This document provides an overview of several theories of personality, including psychodynamic, trait, humanistic, social-cognitive, cultural, and biological theories. It discusses key concepts from each approach, such as Freud's structural model of the id, ego, and superego; Jung's collective unconscious and archetypes; the Big Five personality traits; Rogers' humanistic perspective on genuineness, acceptance, and empathy; Bandura's social-cognitive theory of reciprocal determinism; individualism vs collectivism in cultural influences; and biological factors like brain damage, neurochemistry, and genetics that influence personality. The document also evaluates the scientific merits and limitations of different theories.
Define personality
Describe types of personality
Elaborate different theories of personality
Learn psychosexual stages of personality
Describe structure of personality
Understand the Erickson’s theory
Understand piaget’s theory of cognition
Assess personality of an individual
Learn methods to assess personality
Know importance of personality in nursing
Raymond cattle personality theory and biographyHAMZAMUGHAL59
In psychology, trait theory (also called dis-positional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. According to this perspective, traits are aspects of personality that are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are not), are relatively consistent over situations, and influence behavior. Traits are in contrast to states, which are more transitory dispositions.
Theories of personality, psychology, Characteristics Of Personality, Factors Influencing Personality Development, Purpose Of Personality Theories, Theories Of Personality’s Types, Jung's Personality Theory, Jung’s Eight Personality Types, Adler's Personality Theory, Adler's Psychological Types, GORDON ALLPORT’s TRAIT THEORIES, IN PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE, presentation,
This study notes covered following topics of Personality:
1. Introduction and Definition of Personality
2. Factors Shaping Personality
3. Big Five Factor Model of Personality
4. Measurement of Personality
a. Behavioral Analysis
b. Self Report Inventory
c. Projective methods
Define personality
Describe types of personality
Elaborate different theories of personality
Learn psychosexual stages of personality
Describe structure of personality
Understand the Erickson’s theory
Understand piaget’s theory of cognition
Assess personality of an individual
Learn methods to assess personality
Know importance of personality in nursing
Raymond cattle personality theory and biographyHAMZAMUGHAL59
In psychology, trait theory (also called dis-positional theory) is an approach to the study of human personality. Trait theorists are primarily interested in the measurement of traits, which can be defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought, and emotion. According to this perspective, traits are aspects of personality that are relatively stable over time, differ across individuals (e.g. some people are outgoing whereas others are not), are relatively consistent over situations, and influence behavior. Traits are in contrast to states, which are more transitory dispositions.
Theories of personality, psychology, Characteristics Of Personality, Factors Influencing Personality Development, Purpose Of Personality Theories, Theories Of Personality’s Types, Jung's Personality Theory, Jung’s Eight Personality Types, Adler's Personality Theory, Adler's Psychological Types, GORDON ALLPORT’s TRAIT THEORIES, IN PSYCHOLOGY AND SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE, presentation,
This study notes covered following topics of Personality:
1. Introduction and Definition of Personality
2. Factors Shaping Personality
3. Big Five Factor Model of Personality
4. Measurement of Personality
a. Behavioral Analysis
b. Self Report Inventory
c. Projective methods
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Positive feelings come from being honest about yourself and accepting your personality, and physical characteristics, warts and all; and, from belonging to a family that accepts you without question.
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2. Personality Key Terms Distinction
➢ Personality
Distinctive and relatively stable pattern of
behaviors, thoughts, motives, and emotions that
characterizes an individual
➢ Trait
A characteristic of an individual, describing a
habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling
4. Freud’s Psychoanalysis:
The structure of personality
1. Id
- Unconscious
2. Ego
- unconscious, preconscious,
conscious
3. Superego
- unconscious, preconscious, conscious
5. Freud’s Psychoanalysis:
The ID
Operates according to
the pleasure principle
–Present from birth
–Primitive
• basic needs and wants
–2 competing instincts:
• Life (sexual) - libido
• Death (aggressive)
–Unconscious
6. Freud’s Psychoanalysis:
The Ego
Operates according to the
reality principle
– Arises in first 3 years of life
–Mediates between ID and
Superego
–Rational part of mind
• you can’t always get
what you want
– Floats between all 3 levels
of consciousness
7. Freud’s Psychoanalysis:
The Superego
Moral Conscience
– Develops around age 5
• At end of Phallic Stage
–Stores and enforces rules
• Inner voice
–2 subsystems:
• Ego Ideal
• Conscience
10. Analytical Psychology
Carl Jung (1875-1961)
Divides unconscious into 2 parts:
➢ Personal unconscious: an individual’s forgotten &
suppressed memories
➢ Collective unconscious: universal memories,
symbols, and experiences of all humans
➢Archetype: a generic, idealized model
11. Evaluating psychodynamic
theories
Three scientific failings:
1. Violating the principle of falsifiability
2. Drawing universal principles from the
experiences of a few atypical patients
3. Basing theories of personality development
on retrospective accounts and the fallible
memories of patients
12. Rorschach inkblot test
• Objective
• Standardized
• limited responses
and
• Projective
• Ambiguous
Assessing the Unconscious:
14. The Trait Theory
• The basic structural elements of personality
• Relatively stable and consistent characteristic
that can be used to describe someone
– E.g. loyal, honest, trustworthy, loyal, difficult
15. The Meyers-Briggs and
Kiersey Temperament Sorter
These tests measure four pairs of preferences
and can be used to develop personality profiles.
• extraversion-introversion
• intuition-sensation
• thinking-feeling
• judging-perceiving
16. Big Five personality dimensions
Openness to Experience
(intellect, imagination, curiosity, creativity)
Conscientiousness
(order, duty, deliberation, self-discipline)
Extraversion
(sociability, assertiveness, activity, positive emotions)
Agreeableness
(trust, nurturance, kindness, cooperation)
Neuroticism
(anxiety, depression, moodiness, vulnerability to stress)
17. Evaluating Trait Theories
Three major criticisms
1. Lack of explanation—focus on description
rather than causal relationships
2. Stability versus change—unsure which
characteristics are more stable or are likely to
change
3. Ignoring situational effects—how the person
and situation influence one another
18. Humanistic Approaches to
Personality
Humanistic psychology
An approach that emphasizes personal growth,
resilience, and the achievement of human
potential
Humanist psychologists:
1. Abraham Maslow
2. Carl Rogers
3. Rollo May
19. ▪ Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
▪ focused on growth and fulfillment of
individuals
▪ genuineness
▪ acceptance
▪ empathy
Humanistic Perspective
21. Evaluating humanist approaches
The bad:
1.Assumptions are not testable
2.Hard to operationally define many of the concepts
The good:
1.Added balance to the study of personality
2.Encouraged others to focus on “positive
psychology”
3.Fostered new appreciation for resilience
23. Cultural Influence on
Personality
Individualistic Cultures Collectivist Cultures
Define self as autonomous,
independent of groups
Define self as an interdependent part
of a group
Give priority to individual, personal
goals
Give priority to needs and goals of
group
Value independence, leadership,
achievement
Value group harmony, duty, obligation,
security
Give more weight to individual’s
attitudes and preferences, than to
group norms to explain behavior
Give more weight to group norms than
individual attitudes to explain behavior
Attend to the benefits and costs of
relationships; if costs exceed
advantages, a person is likely to drop
a relationship
Attend to needs of group members; if
relationship is beneficial to group, but
costly to individual, the individual is
likely to stay in the relationship
24. Biological Theories
Brain
Damage to the brain can affect personality
Neurochemistry
Neurotransmitter levels have been correlated with
personality traits
Genetics
Behavioral genetics finds some correlations with
some personality traits
Evidence of 4 of the Big Five traits in 64 different
species
– monkeys → dogs → octopi
– Conscientiousness has only been found in humans
