Positive feelings come from being honest about yourself and accepting your personality, and physical characteristics, warts and all; and, from belonging to a family that accepts you without question.
Willard Scott
This document discusses personality assessment and different methods used for assessment. It describes that personality assessment involves administering empirically supported measures of personality traits to refine diagnoses, structure interventions, and increase behavioral prediction accuracy. It discusses various methods like self-report inventories, projective tests, behavioral assessments using observation and situational tests, rating scales, and frequency counts. It provides details on commonly used assessments like MMPI, Rorschach, and classifications of self-report personality tests.
Raymond Cattell was a British-American psychologist known for his research on personality traits using factor analysis. He identified 16 primary personality factors and classified traits as common vs. unique, abilities vs. temperament vs. dynamic, and surface vs. source traits. Cattell's research showed both genetic and environmental influences on personality and proposed six stages of development across the lifespan. He developed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire to assess personality traits.
This document provides an overview of several major theories of personality. It begins by defining personality as a set of characteristics that uniquely influence cognition, motivation, and behavior. It then outlines the main types of personality theories, including trait theories, psychodynamic theories, humanistic theories, and social-cognitive theories. The document proceeds to summarize several influential theories within each approach, such as Freud's psychodynamic model, Bandura's social learning theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs in humanism, and Skinner's behaviorism. It provides details on the key concepts and structures proposed by theorists like Jung, Eysenck, Cattell, Rogers, and Rotter.
MMPI is a personality inventory used in the assessment of personality. It is also used as a psychometric test as well as a diagnostic tool by clinical psychologists and counselors. Developed by Hathway & McKinley in the year 1943. It is the second most widely used personality inventory.
The document provides an overview of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). It describes how Raymond Cattell developed the 16PF to measure normal personality traits based on 16 primary factors and 5 global factors. The 16PF is a self-report personality test that is widely used both in research and clinical settings. It provides a comprehensive personality profile through its primary scales, global scales, and validity scales.
The document discusses theories of personality, including trait theory, learning theory, psychoanalytic theory, and phenomenological theory. It provides definitions of personality from various psychologists and outlines several influential trait theories such as Eysenck's three dimensions of personality and the Big Five theory. Freud's psychoanalytic concepts of the id, ego and superego are also summarized. The document aims to describe approaches to understanding personality and how characteristics develop.
Standardized personality tests and interviews are commonly used methods to assess personality. The document discusses several specific personality tests, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), California Psychological Inventory (CPI), Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and Rorschach inkblot test. It also discusses projective techniques like the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and Children's Apperception Test (CAT) which analyze responses to ambiguous stimuli. Scoring methods and clinical applications are described for several of the assessments.
This document discusses personality assessment and different methods used for assessment. It describes that personality assessment involves administering empirically supported measures of personality traits to refine diagnoses, structure interventions, and increase behavioral prediction accuracy. It discusses various methods like self-report inventories, projective tests, behavioral assessments using observation and situational tests, rating scales, and frequency counts. It provides details on commonly used assessments like MMPI, Rorschach, and classifications of self-report personality tests.
Raymond Cattell was a British-American psychologist known for his research on personality traits using factor analysis. He identified 16 primary personality factors and classified traits as common vs. unique, abilities vs. temperament vs. dynamic, and surface vs. source traits. Cattell's research showed both genetic and environmental influences on personality and proposed six stages of development across the lifespan. He developed the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire to assess personality traits.
This document provides an overview of several major theories of personality. It begins by defining personality as a set of characteristics that uniquely influence cognition, motivation, and behavior. It then outlines the main types of personality theories, including trait theories, psychodynamic theories, humanistic theories, and social-cognitive theories. The document proceeds to summarize several influential theories within each approach, such as Freud's psychodynamic model, Bandura's social learning theory, Maslow's hierarchy of needs in humanism, and Skinner's behaviorism. It provides details on the key concepts and structures proposed by theorists like Jung, Eysenck, Cattell, Rogers, and Rotter.
MMPI is a personality inventory used in the assessment of personality. It is also used as a psychometric test as well as a diagnostic tool by clinical psychologists and counselors. Developed by Hathway & McKinley in the year 1943. It is the second most widely used personality inventory.
The document provides an overview of the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF). It describes how Raymond Cattell developed the 16PF to measure normal personality traits based on 16 primary factors and 5 global factors. The 16PF is a self-report personality test that is widely used both in research and clinical settings. It provides a comprehensive personality profile through its primary scales, global scales, and validity scales.
The document discusses theories of personality, including trait theory, learning theory, psychoanalytic theory, and phenomenological theory. It provides definitions of personality from various psychologists and outlines several influential trait theories such as Eysenck's three dimensions of personality and the Big Five theory. Freud's psychoanalytic concepts of the id, ego and superego are also summarized. The document aims to describe approaches to understanding personality and how characteristics develop.
Standardized personality tests and interviews are commonly used methods to assess personality. The document discusses several specific personality tests, including the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), California Psychological Inventory (CPI), Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), and Rorschach inkblot test. It also discusses projective techniques like the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and Children's Apperception Test (CAT) which analyze responses to ambiguous stimuli. Scoring methods and clinical applications are described for several of the assessments.
Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and House-Tree-Person (HTP) test use ambiguous stimuli like inkblots or pictures to reveal hidden emotions and unconscious conflicts by analyzing subjects' responses. The Rorschach and HTP involve drawing interpretations while the TAT and other tests involve telling stories about pictures. These tests are used to assess personality traits, intelligence, and psychological disorders but require administration by trained professionals and subjective interpretation carries some risk of bias.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real, imagined, or implied social contexts. Some key topics covered include social influence, conformity, compliance, social norms, and research studies such as Asch's conformity experiments and Milgram's obedience studies. The document discusses how social factors like group pressure, authority, and reciprocity can influence individual attitudes and behaviors. In summary, it introduces social psychology concepts relating to how social environments and other people shape individual cognition, interaction, and performance.
This document discusses various theories and methods of personality. It begins by defining personality as a set of characteristics that influence behavior. It then outlines several major theories of personality including trait theories, psychodynamic theories, and social-cognitive theories. The document also discusses methods of measuring personality such as projective tests, personality inventories, interviews, case histories, and observation.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality consists of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates based on the pleasure principle and seeks to satisfy basic desires, the ego mediates between the id and reality, and the superego incorporates societal morals. The three structures are often in conflict, creating anxiety, which the ego defends against using mechanisms like repression, rationalization, and displacement. Defense mechanisms distort reality to reduce anxiety from conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.
This document discusses several types of psychological assessments, including projective tests, personality questionnaires, and interviews. It provides examples of specific assessments like the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Rorschach inkblot test, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, and Q-sort method. The assessments are used to analyze people's behaviors, inner feelings, personality structures, and viewpoints in clinical, educational, and research settings.
Personality: Meaning –Determinants of Personality: Types Theory, Trait Theory and Developmental Theory – Integrated Personality – Assessment of Personality: Projective, Non-Projective techniques and Dream Analysis.
1. The document summarizes several major theories of personality including trait theories by Allport and Cattell, Eysenck's biological theory, and the Big Five theory.
2. It provides details on Cattell's 16 personality factors model and his view of personality as shaped by both heredity and environment.
3. The theories discussed personality at different levels from traits and tendencies to core aspects of identity and self-concept.
Raymond Bernard Cattell was a British and American psychologist known for describing behavior and developing theories of intelligence and personality. He proposed two types of general intelligence: fluid intelligence, which involves abstract reasoning and decreases with age, and crystallized intelligence, which involves learned skills and knowledge and increases with age. Cattell also developed theories of personality, including the Big Five personality traits of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Additionally, he proposed 16 primary personality factors and 5 global factors to comprehensively classify human personality. Cattell made major contributions through his extensive research and publication of over 500 articles and 50 books.
Personality assessments can help counselors understand individual behavior, determine appropriate courses of action, and predict future behavior. Personality includes traits, states, and types. Traits are consistent dimensions of individual differences while states are temporary tendencies. Types describe a person generally, such as introverted or extroverted. Structured personality inventories like the MMPI-2 and MCMI-III use standardized questions while projective tests like the Rorschach and TAT use ambiguous stimuli to project unconscious feelings. Personality assessments provide insight into clients but rely on the interpreter's judgment.
This document outlines topics related to the self that will be covered in a masters course in counseling psychology. It discusses how the self is influenced by social and cultural factors. Some key topics covered include the illusion of transparency and how self-interest colors our judgments of others, how social comparison can diminish satisfaction, and the concepts of individualism versus collectivism in different cultures. It also addresses how people gain self-knowledge through explaining and predicting their own behaviors and feelings.
Wechsler Intelligence and Memory ScalesNanza Gonda
The Wechsler Intelligence and Memory Scales are a series of psychological tests developed by David Wechsler to assess intelligence and memory. There are three main versions - the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for adults, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for ages 6-16, and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) to evaluate different memory functions. Each test provides index scores on areas like verbal comprehension, working memory, and processing speed. The tests are widely used by clinicians to diagnose conditions like learning disabilities and dementia.
The document discusses the Big Five Factor personality model. It describes the five factors - Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Extraversion relates to energy levels and sociability. Agreeableness indicates friendliness and cooperation. Conscientiousness is about self-discipline and achievement orientation. Neuroticism relates to stress, anxiety, and emotional stability. Openness involves intellectual curiosity and creativity. The document provides descriptions and examples of each factor and how they relate to behaviors and tendencies in individuals.
This document discusses psychological assessment and tests. It describes the development and types of psychological tests, including intelligence tests like the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, achievement tests, aptitude tests, personality tests like the MMPI, and projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test. It also outlines the nurse's role in psychological assessment, which includes educating patients, observing behaviors, and documenting changes.
Allport's personality Theory separates all traits into three basic subcategories: Cardinal, Central, and Secondary traits. This trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed of broad dispositions. It is also based mainly on differences between individuals. The combination and interaction of various traits form a personality that is unique to each individual, this theory focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics.
Raymond Cattell (1905-1998) broke personality traits into 16 categories using a statistical measure known as factor analysis to calculate the relationships among traits. Cattell hoped to determine how each trait influenced other traits in the same individual. For each of the 16 categories, Cattell measured a high end and a low end along a spectrum. For example, you might measure high on the cheerful - serious spectrum and low on the practical - imaginative spectrum.
Theories of Personality: State and Trait Approaches to PersonalityPsychoTech Services
Surface Traits
- Observable traits like kindness, honesty,
helpfulness etc.
- Manifestations of deeper source traits.
- More specific and narrow in scope.
Source Traits
- Underlying broad dispositions or
tendencies.
- Not directly observable but inferred from
surface traits.
- Fewer in number but better predictors of
behaviour.
2. Constitutional Traits vs. Environmental Mould Traits
Constitutional Traits
- Innate or biologically determined traits like
intelligence, temperament etc.
- Relatively fixed and not much influenced by
environment.
Environmental Mould Traits
- Traits acquired through learning and
experience.
Intelligence test used in the forensic psychology.
There are different tests are used to measure the intelligence or IQ of a person. Such as,
Ravens Progressive Matrices
Bhatia Battery of Intelligence
Culture Fair test
Wechsler scale
Alexander Pass a long test
etc.
Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. Behavior can be overt and directly observed, or covert and not directly observed. Mental processes include internal experiences like sensations, thoughts, and feelings. Throughout history, various theories have emerged about the nature of the mind and how to study it. Early Greek philosophers proposed ideas about the seat of mental processes. Modern psychology aims to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior through scientific theories and methods. Major perspectives that developed include structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychology.
Personality disorders are enduring patterns of inner experiences and behaviors that deviate from a person's culture. The DSM groups personality disorders into three clusters based on behaviors: cluster A exhibits odd behavior, cluster B exhibits dramatic behavior, and cluster C exhibits anxious behavior. Common personality disorders include borderline, narcissistic, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
The document discusses personality from several perspectives:
1. It defines personality and provides definitions from various experts emphasizing individual characteristics and patterns of behavior.
2. It outlines four common personality types and four types described by Hippocrates based on traits like passion, sociability, thoughtfulness, and risk-taking.
3. It examines theories of personality including psychoanalytic, neo-Freudian, learning, humanistic, biological, and trait approaches emphasizing unconscious forces, childhood development, and environmental influences.
4. It describes objective and projective personality tests and examples of each type, noting differences in their validity, reliability, and susceptibility to bias.
Projective tests such as the Rorschach inkblot test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), and House-Tree-Person (HTP) test use ambiguous stimuli like inkblots or pictures to reveal hidden emotions and unconscious conflicts by analyzing subjects' responses. The Rorschach and HTP involve drawing interpretations while the TAT and other tests involve telling stories about pictures. These tests are used to assess personality traits, intelligence, and psychological disorders but require administration by trained professionals and subjective interpretation carries some risk of bias.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real, imagined, or implied social contexts. Some key topics covered include social influence, conformity, compliance, social norms, and research studies such as Asch's conformity experiments and Milgram's obedience studies. The document discusses how social factors like group pressure, authority, and reciprocity can influence individual attitudes and behaviors. In summary, it introduces social psychology concepts relating to how social environments and other people shape individual cognition, interaction, and performance.
This document discusses various theories and methods of personality. It begins by defining personality as a set of characteristics that influence behavior. It then outlines several major theories of personality including trait theories, psychodynamic theories, and social-cognitive theories. The document also discusses methods of measuring personality such as projective tests, personality inventories, interviews, case histories, and observation.
Freud's psychoanalytic theory of personality consists of the id, ego, and superego. The id operates based on the pleasure principle and seeks to satisfy basic desires, the ego mediates between the id and reality, and the superego incorporates societal morals. The three structures are often in conflict, creating anxiety, which the ego defends against using mechanisms like repression, rationalization, and displacement. Defense mechanisms distort reality to reduce anxiety from conflicts between the id, ego, and superego.
This document discusses several types of psychological assessments, including projective tests, personality questionnaires, and interviews. It provides examples of specific assessments like the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), Rorschach inkblot test, Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire, and Q-sort method. The assessments are used to analyze people's behaviors, inner feelings, personality structures, and viewpoints in clinical, educational, and research settings.
Personality: Meaning –Determinants of Personality: Types Theory, Trait Theory and Developmental Theory – Integrated Personality – Assessment of Personality: Projective, Non-Projective techniques and Dream Analysis.
1. The document summarizes several major theories of personality including trait theories by Allport and Cattell, Eysenck's biological theory, and the Big Five theory.
2. It provides details on Cattell's 16 personality factors model and his view of personality as shaped by both heredity and environment.
3. The theories discussed personality at different levels from traits and tendencies to core aspects of identity and self-concept.
Raymond Bernard Cattell was a British and American psychologist known for describing behavior and developing theories of intelligence and personality. He proposed two types of general intelligence: fluid intelligence, which involves abstract reasoning and decreases with age, and crystallized intelligence, which involves learned skills and knowledge and increases with age. Cattell also developed theories of personality, including the Big Five personality traits of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Additionally, he proposed 16 primary personality factors and 5 global factors to comprehensively classify human personality. Cattell made major contributions through his extensive research and publication of over 500 articles and 50 books.
Personality assessments can help counselors understand individual behavior, determine appropriate courses of action, and predict future behavior. Personality includes traits, states, and types. Traits are consistent dimensions of individual differences while states are temporary tendencies. Types describe a person generally, such as introverted or extroverted. Structured personality inventories like the MMPI-2 and MCMI-III use standardized questions while projective tests like the Rorschach and TAT use ambiguous stimuli to project unconscious feelings. Personality assessments provide insight into clients but rely on the interpreter's judgment.
This document outlines topics related to the self that will be covered in a masters course in counseling psychology. It discusses how the self is influenced by social and cultural factors. Some key topics covered include the illusion of transparency and how self-interest colors our judgments of others, how social comparison can diminish satisfaction, and the concepts of individualism versus collectivism in different cultures. It also addresses how people gain self-knowledge through explaining and predicting their own behaviors and feelings.
Wechsler Intelligence and Memory ScalesNanza Gonda
The Wechsler Intelligence and Memory Scales are a series of psychological tests developed by David Wechsler to assess intelligence and memory. There are three main versions - the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) for adults, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) for ages 6-16, and the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS) to evaluate different memory functions. Each test provides index scores on areas like verbal comprehension, working memory, and processing speed. The tests are widely used by clinicians to diagnose conditions like learning disabilities and dementia.
The document discusses the Big Five Factor personality model. It describes the five factors - Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness to Experience. Extraversion relates to energy levels and sociability. Agreeableness indicates friendliness and cooperation. Conscientiousness is about self-discipline and achievement orientation. Neuroticism relates to stress, anxiety, and emotional stability. Openness involves intellectual curiosity and creativity. The document provides descriptions and examples of each factor and how they relate to behaviors and tendencies in individuals.
This document discusses psychological assessment and tests. It describes the development and types of psychological tests, including intelligence tests like the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler scales, achievement tests, aptitude tests, personality tests like the MMPI, and projective tests like the Rorschach inkblot test. It also outlines the nurse's role in psychological assessment, which includes educating patients, observing behaviors, and documenting changes.
Allport's personality Theory separates all traits into three basic subcategories: Cardinal, Central, and Secondary traits. This trait theory suggests that individual personalities are composed of broad dispositions. It is also based mainly on differences between individuals. The combination and interaction of various traits form a personality that is unique to each individual, this theory focused on identifying and measuring these individual personality characteristics.
Raymond Cattell (1905-1998) broke personality traits into 16 categories using a statistical measure known as factor analysis to calculate the relationships among traits. Cattell hoped to determine how each trait influenced other traits in the same individual. For each of the 16 categories, Cattell measured a high end and a low end along a spectrum. For example, you might measure high on the cheerful - serious spectrum and low on the practical - imaginative spectrum.
Theories of Personality: State and Trait Approaches to PersonalityPsychoTech Services
Surface Traits
- Observable traits like kindness, honesty,
helpfulness etc.
- Manifestations of deeper source traits.
- More specific and narrow in scope.
Source Traits
- Underlying broad dispositions or
tendencies.
- Not directly observable but inferred from
surface traits.
- Fewer in number but better predictors of
behaviour.
2. Constitutional Traits vs. Environmental Mould Traits
Constitutional Traits
- Innate or biologically determined traits like
intelligence, temperament etc.
- Relatively fixed and not much influenced by
environment.
Environmental Mould Traits
- Traits acquired through learning and
experience.
Intelligence test used in the forensic psychology.
There are different tests are used to measure the intelligence or IQ of a person. Such as,
Ravens Progressive Matrices
Bhatia Battery of Intelligence
Culture Fair test
Wechsler scale
Alexander Pass a long test
etc.
Psychology is the science of behavior and mental processes. Behavior can be overt and directly observed, or covert and not directly observed. Mental processes include internal experiences like sensations, thoughts, and feelings. Throughout history, various theories have emerged about the nature of the mind and how to study it. Early Greek philosophers proposed ideas about the seat of mental processes. Modern psychology aims to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior through scientific theories and methods. Major perspectives that developed include structuralism, functionalism, psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic psychology.
Personality disorders are enduring patterns of inner experiences and behaviors that deviate from a person's culture. The DSM groups personality disorders into three clusters based on behaviors: cluster A exhibits odd behavior, cluster B exhibits dramatic behavior, and cluster C exhibits anxious behavior. Common personality disorders include borderline, narcissistic, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.
The document discusses personality from several perspectives:
1. It defines personality and provides definitions from various experts emphasizing individual characteristics and patterns of behavior.
2. It outlines four common personality types and four types described by Hippocrates based on traits like passion, sociability, thoughtfulness, and risk-taking.
3. It examines theories of personality including psychoanalytic, neo-Freudian, learning, humanistic, biological, and trait approaches emphasizing unconscious forces, childhood development, and environmental influences.
4. It describes objective and projective personality tests and examples of each type, noting differences in their validity, reliability, and susceptibility to bias.
This document provides an overview of personality theories including:
- Gordon Allport's definition of personality as the unique patterns of behavior, thoughts, and feelings that determine an individual's adjustment.
- Allport's categorization of traits into cardinal, central, and secondary traits. Central traits form the basic personality foundations while secondary traits appear in specific situations.
- Raymond Cattell's identification of 16 source traits underlying surface personality traits through factor analysis. He developed the 16PF questionnaire to measure these traits.
- The Big Five model which proposes there are five key dimensions of personality that can be remembered with the acronym OCEAN.
This document discusses personality traits and disorders. It defines personality and explains that personality is influenced by both innate and environmental factors. It then overviews several major theories of personality, including psychodynamic, psychosocial, humanistic, and trait theories. Trait theory is examined in more depth, outlining the theories of Allport, Eysenck, Cattell, and the Big Five Factors. The document concludes by listing the 10 personality disorders recognized by the DSM-5.
This document outlines key concepts from several perspectives on personality psychology. It discusses Freud's psychoanalytic perspective including the id, ego, superego and psychosexual stages. It also covers trait theory including Eysenck's two factor model and the Big Five. Learning theory perspectives like behaviorism and social cognitive theory are examined. The humanistic perspective focuses on free will and self-actualization. Finally, the sociocultural perspective addresses how culture influences personality and the self-concept. The document concludes by describing objective and projective personality tests.
This document provides an overview of several major theories of personality, including:
1. Type theories like Hippocrates' four temperaments and Jung's introvert/extrovert types.
2. Trait theories like Eysenck's three dimensions of personality and the "Big Five" model.
3. Allport's hierarchical trait theory categorizing traits as cardinal, central, and secondary.
4. Cattell's 16 personality factors identified through factor analysis of thousands of personality traits.
The document discusses key aspects of several influential personality theorists and debates around the concept of personality.
- Personality refers to unique patterns of traits and factors within individuals that determine behaviors, thoughts, feelings, and motivations.
- Theories view personality as consisting of traits on a continuum or types that can be categorized. Common personality tests measure traits like the Big Five or types like the Myers-Briggs.
- Factors like heredity, environment, and life experiences influence personality development from a young age. Standardized tests aim to assess personality objectively but have limitations in reliability and validity.
This document provides an overview of several theories of personality, including psychodynamic, trait, humanistic, social-cognitive, and biological theories. It summarizes Freud's psychodynamic theory, including the id, ego, and superego. It also outlines Carl Jung's analytical psychology and the collective unconscious. Trait theory and the Big Five model are explained. Humanistic approaches by Maslow and Rogers focusing on growth and fulfillment are covered. Social-cognitive theory discusses reciprocal determinism. Biological theories address brain damage, neurochemistry, genetics, and evidence of personality traits across species.
This document provides an overview of personality and personality theories. It defines personality as individual differences in behavior and consistency across situations. It identifies key determinants of personality like brain structure, physical factors, heredity, culture, family and social groups. It describes the "Big Five" personality traits and four personality types. It also outlines several theories of personality including psychoanalytic, trait, humanistic, and social-cognitive theories.
This document provides an overview of several theories of personality, including psychodynamic, trait, humanistic, social-cognitive, cultural, and biological theories. It discusses key concepts from each approach, such as Freud's structural model of the id, ego, and superego; Jung's collective unconscious and archetypes; the Big Five personality traits; Rogers' humanistic perspective on genuineness, acceptance, and empathy; Bandura's social-cognitive theory of reciprocal determinism; individualism vs collectivism in cultural influences; and biological factors like brain damage, neurochemistry, and genetics that influence personality. The document also evaluates the scientific merits and limitations of different theories.
Organisational Behaviour
Lecture session 6.1
Personality
Lecture session 6.2
Big 5 Test - OCEAN Model - Activity
Presented by : Mr. Dheeraj Rongala
Contact email : [email protected]
Topics covered in Week 6
Organisational Behaviour
Lecture session 6.3
Organisational ethics
Lecture session 6.4
Queries and clarifications
Presented by : Mr. Dheeraj Rongala
Contact email : [email protected]
Topics covered in Week 6
Learning objectives
By the end of the session, learners will be able to know about:
Personality and its associated theories.
Big 5 Personality traits.
Characteristics of groups and teams.
Tuckman's theory of groups and.
Belbin's team roles.
Personality
Personality
What is Personality?
The relatively enduring combination of traits which make an individual unique and at the same time produce consistencies in his or her thought and behaviour”. Fincham & Rhodes(2005, p95).
The observable manifestation of social identity which a person develops and constructs through negotiation and interaction with others”. Thompson & McHugh (2009, p287).
Personality
What is Personality?
Personality is the particular combination of emotional, attitudinal, and behavioral response patterns of an individual.
Personality commonly refers to:
Personality psychology, the theory and study of individual differences, traits, and types.
Personality trait theory, attributes by which people may vary in relative terms.
Personality is made up of the characteristic patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that make a person unique. In addition to this, personality arises from within the individual and remains fairly consistent throughout life.
Fundamental characteristics of Personality
Consistency - There is generally a recognizable order and regularity to behaviors. Essentially, people act in the same ways or similar ways in a variety of situations.
Psychological and physiological - Personality is a psychological construct, but research suggests that it is also influenced by biological processes and needs.
It impacts behaviors and actions - Personality does not just influence how we move and respond in our environment; it also causes us to act in certain ways.
Multiple expressions - Personality is displayed in more than just behavior. It can also be seen in our thoughts, feelings, close relationships and other social interactions.
Types of Personality theories
There are a number of different theories about how personality develops. Different schools of thought in psychology influence many of these theories.
Some of these major perspectives on personality include:
Type theories are the early perspectives on personality. These theories suggested that there are a limited number of "personality types" which are related to biological influences.
Trait theories viewed personality as the result of internal characteristics that are genetically based.
Humanist theories emphasize the importance of free will and individual experience in the de.
This document provides an overview of personality from several perspectives:
1. It defines personality and discusses major theories including Freud's psychosexual stages, trait approaches, and Bandura's social cognitive theory.
2. Trait theories such as Cattell's 16 factors and Eysenck's three factors are evaluated, with evidence supporting a five factor model of openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism.
3. Cross-cultural research finds common personality dimensions across cultures, though some perspectives on traits differ between individualistic and collectivistic cultures.
4. Social cognitive theory emphasizes reciprocal determinism between personal factors, environment, and behavior, highlighting concepts
This document provides an overview of several theories of personality, including:
- Behaviorist theory by B.F. Skinner, which proposes that personality is shaped by reinforcement and punishment from the environment.
- Humanistic theories developed in the 1950s that emphasize each individual's uniqueness and potential for self-actualization. Theorists discussed include Carl Rogers.
- Trait theory proposed by Gordon Allport, which views traits as the basic units of personality.
- Several assessment models and their key dimensions are also outlined, such as Raymond Cattell's 16 personality factors and Hans Eysenck's three dimensions of personality.
Here are the independent and dependent variables for each experiment:
1. Independent variable: Listening to music or not while testing
Dependent variable: Test scores
2. Independent variable: Number of visible tattoos
Dependent variable: Likelihood of getting a job
3. Independent variable: Type of dog treat used
Dependent variable: Effectiveness of training the dog to sit
4. Independent variable: Giving a reward or not
Dependent variable: Number of students coming to class on time
Unit 04 personality in educational psychologyDARSGHAH
Unit 04 personality in educational psychology Course code 0840 Educational psychology from ALLAMA IQBAL OPEN UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD.
prepared by Ms. SAMAN BIBI & Mariam Rafique
This document provides an outline for a module on personality theories. It will cover major approaches like psychodynamic, behavioral, trait, humanistic, and cognitive theories. Key topics include the relevance of personality psychology in South Africa, the influence of culture on personality, and commonalities across approaches. The first theory discussed in more depth is Freud's psychodynamic theory, covering its background, the structure of personality with id, ego and superego, and the psychosexual stages of development. Limitations of this theory are also evaluated.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in psychological research. It defines psychology as the scientific study of mind and behavior. The scientific method ensures results are empirical and replicable. Psychological research progresses through forming hypotheses and theories, then designing studies to test them. Research must be conducted ethically with informed consent from human participants and oversight of animal research. Descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods are used to study variables without making causal claims, assess relationships between variables, and test cause-and-effect. Descriptive methods include surveys, observations, and case studies.
Unit 1 Psychology: Foundations and MethodsMrTimBradley
Here are the steps I would take to design a valid experiment to test this hypothesis:
1. Randomly select and assign participants diagnosed with ADD to either the experimental group (given 20mg Adderall) or the control group (given placebo).
2. Use double-blind procedures so neither participants nor experimenters know who receives Adderall vs placebo.
3. Have all participants complete a focus time task both before and after taking the assigned pill to control for individual differences and measure any within-subject changes.
4. Use a standardized focus time task and measure focus time objectively (e.g. time on task) to reduce observer bias.
5. Ensure groups are equivalent on relevant demographic variables
Here are the steps I would take to design a valid experiment to test this hypothesis:
1. Randomly select and assign participants diagnosed with ADD to either the experimental group (given 20mg Adderall) or the control group (given placebo).
2. Use double-blind procedures so neither participants nor experimenters know who receives Adderall vs placebo.
3. Have all participants complete a focus time task both before and after taking the assigned pill to control for individual differences and measure any changes.
4. Ensure random assignment, use of placebos, and double-blind procedures control for potential confounding variables like placebo effect, experimenter bias, and participant expectations.
5. Administer the experiment in
This document discusses personality disorders from several perspectives, including biological, psychodynamic, cognitive, and interpersonal perspectives. It describes the DSM diagnostic model which categorizes personality disorders on Axis II. Some key personality disorders mentioned include paranoid, schizoid, antisocial, narcissistic, and borderline personality disorders. The document also discusses theories of personality development and the evaluation of personality through questionnaires.
Similar to personality, theory and measurement (20)
Memahami Organisasi dan Desain Organisasi-Organisasi Publik (Bagian 3)Seta Wicaksana
Hingga sekitar 20 tahun yang lalu, perusahaan mengalami desain ulang organisasi setiap beberapa tahun atau bahkan dekade.
Kebanyakan eksekutif puncak mungkin hanya memiliki pengalaman beberapa kali dalam karier mereka.
Namun, otomatisasi dan tekanan persaingan mulai mempercepat laju perubahan organisasi.
Dalam presentasi ini, kami mengeksplorasi model organisasi tradisional dan bagaimana model tersebut digunakan untuk menyelaraskan struktur dan operasi dengan strategi bisnis.
Kami akan menunjukkan bagaimana model tersebut masih dapat berfungsi sebagai alat diagnostik untuk memahami di mana berbagai faktor organisasi mungkin tidak seimbang.
Kemudian, kami akan menunjukkan bagaimana organisasi telah beralih dari model statis untuk diagnostik dan penyelarasan ke model fleksibel yang membantu organisasi beradaptasi terhadap perubahan yang dinamis dan berkelanjutan.
Bagian 1 Organizations and Organizations Theory
Bagian 2 From Strategy to Organization Design and Effectiveness
Bagian 3 Public Organization
Memahami Organisasi dan Desain Organisasi-from strategy (Bagian 2)Seta Wicaksana
Hingga sekitar 20 tahun yang lalu, perusahaan mengalami desain ulang organisasi setiap beberapa tahun atau bahkan dekade.
Kebanyakan eksekutif puncak mungkin hanya memiliki pengalaman beberapa kali dalam karier mereka.
Namun, otomatisasi dan tekanan persaingan mulai mempercepat laju perubahan organisasi.
Dalam presentasi ini, kami mengeksplorasi model organisasi tradisional dan bagaimana model tersebut digunakan untuk menyelaraskan struktur dan operasi dengan strategi bisnis.
Kami akan menunjukkan bagaimana model tersebut masih dapat berfungsi sebagai alat diagnostik untuk memahami di mana berbagai faktor organisasi mungkin tidak seimbang.
Kemudian, kami akan menunjukkan bagaimana organisasi telah beralih dari model statis untuk diagnostik dan penyelarasan ke model fleksibel yang membantu organisasi beradaptasi terhadap perubahan yang dinamis dan berkelanjutan.
Bagian 1 Organizations and Organizations Theory
Bagian 2 From Strategy to Organization Design and Effectiveness
Bagian 3 Public Organization
Memahami Organisasi dan Desain Organisasi-Pengantar (bagian 1)Seta Wicaksana
Hingga sekitar 20 tahun yang lalu, perusahaan mengalami desain ulang organisasi setiap beberapa tahun atau bahkan dekade.
Kebanyakan eksekutif puncak mungkin hanya memiliki pengalaman beberapa kali dalam karier mereka.
Namun, otomatisasi dan tekanan persaingan mulai mempercepat laju perubahan organisasi.
Dalam presentasi ini, kami mengeksplorasi model organisasi tradisional dan bagaimana model tersebut digunakan untuk menyelaraskan struktur dan operasi dengan strategi bisnis.
Kami akan menunjukkan bagaimana model tersebut masih dapat berfungsi sebagai alat diagnostik untuk memahami di mana berbagai faktor organisasi mungkin tidak seimbang.
Kemudian, kami akan menunjukkan bagaimana organisasi telah beralih dari model statis untuk diagnostik dan penyelarasan ke model fleksibel yang membantu organisasi beradaptasi terhadap perubahan yang dinamis dan berkelanjutan.
Materi dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu:
Bagian 1 Organizations and Organizations Theory
Bagian 2 From Strategy to Organization Design and Effectiveness
Bagian 3 Public Organization
Organizational Transformation Lead with CultureSeta Wicaksana
Transformation is even harder than we thought
“Only 22% of companies successfully carry out transformation. The failure rate was 78%.”
“Often the business value of digital transformation is not realized. One of the most common causes is an abundance of technology projects, not a true business culture transformation”
- Phil Le-Brun, Enterprise Strategist, AWS
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“Perubahan hadir karena adanya ketidaksempurnaan, sedangkan ketidaksempurnaan itu adalah ruang untuk belajar, tumbuh dan berkembang, …
itulah yang Sempurna.” – Seta A. Wicaksana
Organizational Structure Running A Successful BusinessSeta Wicaksana
Every company needs an organizational structure—whether they realize it or not.
The organizational structure is how the company delegates roles, responsibilities, job functions, accountability, and decision-making authority.
The organizational structure often shows the “chain of command” and how information moves within the company.
Have an organizational structure that aligns with your company’s goals and objectives.
This article describes the various organizational structures, the benefits of creating one for your business, and specific elements that should be included.
Ten Organizational Design Models to align structure and operations to busines...Seta Wicaksana
Up until about 20 years ago, companies experienced organizational redesign every few years or even decades.
Most top executives would have the experience perhaps only a few times in their careers.
However, automation and competitive pressures had begun to accelerate the pace of organizational change.
In this presentation, we explore traditional organizational models and how they have been used to align structure and operations to business strategies.
We will show how those models can still operate as diagnostic tools to understand where various organizational factors can be out of balance.
Then, we will show how organizations have shifted from static models for diagnostics and alignment to flexible models that help organizations adapt to continuous, dynamic change.
Understanding Business Function and Business ProcessSeta Wicaksana
Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) programs: Core software used by companies to coordinate information in every area of business
Help manage companywide business processes
Use common database and shared management reporting tools
Business process: Collection of activities that takes some input and creates an output that is of value to the customer
HC Company Profile 2024 Excellence JourneySeta Wicaksana
Humanika Consulting is an HRD and Management consultant brand under the auspices of PT Humanika Amanah Indonesia. As a brand, Humanika Consulting, which was established in 2004, started its career in developing human resources through training program activities using an outdoor activity (Outbound) approach. The Experiential Learning method is promoted in developing people through continuous change so that the S.O.B.A.T. (Semua Orang Bisa Hebat) becomes a platform in the change process, namely Start, Order, Breakthrough, Accelerate, and Transform.
To anticipate high demands regarding Individual Assessment, Humanika Consulting has innovated to create a web-based application and has parameters (Job-Person Profile Matching), by having a subsidiary, PT Humanika Bisnis Digital, which a subsidiary that concentrates on Big Data and research related to HR. in 2019.
Business Strategy Creating and Sustaining Competitive AdvantagesSeta Wicaksana
Effective strategies in an environment of constant change are a key requirement for success.
Corporate strategy: Deciding on the scope and purpose of the business, its objectives, and the initiatives and resources necessary to achieve the objectives.
Strategic Management Organization objective with Appreciative InquirySeta Wicaksana
To introduce the philosophy, practice and process of Appreciative Inquiry so that you can apply it to your setting objectives in strategic management.
Appreciative inquiry (AI) is a positive approach to leadership development and organizational change. The method is used to boost innovation among organizations.
A company might apply appreciative inquiry to best practices, strategic planning, and organizational culture, and to increase the momentum of initiatives.
Developing Organization's Vision, Mission and ValuesSeta Wicaksana
Together, the vision, mission, and values statements provide direction for everything that happens in an organization.
They keep everyone focused on where the organization is going and what it is trying to achieve. And they define the core values of the organization and how people are expected to behave.
Creating a mission, values and vision makes a statement as to how a company and its personnel will interact with the consumer, its colleagues and even competitors.
The value, mission and vision statements of a company are the foundation on which all business is conducted and decisions are made.
The Future of Business, Organization and HRMSeta Wicaksana
In an ever-evolving global landscape, the realm of business development is undergoing a profound transformation.
The convergence of technological advancements, shifting consumer preferences, and dynamic market conditions has created a paradigm shift that promises to reshape the way businesses approach growth and expansion.
The future of business development is not only about adapting to change but also about harnessing emerging trends and innovations to thrive in an increasingly competitive environment.
To better organize a business in the future, leaders should embrace nine imperatives that collectively explain “who we are” as an organization, “how we operate,” and “how we grow.”
Transformasi menuju SDM Unggul dalam Era VUCASeta Wicaksana
Pembangunan Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) unggul adalah bagian dari proses dan tujuan pembangunan nasional Indonesia. Saat ini Indonesia menghadapi tantangan untuk mengejar ketertinggalan dari bangsa-bangsa lain yang telah lebih dahulu maju. Tantangan menjadi lebih berat karena saat ini berada di era VUCA yaitu Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, dan Ambiguity.
Kita hidup di dunia dengan perubahan yang sangat cepat, tidak terduga, dipengaruhi oleh banyak faktor yang sulit dikontrol, dan kompleks. Mustahil kita mampu mencapai kemajuan dan kemandirian bangsa apabila kita mengabaikan pembangunan yang semestinya bertitik berat pada keunggulan sumber daya manusia. Hanya melalui SDM unggul kita akan mampu menghadapi era VUCA ini dan mampu berkompetisi dengan bangsa–bangsa lain. Era VUCA harus kita hadapi dengan mencetak SDM unggul Indonesia.
SDM unggul adalah SDM yang mampu beradaptasi, menerima dan merangkul perubahan sebagai bagian dari lingkungan yang tidak dapat diprediksi. Di samping itu, SDM unggul juga adalah SDM yang mampu memahami sekaligus melaksanakan tugas pekerjaannya secara tuntas dan berkualitas dengan visi kerja yang jelas dalam menghadapi tantangan dan ketidakpastian, yang mampu berkolaborasi dan bersinergi secara efektif dengan kolega, tim kerja, dan menjadi insan penggerak perubahan dan inovasi dalam menghadapi kompleksitas persoalan organisasi. SDM unggul juga diharapkan mampu mengatasi ambiguitas dengan agilitas serta memiliki ketangkasan dan kecerdasan dalam menjalankan tugas pekerjaannya.
Using Workload Analysis for Manpower PlanningSeta Wicaksana
Mengapa Manpower Planning dibutuhkan:
Membantu mengidentifikasi kekurangan atau kelebihan tenaga kerja, sehingga memungkinkan perusahaan mengambil langkah-langkah yang diperlukan untuk mengatasi masalah ini sebelum menjadi masalah.
Memastikan bahwa program rekrutmen dan seleksi didasarkan pada perencanaan tenaga kerja untuk mendapatkan hasil terbaik.
Membantu mengurangi biaya tenaga kerja dengan mengidentifikasi kelebihan staf atau jadwal shift kelebihan staf.
Membantu mengidentifikasi talenta yang tersedia dalam angkatan kerja, seperti pekerja terampil, dan membuat rencana pengembangan untuk mereka.
Membantu mengoptimalkan penggunaan sumber daya manusia yang ada, sehingga menghasilkan produktivitas yang lebih tinggi dan biaya yang lebih rendah.
Membantu meningkatkan kepuasan karyawan dengan memastikan bahwa tenaga kerja yang ada terlibat dalam pekerjaan yang bermakna.
The Talent Management Navigator Performance ManagementSeta Wicaksana
Effective Performance Management supports the achievement of both individual and business objectives. Through the Performance Management Process:
Employees understand how the work they are doing supports the broader goals of the organization
Employees understand what is expected of them, how they’re performing against those expectations, and how they can continue to improve their performance and contributions to advance their own career and business objectives
Managers provide feedback and coaching throughout the year to support employees in sustaining and improving their performance and developing their capabilities in alignment with their career goals
Employees and managers maintain on-going communications about performance and development progress and use the Company’s approved documents and/or technology to document progress
“Most companies still earn profits per employee at close to the same low levels earned in the 20th century because they have not become very adept at mobilizing the mind power of their workforces.
As a comparison, the average top-30 company increased profits per employee 70 percent
The target should be to improve profits per employee by 30 to 60 percent or more. “
“The opportunities to improve the performance of workers just from increased efficiency alone are huge: Surveys show that a majority of workers in thinking-intensive jobs in large companies feel they waste from half a day to two days out of every workweek...
The opportunities to improve the effectiveness of such workers are even larger. The opportunities to mobilize the latent intangible assets (that is, knowledge, skills, relationships and reputations) of a company’s workforce are vast.”
Changing Group to High Performing Teams with SOBATWAY through coachingSeta Wicaksana
Teamwork is important because it promotes a positive work environment where employees can achieve more opportunities and overcome more obstacles.
Businesses and organizations need teamwork the most when a project is time-sensitive and requires a diverse set of skills and experiences.
Teamwork can improve efficiency and productivity.
Efficiency rules when work is appropriately divided within a team, responsibilities are shared, and tasks are more likely to be finished within a set time frame. Good teamwork also enhances group outcomes and the measurable effectiveness of organizations.
Changing Group to High Performing Teams with SOBATWAY through LeadingSeta Wicaksana
A productive leader can help to improve efficiency by getting the most out of their team.
Leaders can help improve efficiency by ensuring everyone is working towards the same goal and doing what they do best.
They can provide guidance and direction and delegate tasks to make the most of everyone's strengths.
Someone who leads by example can expect to receive trust and respect from their team.
Superiors see them as someone who is capable of running a team, and employees see them as trusted mentors.
A trusted leader can also inspire teammates to respect and trust each other.
Changing Group to High Performing Teams with SOBATWAY through ParticipatingSeta Wicaksana
Why is participation important in teams?
Increases productivity
No matter how you measure it, participation promotes productivity by helping teams work through problems, ideate different solutions, raise potential roadblocks, and communicate goals more clearly.
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
In Odoo, the chatter is like a chat tool that helps you work together on records. You can leave notes and track things, making it easier to talk with your team and partners. Inside chatter, all communication history, activity, and changes will be displayed.
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Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
The simplified electron and muon model, Oscillating Spacetime: The Foundation...RitikBhardwaj56
Discover the Simplified Electron and Muon Model: A New Wave-Based Approach to Understanding Particles delves into a groundbreaking theory that presents electrons and muons as rotating soliton waves within oscillating spacetime. Geared towards students, researchers, and science buffs, this book breaks down complex ideas into simple explanations. It covers topics such as electron waves, temporal dynamics, and the implications of this model on particle physics. With clear illustrations and easy-to-follow explanations, readers will gain a new outlook on the universe's fundamental nature.
3. Defining Some Terms
• Personality: A person’s unique pattern of thinking, emotion, and
behavior; the consistency of who you are, have been, and will become
• Character: Personal characteristics that have been judged or
evaluated
• Temperament: Hereditary aspects of personality, including sensitivity,
moods, irritability, and distractibility
• Personality Traits: Stable qualities that a person shows in most
situations
• Personality Type: People who have several traits in common
4. Definitions: J.P. Guilford (1959)
“An individual’s personality,
then, is his unique pattern of
traits.”
– A trait is “any
distinguishable, relatively
enduring way in which one
individual differs from
others.”
5. Definitions: Mackinnon (1959)
• Personality refers to
“factors” inside people
that explain their
behavior
• The sum total of typical
ways of acting,
thinking, and feeling
that makes a person
unique.
6. Definitions: DSM-IV-TR (2000)
“Are enduring patterns of
perceiving, relating to, and
thinking about the
environment and oneself
that are exhibited in a wide
range of social and
personal context.”
7. Definitions: R.B. Cattell (1950)
“The personality of an
individual is that
which enables us to
predict what he will
do in a given
situation”
8. 3 Facts to Consider When Defining “Personality”
Individuals are unique
Individuals behave
differently in different
situations
Although individuals
are unique and behave
inconsistently across
situations, there is
considerable
commonality in human
behavior
9. Personality Types and Other Concepts
• Carl Jung, Swiss psychiatrist who
was a Freudian disciple, believed
that we are one of two personality
types:
– Introvert: Shy, self-centered person
whose attention is focused inward
– Extrovert: Bold, outgoing person
whose attention is directed outward
• Self-Concept: Your ideas,
perceptions, and feelings about
who you are
• Self-Esteem: How we evaluate
ourselves
10. Fig. 14.1 Personality types are defined by the presence of several specific traits. For example, several possible
personality traits are shown in the left column. A person who has a Type A personality typically possesses all or
most of the highlighted traits. Type A persons are especially prone to heart disease (see Chapter 12). Self-
concepts can be remarkably consistent. In an interesting study, very old people were asked how they had
changed over the years. Almost all thought they were essentially the same person they were when they were
young (Troll & Skaff, 1997).
11. English psychologist Hans Eysenck (1916–1997) believed that many personality traits are related to
whether you are mainly introverted or extroverted and whether you tend to be emotionally stable or unstable
(highly emotional). These characteristics, in turn, are related to four basic types of temperament first
recognized by the early Greeks. The types are: melancholic (sad, gloomy), choleric (hot-tempered, irritable),
phlegmatic (sluggish, calm), and sanguine (cheerful, hopeful). (Adapted from Eysenck, 1981.)
12. Personality Theories: An Overview
– Trait Theories: Attempt to learn
what traits make up personality and
how they relate to actual behavior
– Psychodynamic Theories: Focus on
the inner workings of personality,
especially internal conflicts and
struggles
– Behavioristic Theories: Focus on
external environment and on
effects of conditioning and learning
– Social Learning Theories: Attribute
difference in personality to
socialization, expectations, and
mental processes
– Humanistic Theories: Focus on
private, subjective experience and
personal growth
Personality Theory: System of concepts, assumptions, ideas, and principles
proposed to explain personality; includes five perspectives:
13. History
• WW-I: saw the first real organized assessment of personality- seeing if
new recruits could make adjustment to the military.
– Just focused on one facet of personality
– Very specific (e.g., ability to follow orders, submission to authority, degree
of comfort when socializing with others)
u Over the next 2 decades multiscaled test emerged that examined
assertiveness, anxiety, impulsiveness
14. History
• 1930’s and 1940’s—Allport and
Murray began writing about
personality and theories of
personality
• Then came two camps:
– Objective –empirically derived tests
– Projective—produced items and
interpretations based on the theory of
personality. This method was more
unstructured and less defined (e.g.,
TAT)
Gordon W. Allport
15. History
• Empirically based tests
used statistics and a
criterion to develop test
items
– Item correlations
– Factor analytic approach
– Criterion-referenced
approach
– These two branched from
empirically based tests of
the early part of the
century
16.
17. Today
• New tests have emerged but most tend to be
variants of the original themes and theories of
personality
• Most excepted to use a theory and to test out
items on a criterion as well as using statistics
18. Why measure personality?
• Determine workplace
suitability
• To be used in conjunction
with intelligence tests to
make decisions about
school suitability
• To assist in diagnosis of a
mental illness
• To be used to court by
forensic psychologists to
determine personality of a
possible offender
• Sport psychologists: to help
understand their clients
• As part of a research study
or to develop tests
• Generally used for
diagnostic purposes
19. Personality tests
• A personality test is an
assessment device used to
evaluate or measure aspects
of personality, such as factors
(dimensions) and traits
• First developed during WW1
to help with suitability of
applicants
• Different tests based on
different theorists
• two different kinds or types of
personality tests: personality
inventories and projective
tests
20. Personality Inventories
• Most commonly used of personality
tests
• A personality inventory is a self-
report, ‘paper and pencil’ or online
test which has a list of questions
designed to assess various aspects of
personality
• Examples are the 16PF, EPQ and
NEO-PI-R
• are considered to be ‘objective’ tests
because the person giving the test
does not subjectively (personally)
interpret what the test-taker means
by their responses
• The answers given are compared
with the answers of other
• individuals with known personality
traits who have taken the test
21. Cont.
• The questions cover such things as their
interests, emotional functioning, sociability,
agreeableness, openness to experience,
conscientiousness, attitudes and values
• The individual responds to the questions
such as yes/no, in terms of whether they
like/ dislike or agree/disagree with a
statement about themselves or someone
else, or an a rating scale where the individual
indicates how much they like/dislike or
agree/disagree with a statement like/dislike
or agree/disagree with a statement.
• Each item of the inventory provides
information about one of the traits or
dimensions being measured
• By comparing responses to norms, a
personality profile is compiled
• A personality profile is an overall pictorial
representation and summary of personality,
based on responses to specific questions
Personality Inventories
22. • “Personality” as a construct may include:
– Emotional responses
– Social behavior
– Emotional thoughts and behaviour
– Motivations
– Values
– Interests
• Methods of Measuring Personality:
– Paper & pencil tests: questionnaires,
inventories
– Situational exercises
– Field or natural observations
– Projective measures
Personality Inventories
23. Value of Personality Questionnaires
Value to the individual (face validity)
– Self-insight
– Points of discussion
– Norms provide comparison info
24. Value of Personality Questionnaires
• Value to research (construct validity)
– Study relationships of personality w/ other variables
– Study changes over time
• Value for Counseling
- marital therapy
- university counseling centers
• Value for personnel management
– Screening
– Prediction of success
– Placement & counseling
26. Two Main Personality Theories
1. Trait theory: people differ based on
stable attributes (called “traits”)
– characteristics lie on a continuum
– e.g., the Big Five
2. Type theory: people can be sorted
into categories (either one type or
the other)
• There are many different personality
inventories that measure traits or
types
29. • Freud’s theory: unconscious motivations
influence personality
• Freud was a Viennese physician who
thought his patients’ problems were
more emotional than physical
• Freud began his work by using hypnosis
and eventually switched to
psychoanalysis
The Psychoanalytic Theory
30. Some Key Freudian Terms
• Psyche: Freud’s term for
the personality; contains
id, ego, and superego
• Libido: Energy
• Eros: Life instinct
• Thanatos: Death instinct
31. • Psychoanalysis (Freud)
– Theory: our actions are
due to unconscious
conflicts
– Therapy: treating
psychological disorders
by uncovering and
interpreting unconscious
conflicts
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
32. • Free Association
– method of exploring
the unconscious
– person relaxes and
says whatever
comes to mind, no
matter how trivial or
embarrassing
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
33. • Unconscious (Freud)
– A reservoir of mostly
unacceptable thoughts, wishes,
feelings and memories
– Two main unconscious
instincts:
• sex and aggression
• Preconscious
– information that is not conscious
but is retrievable into conscious
awareness
The Psychoanalytic Perspective
35. • Freud’s idea
of the mind’s
structure
Personality Structure
Id
Superego
Ego Conscious mind
Unconscious
mind
36. • Id
– unconscious psychic
energy
– strives to satisfy basic
sexual and aggressive
instincts
– operates on the
pleasure principle,
seeking immediate
gratification
Personality Structure
37. • Superego
–our conscience
–given to us by
family/society
–operates on morality
principle, sets
standards right vs.
wrong
Personality Structure
38. • Ego
– conscious part of
personality
– mediates conflict
between id and
superego
– operates on the
reality principle,
delays gratification of
id impulses
Personality Structure
39. Freudian Dynamics of Personality and Anxieties
• Ego is always caught in the
middle of battles between
superego’s desires for
moral behavior and the id’s
desires for immediate
gratification
• Neurotic Anxiety: Caused
by id impulses that the ego
can barely control
• Moral Anxiety: Comes from
threats of punishment from
the superego
40. • Defense Mechanisms
– conflicts of id and superego
produce anxiety
– defense mechanisms
reduce anxiety by distorting
reality
Defense Mechanisms
41. • Regression
– retreating to behavior
appropriate for an earlier
stage of development
(e.g., temper tantrum)
• Repression
– pushing anxiety arousing
thoughts into the
unconscious (e.g., serious
traumas like rape)
Defense Mechanisms: Examples
42. • Reaction Formation
– expressing feelings that are the opposite of
their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
(e.g., Ban the filth! I hate homosexuals!)
Defense Mechanisms
43. • Projection
– disguising our
own impulses by
attributing them
to others (e.g.,
You always start
arguments!)
• Rationalization
– making up an
untrue
justification to
ourselves for
doing something
(e.g., sour grapes)
Defense Mechanisms
44. • Displacement
– shifting sexual or aggressive
impulses toward a less
threatening object or person
(e.g., kicking the dog!)
• Sublimation
– rechanneling of unacceptable
impulses into socially
approved activities (e.g., a
great artist who paints
nudes!)
Defense Mechanisms
45. Freudian Personality Development
• Develops in stages; everyone
goes through same stages in
same order
• Majority of personality is
formed before age 6
• Erogenous Zone: Area on
body capable of producing
pleasure
• Fixation: Unresolved conflict
or emotional hang-up caused
by overindulgence or
frustration
46. Freudian Personality Development :
Oral Stage
• Oral Stage: Ages 0-1. Most of
infants’ pleasure comes from
stimulation of the mouth. If a
child is overfed or frustrated,
oral traits will develop
– Oral Dependent Personality:
Gullible, passive, and need
lots of attention. Fixations
create oral-aggressive adults
who like to argue and exploit
others
47. Freudian Personality Development:
Anal Stage
• Anal Stage: Ages 1-3. Attention
turns to process of elimination.
Child can gain approval or express
aggression by letting go or
holding on. Ego develops. Harsh
or lenient toilet training can make
a child:
– Anal Retentive: Stubborn, stingy,
orderly, and compulsively clean
– Anal Expulsive: Disorderly, messy,
destructive, or cruel
48. Freudian Personality Development:
Phallic Stage
• Phallic Stage: Ages 3-6. Child now
notices and is physically attracted to
opposite sex parent
• Can lead to:
– Oedipus Conflict: For boys only. Boy feels
rivalry with his father for his mother’s
affection. Boy may feel threatened by
father (castration anxiety). To resolve, boy
must identify with his father (i.e., become
more like him and adopt his heterosexual
beliefs)
– Electra Conflict: Girl loves her father and
competes with her mother. Girl identifies
with her mother more slowly because she
already feels castrated
• Both Oedipus and Electra Conflicts are
widely rejected today by most
psychologists
49. Freudian Personality Development:
Latency and Genital Stages
• Latency: Ages 6-Puberty.
Psychosexual
development is dormant.
Same sex friendships and
play occur here
• Genital Stage: Puberty-
on. Realization of full
adult sexuality occurs
here; sexual urges re-
awaken
50. Further Development of Freud’s Theory:
The Neo-Freudians
• The Neo-Freudians include:
– Carl Jung
– Alfred Adler
– Karen Horney
– Erik Erikson
51. Neo-Freudians
• Accepted broad aspects of Freud’s
theory but revised parts of it
• Alfred Adler: Disagreed with Freud’s
emphasis on unconscious and on
importance of sexuality
– Striving for Superiority: Basic drive to
help us towards perfection
– Compensation: Any attempt to overcome
feelings of inadequacy or inferiority
– Creative Self: Humans create their
personalities through choices and
experiences
• Karen Horney: Resisted Freud’s
biological and instinctive ideas
– Basic Anxiety: Anxiety that occurs from
living in a hostile world
52. Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung
• Persona: Mask or public self
presented to others
• Personal Unconscious:
Individual’s own experiences are
stored in here
• The contents are unique to each
individual
• Collective Unconscious:
Unconscious ideas and images
shared by all humans
• Archetypes: Universal idea,
image, or pattern found in the
collective unconscious
53. Neo-Freudians: Carl Jung (cont.)
• Anima: Archetype representing
female principle
• Animus: Archetype representing
male principle
• Self Archetype: Represents
unity and balance
• Mandala: Circular design
representing balance, unity, and
completion
– Symbolized in every culture
54. Some Observations on Psychodynamic
Theory and Research
• Psychodynamic theory has profoundly affected
psychological theory, psychotherapy, and
literature
• It has received little empirical support in part
because the concepts are difficult to
operationalize
55. • Projective Tests
– used to assess personality (e.g.,
Rorschach or TAT tests)
– How? provides ambiguous stimuli
and subject projects his or her
motives into the ambiguous stimuli
Assessing the Unconscious
56. • Good tests are reliable and valid
– reliable: consistent, getting the same results each
time the test is administered
– valid: measure what it is suppose to measure
Personality Tests
57. • (+) Can help us understand ego
defenses used by
everyone (and OK to use if not
overused)
• (+) Alerts us to the unconscious
causes of behavior
• (-) Assessment is subjective (TAT,
Rorschach)
• (-) Reliability and validity of
measurement are
problems
Critique of Psychoanalytic Theory
58. • Trait
– a characteristic pattern
of behavior
– usually assessed by self-
report inventories
The Trait Theory
59. • Personality Inventory
– a questionnaire (often with
true-false or agree-disagree
items) designed to assess
traits
– objective scoring -- a real
plus!
Assessing (Measuring) Traits
60. • Minnesota Multiphasic
Personality Inventory (MMPI)
– the most widely researched
and clinically used of all
personality tests
– developed to identify
emotional disorders
Assessing Traits: An Example
61. • “Nothing in the
newspaper
interests me except
the comics.”
• “I get angry
sometimes.”
MMPI: example of items!
62. • Empirically Derived Test
1. Select two groups of subjects
(e.g., clinically depressed vs normals)
2. give a large pool of questions to them
3. keep only those questions that
discriminate between groups
MMPI -- validity
63. • Minnesota
Multiphasic
Personality
Inventory
(MMPI) test
profile
MMPI
Hysteria
(uses symptoms to solve problems)
Masculinity/femininity
(interests like those of other sex)
T-score
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 30 40 50 60 70 80
Hypochondriasis
(concern with body symptoms)
Depression
(pessimism, hopelessness)
Psychopathic deviancy
(disregard for social standards)
Paranoia
(delusions, suspiciousness)
Psychasthenia
(anxious, guilt feelings)
Schizophrenia
(withdrawn, bizarre thoughts)
Hypomania
(overactive, excited, impulsive)
Social introversion
(shy, inhibited)
Clinically
significant
range
After
treatment
(no scores
in the clinically
significant range
Before
treatment
(anxious,
depressed,
and
displaying
deviant
behaviors)
64. • Two Factor Trait
Theory of Personality
The First Trait Theory
UNSTABLE
STABLE
cholericmelancholic
phlegmatic sanguine
INTROVERTED EXTRAVERTED
Moody
Anxious
Rigid
Sober
Pessimistic
Reserved
Unsociable
Quiet
Sociable
Outgoing
Talkative
Responsive
Easygoing
Lively
Carefree
Leadership
Passive
Careful
Thoughtful
Peaceful
Controlled
Reliable
Even-tempered
Calm
Touchy
Restless
Aggressive
Excitable
Changeable
Impulsive
Optimistic
Active
65. The “Big Five” Personality Factors
Trait Description
Emotional Stability Calm versus anxious
Secure versus insecure
Self-satisfied versus self-pitying
Extraversion Sociable versus retiring
Fun-loving versus sober
Affectionate versus reserved
Openness Imaginative versus practical
Preference for variety versus
preference for routine
Independent versus conforming
Agreeableness Soft-hearted versus ruthless
Trusting versus suspicious
Helpful versus uncooperative
Conscientiousness Organized versus disorganized
Careful versus careless
Disciplined versus impulsive
66. • (+) Can help us categorize
and predict others’ behavior
• (+) Can aid in self
understanding
• (+) Measurement of traits
can be done objectively
(reliably and validly)
• (-) Traits describe behavior,
but don’t explain behavior
• (-) Trait theory
underestimates the power of
the situation in determining
behavior
Critique of Trait Theory
67. Humanism
• Approach that focuses on human
experience, problems, potentials,
and ideals
• Human Nature: Traits, qualities,
potentials, and behavior patterns
most characteristic of humans
• Free Choice: Ability to choose
that is NOT controlled by
genetics, learning, or
unconscious forces
• Subjective Experience: Private
perceptions of reality
• Self-Actualization (Maslow):
Process of fully developing
personal potentials
• Peak Experiences: Temporary
moments of self-actualization
68. • Self-Concept
– one’s perception of
oneself: “Who am
I?”
• Ideal Self
– the self I would like
to be
• Real Self
– the way I really am
Humanistic Theory:
Emphasis on the SELF
70. • Self-Esteem
– one’s feelings of high or low
self-worth
• Physical
• Intellectual
• Social
Humanistic Theory:
Emphasis on the SELF
71. • Low Self-Esteem:
Experiments tell us
– heightened
prejudice
– heightened
judgmentalism
• High Self-Esteem:
– lower levels of
depression
High Self-Esteem: A Good Thing?
72. • Self-Serving Bias
– a readiness to perceive
oneself favorably
– “somewhat likely” to go
to heaven?
• OJ Simpson, Bill Clinton,
Michael Jordon, Mother
Theresa, or ________ !!
Humanistic Theory:
One more SELF!
73. • Individualism (West)
– defining one’s identity in
terms of personal attributes
(introverted, etc.)
– giving priority to one’s own
goals over group goals
• Collectivism (East)
– defining one’s identity with
group identifications (bin,
means “son of”)
– giving priority to the goals of
one’s group over one’s own
goals
Humanistic Theory:
A Western Perspective
74. Humanistic Perspective
Morality Defined by individuals Defined by social networks
(self-based) (duty-based)
Attributing Behavior reflects one’s personality Behavior reflects social
behaviors and attitudes and roles
Value Contrasts Between Individualism and Collectivism
Concept Individualism Collectivism
Self Independent Interdependent
(identity from individual traits) (identity from belonging)
Life task Discover and express one’s Maintain connections, fit in
uniqueness
What matters Me--personal achievement and We--group goals and solidarity;
fulfillment; rights and liberties social responsibilities and
relationships
Coping method Change reality Accommodate to reality
Relationships Many, often temporary or casual; Few, close and enduring;
confrontation acceptable harmony valued
77. Characteristics of Self-Actualizers
• Efficient
perceptions of
reality
• Comfortable
acceptance of
self, others, and
nature
• Spontaneity
• Task Centering
• Autonomy
78. Characteristics of Self-Actualizers (cont.)
• Continued freshness of
appreciation
• Fellowship with humanity
• Profound interpersonal
relationships
• Comfort with solitude
• Non-hostile sense of
humor
• Peak experiences
79. Rogers and Conditions of Worth
Emphasizes both:
Conditions of worth: the
conditions that others
place upon us in order to
receive their positive
regard
Unconditional positive regard :
the unconditional love and
acceptance of an
individual by another
person
80. Carl Rogers’ Self Theory
• Fully Functioning Person: Lives in
harmony with his/her deepest feelings
and impulses
• Self: Flexible and changing perception of
one’s identity
• Self-Image: Total subjective perception
of your body and personality
• Symbolization: Admitting an experience
into awareness
• Incongruence: Exists when there is a
discrepancy between one’s experiences
and self-image
• Ideal Self: Idealized image of oneself
(the person one would like to be)
81. Incongruence occurs when there is a mismatch between any of these
three entities: the ideal self (the person you would like to be), your self-
image (the person you think you are), and the true self (the person you
actually are). Self-esteem suffers when there is a large difference between
one’s ideal self and self-image. Anxiety and defensiveness are common
when the self-image does not match the true self.
82. More Rogerian Concepts
• Conditions of Worth: Internal
standards of evaluation
• Positive Self-Regard: Thinking
of oneself as a good, lovable,
worthwhile person
• Organismic Valuing: Natural,
undistorted, full-body reaction
to an experience
• Unconditional Positive Regard:
Unshakable love and approval
83. Some Observations
on the Humanistic Approach
• This approach emphasizes the
positive aspects of human
growth
• Critics believe it to be vague
and untestable and more
descriptive than explanatory
84. • (+) Makes the SELF central to
our understanding of behavior
• (-) Culture-bound theory
(applies to the West)
• (-) Is too subjective, not
objective
• (-) Maybe overly optimistic
view of human nature (all of
us are moving toward self-
actualization?)
Critique of Humanistic Theory
85. • Behavior is due to
– Social influences (other
people)
– Cognitive influences (how we
perceive ourselves and our
social environment)
Social-Cognitive Theory
86. Social-Cognitive Theory (Model)
Social Influences:
“My friends do
well in school.”
Behavior
(I perform well
in school)
Cognitive Influences:
“I know if I work hard,
I can do well in school)
88. Learning Theories and Some Key Terms
• Behavioral Personality
Theory: Model of
personality that
emphasizes learning and
observable behavior
• Learning Theorist: Believes
that learning shapes our
behavior and explains
personality
• Situational Determinants:
External causes of our
behaviors
89. Dollard and Miller’s Theory
• Habit: Learned behavior
pattern
• Drive: Any stimulus
strong enough to goad a
person into action (like
hunger)
• Cue: Signals from the
environment that guide
responses
• Response: Any behavior,
either internal or
observable; actions
• Reward: Positive
reinforcement
90. Social Learning Theory (Rotter)
• Definition: An explanation that
combines learning principles,
cognition, and the effects of
social relationships
• Psychological Situation: How
the person interprets or defines
the situation
• Expectancy: Anticipation that
making a response will lead to
reinforcement
• Reinforcement Value:
Subjective value attached to a
particular activity or reinforcer
• Social Reinforcement: Praise,
attention, approval, and/or
affection from others
91. Miller and Dollard’s
Critical Childhood Situations
• Feeding
• Toilet or cleanliness training
• Sex training
• Learning to express anger or
aggression
92. Becoming Male or Female
• Identification: Feeling
emotionally connected to
admired adults
• Imitation: Desire to act
like an admired person
93. • Personal Control
– a cognitive factor (in the model)
– our sense of controlling our environments rather
than feeling helpless
Social-Cognitive Theory
94. • Internal Locus of Control
– the perception that one controls one’s own fate
• External Locus of Control
– the perception that outside forces determine one’s
fate
Locus of Control
95. • Positive Psychology
– scientific study of ways to
foster a healthy personality
and community
• Key Concept: Learned
Optimism
– expecting positive events to
occur an seeing oneself as
competent.
– research: optimistic people
live longer/healthier lives
Social-Cognitive Perspective
96. • (+) Based on solid
research
• (+) Takes into account
both personality
(especially cognition)
and social situation
• (-) Underemphasizes
importance of traits
Critique of Social-Cognitive Theory