds come in many shapes, sizes, colors and have unique structures depending on their phylum. The three main phyla of seaweeds are green algae (Chlorophyta), red algae (Rhodophyta), and brown algae (Phaeophyta). Salt marsh plants, sea grasses, and mangroves are flowering plants found in estuaries and coastal areas that play important ecological roles through primary production, habitat provision, and sediment stabilization.
Algae come in many different forms ranging from microscopic to large seaweeds. They are classified into seven phyla based on characteristics like color, chloroplast structure, and cell wall composition. Common types of algae include green algae, red algae, and brown algae. Algae have a variety of uses including food products like agar and carrageenan, nutraceuticals rich in proteins and vitamins, animal feeds, fertilizers, and potential biofuels. Algae are also a promising sustainable source of high-value chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and omega-3 fatty acids to meet growing global demands.
Phylum Phaeophyta, Rhodophyta & Chlorophyta - Multicellular aglaeFasama H. Kollie
This document provides an overview of the phyla Phaeophyta (brown algae), Rhodophyta (red algae), and Chlorophyta (green algae). It outlines their key characteristics, classification, reproduction processes, and economic importance. The lesson objectives are to enable students to identify and compare features of brown, red, and green algae, describe their life cycles including meiosis and fertilization points, and understand their ecological and economic roles. Examples of life cycles discussed include Laminaria, Gracilaria, Chlamydomonas, and Ulva.
Algae are a diverse group of organisms that range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds. They are typically photosynthetic and aquatic, with some containing flagella or pyrenoids for storing starch. Algae exist as unicellular, colonial, filamentous, or multicellular forms. They are classified into seven phyla based on attributes like pigmentation and cell structure. Algae reproduce both sexually through meiosis and gamete fusion or asexually through mitosis, and may alternate between haploid and diploid generations in their life cycles. Major phyla include the green, brown, and red algae, along with euglenoids and other representatives.
PHYCOLOGY - REFERENCE TEXT BOTANY MASTERS ALGAEAleenaRose4
1. Algae play important roles in agriculture as biofertilizers and soil stabilizers. Certain algae fix atmospheric nitrogen and increase soil fertility, while their mucilaginous coatings prevent soil erosion. Blue-green algae are commonly used as biofertilizers for rice fields.
2. Algae have various economic uses including as food sources for humans and livestock, and in industrial applications. Seaweeds are used as food in many countries and provide proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Agar, carrageenan, and alginates extracted from algae are used in food processing, pharmaceuticals, and other industries.
3. Algae play roles in medicine through their anti-oxid
Structure, Types and its Applications of Algae.
Plant Biotechnology.
Overview on Algae.
By Mohammed Valikarimwala
FY BSc Biotechnology,
Fergusson College,
Pune.
- Bryophytes are the simplest land plants and include liverworts and mosses. They lack vascular tissues and reproduce using alternation of generations with a dominant gametophyte stage.
- Reproduction involves male and female gametangia that produce gametes which fuse to form a diploid zygote that develops into a sporophyte. The sporophyte produces haploid spores through meiosis that germinate into a new gametophyte generation.
- Bryophytes play important ecological roles through water retention and as a food source. Sphagnum moss is commercially used as peat for fuel and horticulture due to its water holding ability.
Phylum Bacillariophyta, Xanthophyta & Chrysophyta Fasama H. Kollie
Bacillariophyta is a phylum of the kingdom Protista, consisting of mostly unicellular aquatic algae commonly referred to as Diatoms.
Xanthophytes are the yellow-green algae whereas Chrysophytes are the golden-brown algae.
Algae are a diverse group of photosynthetic organisms that are found in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. They exist as both unicellular and multicellular forms and can range in size from microscopic to several feet in length. Algae play an important role as primary producers in many ecosystems and also have significant commercial uses. Some key economic products derived from algae include agar, alginates, carrageenan, and diatomaceous earth. Algae are also used as food sources in some parts of the world and can potentially be grown on waste materials as a sustainable food source. Taxonomically, algae are divided into groups based on their pigments, food reserves, life cycles, and other characteristics
INTRODUCTION Gorgonians are marine coelenterates (referring to the hollow body cavity) of the class Anthozoa, which include sea fans, sea whips, corals, sea anemones, and other related species.
Gorgonids are soft corals commonly known as sea fans or sea whips, coming under the subclass Octocorallia and have eightfold radial symmetry.
It composed of numerous polyps—cylindrical sessile (attached) forms—that grow together in a flat fanlike pattern.
They are colonial animals that have a beautiful, branching structure that is covered by soft tissue and are generally found in warm waters and around reefs.
Algae have many economic uses including as a human food, animal feed, fertilizer, and in various industries. Some commonly used foods from algae include nori, kombu, and Irish moss. Algae are also used medicinally as antibacterial and anticoagulant agents. Environmentally, algae help treat sewage through photosynthesis and produce oxygen for animals. Algae products are found in foods, toothpaste, and pharmaceuticals through extraction of substances like carrageenan, alginic acid, and agar.
Algae are simple aquatic plants that can be unicellular or multicellular. They are classified in the kingdom Protista and are divided into five main groups. Algae can be found in both marine and freshwater environments. They use photosynthesis to produce food and oxygen. Some key points about algae include:
- They come in many forms including unicellular, colonial, filamentous, and multicellular bodies
- Reproduction can occur sexually through gametes or asexually through fragmentation, spores, or binary fission
- Algae range in size from microscopic to large seaweeds and serve important ecological roles as primary producers
- Some species of algae have economic uses including
Similar to Characteristics of algea and lichens and their ecological importance (20)
Hemiptera, commonly known as true bugs, is an order of insects characterized by their piercing and sucking mouthparts.
There are over 6000 described species of Hemiptera that vary greatly in size and habitat. They exhibit incomplete or "simple" metamorphosis, progressing from egg to nymph to adult. Nymphs resemble wingless adults.
Hemiptera are divided into three suborders - Heteroptera contain true bugs like bed bugs and water bugs, Auchenorrhyncha contain plant-feeding insects like cicadas and leafhoppers, and Sternorrhyncha contain sap-sucking insects like aphids and scales. Each suborder shares
Development of pancreas from pices to mammals. NizadSultana
Pancreas development in fishes, amphibians, reptiles birds and mammals which factors involve in development of pancreas. Different cells involved in pancreas development.
Evolutionary tree or physlogenetic tree and it's types like rooted and unrooted labeled or unlabelled. How to construct physlogenetic tree and limitations of physlogenetic tree.
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Here is presentation of how physical conditions like temperature PH and other factors affect bacterial growth. Culturing conditions for bacterial which factors are important for bacterial growth what we take in consideration for bacterial growth
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Spectroscopy and it's applications as well as it's types like Infrared spectroscopy and ultraviolet spectroscopy and principle of spectroscopy why we use spectroscopy.
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Fate of embryonic layers and structures develope from it. Embryonic layers ectoderm mesoderm and endoderm form different structures during embryonic development.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
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Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
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Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
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Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Find out more about ISO training and certification services
Training: ISO/IEC 27001 Information Security Management System - EN | PECB
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Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
বাংলাদেশের অর্থনৈতিক সমীক্ষা ২০২৪ [Bangladesh Economic Review 2024 Bangla.pdf] কম্পিউটার , ট্যাব ও স্মার্ট ফোন ভার্সন সহ সম্পূর্ণ বাংলা ই-বুক বা pdf বই " সুচিপত্র ...বুকমার্ক মেনু 🔖 ও হাইপার লিংক মেনু 📝👆 যুক্ত ..
আমাদের সবার জন্য খুব খুব গুরুত্বপূর্ণ একটি বই ..বিসিএস, ব্যাংক, ইউনিভার্সিটি ভর্তি ও যে কোন প্রতিযোগিতা মূলক পরীক্ষার জন্য এর খুব ইম্পরট্যান্ট একটি বিষয় ...তাছাড়া বাংলাদেশের সাম্প্রতিক যে কোন ডাটা বা তথ্য এই বইতে পাবেন ...
তাই একজন নাগরিক হিসাবে এই তথ্য গুলো আপনার জানা প্রয়োজন ...।
বিসিএস ও ব্যাংক এর লিখিত পরীক্ষা ...+এছাড়া মাধ্যমিক ও উচ্চমাধ্যমিকের স্টুডেন্টদের জন্য অনেক কাজে আসবে ...
2. Algae
• Unicellular
• Ubiquitous many live in aquatic water but many therive river terrestrial and
subterranean algea.
• photosynthetic
• Single algea are complete organism capable of photosynthesis and synthesis
multitude of other components.
3. • Algea are heterogeneous group.
• They range from microscopic unicellular size to bacteria to seaweeds that
may grow to many feet in length.
• Study of algea is known as phycology.
4. Occurrence of algea
• Many thousands occur in nature.
• They occur in abundance in oceans sea salt lakes freshwater lakes pounds and
streams.
• Small aquatic form make a large part of free floating microscopic plankton in water.
Plankton are considered to be made of both algea and microscopic animal form.
• Phytoplanton is made of plant algal form.
• Zooplankton is made of animal form.
5. • Some algea grow on snow and ice some on landscapes become colored by
red pigment.
• At other extreme some algea grow in hot springs at 55°C.
• Some freshwater algea adopted their metabolism to high salt concentration.
• Marine algea adapted to variation in salt concentration.
• Other adjusted to air and drying.
6. • Marine algea found at depth of 150 180 ft in in northern water.
• In clear tropical water where sunlight is direct they grow at depth of 600ft.
• These and other factors responsible for zoonation process.
7. The biological and economic importance
of algea
• When dispersed in natural water algea increase oxygen concentration through
photosynthesis.
• Heavy growth of some algea reduce hardness of water and remove salt that
cause brackishness of water.
• Phytoplanton serve as important food for organisms in sea.
• Algea form base of food chain because of their primary photosynthetic
activities therefore called primary producers.
8. • Algea are also present in soil even if there presence are not so obvious.
• They are important in stablizing and improving physical condition of soil by
aggregating particals and adding organic matter.
• In many countries red and brown seeweeds are plentiful they are used as
fertilizer.
9. • Agar alginic acid and carrageenan are extracted from algal cell wall.
• Filamentomaceous earth is composed of million upon million of diatoms glass
walls deposited over time in either freshwater or ocean.
• Agar and carrageenan are polymer of glactose and glactose caintaing compounds
with sulphate groups.
• Some of sulphate groups re involved in bonds between individual suger residue.
• Agar and carrageenan both called sulfated glactans.
• Algenic acid consists of ironic acid residues all three compounds are either used in
making gels or viscous solutions.
10. Carrageenan
• Extracted from wall wall of several red algea Chondrus Gigartina Eucheuma.
• Used as stablizer or emulsifier in foods such as ice cream and other milk
products.
• As agent in ulcer therapy.
• As finishing compound in textile paper industry.
• As thickining agent in shaving cream and lotions and in soap industry.
11. Agar
• Solidifying agent in preparation of microbial culture media.
• Obtain from red algea Gelidium Gracilaria.
• In food industry in making cheese mayonnaise puddings jellies baking
products and canned goods.
• In pharmaceutical industry used as carrier for drugs.
• Lotions and ointments caintains agar.
12. Alginic acid
• From wall of brown algea Macrocystis Agarum Laminaria Fualginates
Ascophylum.
• About 50 percent of ice cream in U. S caintains alginates that prevent ice
crystals formation and provide smooth consistency.
• Incoperated into cheese and bakery products especially frosting.
• Used in paper manufacturing printing of fabric and paint thickining.
• Used by dentist for making impression of teath for crowns.
13. Algenates
• The stem like part of brown algea may be used by physicians for cervical
dialation or softening of cervix for performing abortion or placing radium
implant.
• Stipe is cut into sections dried and sterilized by ethylene gas.
14. Diatomaceous earth
• Primarily for filters or filter aids.
• It is not chemically reactive and can be compressed during use.
• It is available in many grades.
• For polishing delicate surfaces.
• Most important red algea porphyra it is used as food in japan where it is
called nori and it is proceede to dry sheet.
15. Nori
• Nori is commonly toasted over flame and sprinkled in soup or rice it is rolled
around flavored Rice with fish or vegetables to make popular luncheon snack
called sushi.
• Other red algae such as chondrus Acanthopeltis Nemalian and Eucheuma
most of them are eaten as vegetables or in soups or as sweetend jellies.
• Red algae Continue to be significant food in China such algae have been
food staple or delicacy in China.
16. • In contrast to diversity is specie eaten by Asian and polynesian people red
algea food usage in Europe and North America have centered around three
genera
• Porphyra or laver
• Chondrus or Irish moss
• Palmaria or dulse
17. • Laver used extensively in British Isles.
• About 50 tons of dried dulse are produced each year in Canada.
• Algae is collected in Bey of Fundy and on shores of Nova Scotta.
• Dulsa is commonly eaten as snack in taverns.
18. Chlorella
• As food for humans and domestic animals they provide rich source of
proteins comprising all amino acid essential for growth.
• They are also good source of carbohydrates and fats.
• Methods for mass cultivation of these plants using waste products and
sewage for their nutrition have been developed.
19. Algae and disease
• Although few algae are pathogenic.
• Prototheca colourless cholera like animal superficially resemble yeast is
pathogenic to human and found in bursitis an inflammation of joints.
• Cephaleuros attack leaves of tea coffee pepper causing considerable damage.
• Some algae live in roots and fleshy parts of higher plants liverwoots
duckweeds and other host such algae don’t harmed by their presence.
20. Extracellular inhibitors produced by algae
• Acrylic acid produced by unicellular algae in plankton.
• Some algae produced toxin that are lethal to fish and other animals.
• These liberated from algae by bacterial decomposition of water blooms.
• Gymnodinium and Gonyaulax cause death of aquatic animals by producing
higher molecular weight toxins.
21. • Shellfish poisoning occur along northeastern coast of America as well in
North Pacific.
• Gonyauiax catenella on West Coast.
• Gonyaulax excavata on east coast.
• Blooms of these lasts for few weeks and often it is safe to eat shellfish after 2
weeks.
22. • Poisonining in humans came from eating filter feeders clams scallops mussels
which filter plankton from sea water.
• After ingesting toxin victim first experience a numbing on lips tongue
fingerstips usually after 30 minutes of eating shellfish.
• Diaphram soon affected and in serious case respiratory failure can result.
23. Characteristics of algae
• Algae have wide range of shapes and size.
• Many occur as single cell that may be spherical rod shaped club shaped
spindle shaped.
• Other are multicellular and appear in conceivable form shape and degree of
complexity including membranous colonies filaments group or in clusterwith
individual strand that may be branched or unbranched and tubes.
24. • Some colonies are simple aggregation of single identical cell that cling
together.
• These colonies become complex resembles higher plants.
• Algal cell are eukaryotic.
• Cell wall is rigid and thin.
• Cell wall of diatoms are impregnated with silica making them thick and rigid.
25. • Motile algae such as Euglena have flexible cell membrane called periplasts.
• Cell wall of many algae is surrounded by flexible gelatinous outer matrix
secteted through cell wall reminiscent of bacterial capsule.
• As cell grow outer matrix become stratified and pigmented.
• Algae caintains discrete nucleus.
26. • Other inclusions includes starch grain oil droplets and vacuoles.
• Chlorophyll and other pigments are found in membrane bounded organelle
known as chloroplasts.
• Within plastids matrix and stroma are found flattend membranous vesicles
called thylakoid.
27. Algal pigments
• Several divisions of algal caintains colorless mebranes.
• There are three kind of photosynthetic pigments in algae.
• Chlorophyll
• Caretenoids
• Biloproteins
28. Chlorophyll
• There are five chlorophylls a b c d e.
• Chlorophyll a is present in all photosynthetic organisms other than
anoxigeneic bacteria.
• Chlorophyll b is found in Euglenophycophta and chlorophycophyta and no
other algal division.
• Chlorophyll c is most widespread and found in xanthophycophyta
bacillariophycophyta chryophyvophyta pyrophycophyta cryptophycophyta
paeophycophyta.
29. • Chlorophyll d present only inRhodophycophyta.
• Chlorophyll e found in Xanthophycophyta two genera namily Tribonears and
zoospore of Vaucheria.
• Carotenoids are of two kinds :-
• Carotenes
• Xanthophyll
30. • Carotenes are linear unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• Xanthophyll are oxygenated derivatives of theses.
• Billoproteins are water soluble whereas chlorophyll and carotenoids are
lipid soluble.
• Phycobilins are pigments proteins complexes are present in only two algal
divisions.
• Rhodophycophta and cryptophycophyta.
31. Motility and reproduction
• Motile algae are called swimming algae have flagella occur in singlet or pairs or in
clusters at anterior or posterior end.
• variations in taxonomic significance has been found in algal flagella.
• Whiplash cylinder and smooth
• Tincel cylindrical with hair like appendages.
• Ribbon or straplike
• Some algae have no mean of locomtion and carried about by tides water currents
32. • Small red or orange body is present the eyespot present near anterior end of
motile algae
• Other structures includes
• Spines or knobs on exterior.
• Gelatinous stalk by which algae anchor to object.
33. Reproduction
• Algal may reproduce sexually or asexually.
• Asexual reproduction process include vegetative type of cell division.
• New filament or algal colony starts from fragment of old multicellular type
from which it broke.
• Many aquatic for produce asexuall spores that are motile have flagella called
as Zoospore. Non motile are aplanospore however some aplanospore
convert into Zoospore.
34. species of yellow-green alga
called Vaucheria sessilis is an example of a
sexually reproducing alga. The
reproductive structures consist of an
antheridium, which contains male
gametes, and two oogonia, which contain
female gametes.
35. giant kelpThe giant kelp
species Macrocystis pyrifera reproduces
sexually and has distinct haploid and
diploid stages. The reproductive behaviour
of M. pyrifera is heavily influenced by
water temperature and the availability of
nutrients.
36. Algae in the genus Bambusina, a group of
freshwater desmids in the division
Chlorophyta (green algae), are capable of
forming zygospores and therefore entering
a state of dormancy.
37. • All form of sexual reproduction found in algae.
• In this process there is conjugation of sex cells gametes to form union.
• Blending of genetic material occur.
• Union of gametes form zygote.
• If there is no visible sex differentiation then fusion process is isogamous.
• If gametes are unlike differ in size process is hetrogamous.
38. • In higher cell sex cell become more characteristically male and female.
• Ovum is large and non motile.
• Sperm is small and motile.
• This type of sexual reproduction is oogamy.
• Male and female thalli also exist both look alike but are of opposite sex types.
• One produce male gamete other produce ova. Such plants or diocious or uni sexual.
39. Lichens
• Composite organisms consists of algae or cyanobacteria living is association
with fungi.
• They group on rocks tree bark and other substrates suitable for growth of
other plants.
• Many are able to grow on low temperature at high altitudes and in polar
environment. e. g Reindeer Moses.
• Colony of lichens range from white to black through shades of red orange
yellow green.
40. Morphology
• Simple lichens made of top layer of tightly wooven fungal mycelia bellow are
photosynthetic cell below that another layer of fungus.
• Bottom layer attach to substarate directly by mean of short twisted strand of
hyphae called rhizines.
• In some algae mid layer of fungus directly below the algae apera to be
reservoir of food.
• Not all species of fungal not of algal for lichenline relationship.
41.
42. • Most lichen fungi are Ascomycetes few are basidiomycetes.
• Algae belong to division cholorophycophta.
• About 30 general of algae and cyanobactetia found in lichen most common
is unicellular green algae Trenouxia Trentipohlia and Boston.
• All the morphological character used in classification of lichen are fungal
characters and it is acceptable to speak lichenized fugus.
43. Types of lichen
• There are three types of lichen:-
• Crustose are flat appresed
• Foliose leaflike
• Fructose shrublike
• Crustose grow closely appresed to substrate rock wood.
• Foliose are flattened like leaves but may not connected to substrate at all points
• Fruticose have erect shrub like or filaentous morphology and can be 10 cm long.
44.
45. Reproduction
• Asexuall:-
• Lichenpredominantly reproduce by vegetative process.
• Propagation by fragmentation occur when of bit of thallus broke from
parent plant and fall on Suitable substrate.
• Lichen produce asexual bodies soredia which are knots of hyphae caintaining
few algal cells.
46.
47. • Sexual reproduction:-
• During sexual reproduction components of lichen reproduce independently.
• Fungal component produce ascospore when they germinate they come in
contact with algal cells or they will not be able to survive.
• Algal partner reproduce by cell division or occasionally by spores.
48.
49. Lichens
• Lichen grow slowly because of low metabolism.
• Many species grow less then a centimeter per year.
• Some lichen have therefore reached great age in nature for example 45,000
years of some species in Arctic regions they are very resistant to heat and
desication.
51. Morphology of lichens
• Lichen are product of mutualistic symbiosis.
• Algal or cyanobactetia provide fungus with food like carbohydrates and
vitamins.
• Fungus absorb stores and supplies water and minerals required for algal or
cyanobactetia as well provide carbon dioxide moist shelter supporting
framework for photosynthetic partner.
• Fungus obtain nourishment by mean of root like projections called
Haustoria which penetrates photosynthetic cell.
52. Chemical interaction
• Unusual fats and phenolic compounds make up 2 to 20 percent of dry
weight of algae.
• Litmus is well known pigment indicator is obtained from lichen.
• Esential oils from some species are used in perfumes.
• Lichen pigment are used in England to color woolen fabrics of Harris
Tweed.