This document provides an overview of key concepts in social psychology. It defines social psychology as the scientific study of how individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by real, imagined, or implied social contexts. Some key topics covered include social influence, conformity, compliance, social norms, and research studies such as Asch's conformity experiments and Milgram's obedience studies. The document discusses how social factors like group pressure, authority, and reciprocity can influence individual attitudes and behaviors. In summary, it introduces social psychology concepts relating to how social environments and other people shape individual cognition, interaction, and performance.

1. www.humanikaconsulting.comSocial Psychology

2. Defining Social PsychologyThe scientific study of how a person’s behavior, thoughts and feelings are influenced by the real, imagined or implied presence of others

3. What differentiates Social Psychology from other disciplines?Focus on social nature of the individual personTwo assertions:Person is influenced by social environmentIndividual actively construes social situations – we do not respond to environments as they are but as we interpret them to be

4. Defining Social PsychologySocial InfluenceThe ways in which a person’s behavior can be affected by the presence of othersSocial CognitionThe ways in which people think about other peopleSocial InteractionThe positive and negative aspects of people relating to othersSocial InfluenceSocial influence is the process by which attitudes, perceptions and behaviours can be affected by the real or implied presence of others.Is social influence negative?

5. Categories of Social InfluenceSocial NormsRules or standards that are understood by a group and that guide behavior without the force of lawsConformity Changing one’s behavior to match the responses or actions of others (no pressure necessarily)ComplianceChanging one’s behavior in response to a direct requestGoals of Social Influence People yield to social influence to achieve one or more of three basic goals: to choose correctly and behave effectively (to be right)to gain social approval (to be liked)to manage self-image

6. Social NormsSocial norms – rules and standards that are understood by a group and that guide behavior without the force of lawsEmerge out of interaction with othersMay or may not be stated explicitlySanctions are not legal but come from disapproval within social networks

7. What are examples of social norms in the Philippines?Can norms be maladaptive?

8. Formation and Transmission of NormsFormationValue to society – importance of reinforcement e.g., dress code for JG SOMFunction – survival e.g., sibling incest avoidanceTransmissionActive instructionDemonstrationsStorytelling, ritualsNonverbal behavior

9. Research on Social NormsMuzafer Sherif (1935)Autokinetic paradigm/effect (how groups form norms)“the group must be right”Contact with others influences our immediate perceptions of reality

10. ConformityChange own position to a contradictory position because of presence of others Perceived or real pressure

11. Asch’s Research on Conformity Which of the lines on the left most closely matches line A on the right? What would you say if you were in a group of 6 others, and all agreed the answer was 3? 123A

12. Asch’s Research on ConformityWhen alone, 95% of participants got all the answers correctBut 75% went against their own eyes at least once if the group gave a wrong answerPeople faced with strong group consensus sometimes go along even though they think the others may be wrong

13. Why do people conform?To be right Consensus implies correctnessTo be likedEasier to get along with the groupTo clarify who we areBeing different from group makes us feel bad about ourselves

14. Factors that influence ConformityUnanimity of majorityGroup cohesion (may lead to groupthink)Private responsesPrior commitmentTask difficultySize of group

15. GroupthinkThinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned

16. Characteristics of GroupthinkInvulnerabilityRationalizationLack of introspectionStereotypingPressureLack of disagreementSelf-deceptionInsularity

17. ComplianceParticular kind of response – acquiescence - to a requestChanging one’s behavior as a result of other people directing or asking for changeMay be implicit or explicit

18. Principles that increase ComplianceAuthoritySocial validation and Social ProofScarcityAffiliationReciprocityConsistency and Commitment

19. Milgram’s Authority-Obedience ExperimentsMost published experiment in obedience studies in social psychology65% of participants gave maximum voltage (450 volts)Results demonstrate the influence of orders from authority

20. Increasing ComplianceAuthority Rule: one should be more willing to comply to the suggestions of a legitimate authoritySocial Validation rule: one should be more willing to comply to a request if it is consistent with what similar others are thinking or doing. “List Technique”

21. Increasing ComplianceScarcity Rule: One should try to seek those opportunities that are scarce or dwindlingPsychological reactanceCensorshipAffiliation Rule: one should be more willing to comply to a request of friends or other liked individualsPhysical attractiveness, similarity, liking, compliments, cooperation

22. Increasing ComplianceReciprocity: effective societies depend on the obligation of an individual returning the form of behavior that he or she has received from another“That’s not all Technique”Consistency Rule: after making a commitment to a position, one should be more willing to comply to a request that is consistent with that position

23. Choose a current issue in the Philippines How is social influence played out in this particular issue?Cite negative and positiove consequences of social influence in relation to this issue 

24. Commitment TechniquesThe Foot-in-the-Door TechniqueThe Low-Ball TechniqueThe Bait and Switch TechniqueLabeling Technique

25. FIRST STEPSECOND STEPTACTICGain Target’s Compliance With a Small RequestFoot-in-the-Doorexample:“Would you sign a petition to support Gawad Kalinga build homes?

26. FIRST STEPSECOND STEPTACTICFoot-in-the-DoorGain Target’s Compliance With a Small RequestMake A Related, Larger RequestWould you sign a petition to support GK build homes?“Would you work for 2 wks. For GK to build homes?”

27. SECOND STEPTACTICFIRST STEPGet an Agreement to a Specific ArrangementLow-BallGet Customer to Agree to Buy a New Car for P 800,000

28. FIRST STEPTACTICSECOND STEPGet an Agreement to a Specific ArrangementChange The Terms of The ArrangementLow-BallGet Customer to Agree to Buy a New Car for P 800,000“Oh, you wanted tires and seats? Then that’ll be P 1 M.”

29. FIRST STEPSECOND STEPTACTICAdvertise a Low Price on a New CellphoneSpur The Target to Take a Course of ActionBait and Switch

30. FIRST STEPTACTICSECOND STEPAdvertise a Low Price on a New Cellphone“That cellphone is junk, but just P 9000 more buys this beauty!”Spur The Target to Take a Course of ActionDescribe Course as Unwise, Suggest AlternativeBait and Switch

31. FIRST STEPSECOND STEPTACTIC“You Are A Very Generous Person!”Assign The Target a Trait LabelLabeling

32. FIRST STEPTACTICSECOND STEP“Say, Can You Contribute to Gawad Kalinga ?”“You Are A Very Generous Person!”Seek Compliance With a Label- Consistent RequestAssign The Target a Trait LabelLabeling

33. Effects of Others on Task PerformanceSOCIAL FACILITATIONThe tendency for the presence of other people to have a positive impact on the performance of an easy taskSocial impairment: negative influenceSOCIAL LOAFINGThe tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others on that task

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