This document discusses various theories and methods of personality. It begins by defining personality as a set of characteristics that influence behavior. It then outlines several major theories of personality including trait theories, psychodynamic theories, and social-cognitive theories. The document also discusses methods of measuring personality such as projective tests, personality inventories, interviews, case histories, and observation.

1. VIVEK KUMAR MAURYA
ROHIT DESHWAR
VIKHAYAT PANDEY
SHANKAR SINGH
SANGAM PAL
ROHAN JAIN
PERSONALITY

2. PERSONALITY
Personality can be defined as a dynamic
and organised set of characteristics
possessed by a person that uniquely
influences his or her motivations and
behaviour in various situations. The word
“personality” originates from the Latin
word, which means mask.

6. TheoriesofPersonality
Trait Theory
Hans Eysenck’s Three Trait Theory
BIG FIVE MODEL
Allport’s Trait Theory
R B Cattell Theory
Personality Type
Theory
Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
Sheldom’s Type Theory
Spranger’s Value Theory
Psychodynamic Theory
Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Theory
Erik erikson’s Theory

7.  Attempt to learn what traits make up personality and
how they to actual behaviour.
 A trait may be defined as any distinguishable,
relatively enduring way in which one individual differ
from another.
 Two most widely trait theories come from the work of
Allport & Cantell.
Trait Theories

8. Psychodynamic Theories
 Focus on the inner workings of personality,
especially internal conflicts and struggles.

9.  Based on the notion that man is motivated more by
unseen forces than he is controlled by conscious and
rational thought.
 This framework consists of three aspects. These are id,
ego and super ego.
1. ID- A driving force throughout life and an important source of
thinking and behaving.
2. EGO- While Id represents the unconscious part, ego is
conscious. In order to resolve the conflict, the ego gets support
from the super ego.
3. SUPER EGO- It can best be described as the conscience. The
super ego provides norms to ego to determine what is wrong or
right.
Psychoanalytic Theory

10. Social-Cognitive Theories
attribute difference in personality to socialization,
expectations, and mental processes.

11. Types of
personality
Type A Type B

13. PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
 Human personality development is a continuous
process . It start since the child is in fetal stage . After
birth, the child develops and learns and this process
continues throughout his life .
Therefore, personality development can be seen through
different stages of age of an individual. At each stage, a
person develops different aspect of personality.
 It is classified into two type:-
Freudian Stage
Neo-Freudian stage-Erikson Psychological stages

14. FREUDIAN STAGES
 Oral Stages
 Anal Stage
 Phallic Stage
 Latency Stage
 Genital Stage

15.  Oral Sensor Stage
 Mascular And Anal Stage
 Locomotar Genital Stage
 Latency Stage
 Adolescence
 Early Adulthood
 Young And Middle Adulthood
 Mature Adulthood

17. Heridity
Brain
Physical
Features
Biological

18. Home
Environment
Family
Members
Social Groups
Social
Factors

19. Cultural
Factors

20. Situational
Factors

21. Physical
Environment

22. Personality Traits Affecting Behaviour
 MBTI (Myers Briggs Type Indicator)
 The Big Five Model

27. Personality Traits Of Indian Managers
Since Personality traits are highly correlated with
managerial performance, it is desirable to have a
glimpse of personality traits of Indian managers.
There are several research studies which have tried to
find out the personality traits of Indian managers.
Therefore, instead of reviewing each of these studies,
some generalizations are being presented which are as
follows :

28.  Indian managers are somewhat emotional, sensitive, tense,
and group dependent.
 On two personality characteristics – authoritarian and
machiavellianism there is equal distribution of managers
among high and low.
 Indian managers have need for achievement and
competence though they have lower level of maturity,
persistency and suspicion as compared to American
managers.
 Indian managers show paternalistic type of behaviour, such
as cooperation, friendliness, sympathy and nurturance.

29. Difference in personality traits of Indian managers
indicate that universal personality traits might not be
suitable for all type of work, because each type of work
requires specific set of personality traits.
Therefore, understanding of their own personality
traits as well as those of their subordinates is necessary
for Indian managers for being effective at workplace.

30. PERSONALITY MEASUREMENT

31.  Measurement means to describe anything or trait in
quantitative terms or value.
 There are many methods for measuring personality.
Some of the major methods in practice are as follows..

32. 1. • Projective Method
2. • Personality Inventories
3. • Interview Method
4. • Case History Method
5. • Observation Method

33. Projective Method
First used by SIGMUND FREUD.
Under which different procedures that claim
to disclose the basic personality structure are
measured.

34.  Following two methods are widely used:-
Rorscharch ink blot test
Thematic apperception test

35. • Developed by
• HERMAN RORSCHACH
• Measures the cognitive,
conative and affective aspects
of personality
• Test consists of 10
standardized cards in which
five cards have black and white
blots and five cards have
coloured blots.
Rorschach ink blot
test
• Designed by
• MURRAY and MORGAN
• There are 31 cards in this test. 30
cards are semi-structured pictures
and 1 card is left blank.
• In Indian version this has 14
pictures.
• This revels the needs, conflicts and
traits that underline the individual
behaviour.
Thematic
apperception test

36. Personality Inventories
Inventory is a term which is normally
used to counting of tangible objects.
Both external and internal features of
individuals are taken.

37. PersonalityInventories
Sixteen Personality Factor
Questionnaire
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

38. 16PFQ
• WARMTH
• REASONING
• EMOTIONAL STABILITY
• DOMINANCE
• LIVELINESS
• RULE-CONSIOUSNESS
• SOCIAL BOLDNESS
• SENSITIVITY
• VIGILANCE
• ABSTRACTEDNESS
• PRIVATENESS
• APPREHENSION
• OPENESSS TO CHANGE
• SELF-RELIANCE
• PERFECTIONISM
• TENSION
MBTI
• Uses a questionnaire
• Approx 100 questions
to identify personality
• Four dimensions are
used-
• Sensing
• Intuting
• Judging
• Perceiving.

39. Interview Method
Interview is a formal, in-depth conversation concluded to
evaluate the personality characteristics of persons.
The basic idea is to get maximum possible information about
individual concerned.
Two types of interview for measuring personality-

40. Types of Interview
Exhaustive Stress

41. Case History Method
• The personality appraiser appraises the personality
characteristics of an individual based on information collected
from different sources.
• Sources includes-
individual’s personal letters, diaries, other documents,
family members, relatives, work groups, institutions, etc.

42. Observation Method
Personality characteristics are assessed by
observing the behaviour in different situations.
Effective method when observers are fully trained
to relate behavioural pattern with personality.