This document discusses perception in organizational behavior. It defines perception as how individuals organize and interpret sensory impressions to make sense of their environment. Perception is influenced by both external factors like physical characteristics and internal factors like beliefs. The perceptual process involves selecting stimuli, organizing that information, and interpreting it. Selection is influenced by things that grab our attention. Organization involves grouping information together in a meaningful way. Interpretation is subjective and involves making attributions and judgments. Perceptual errors can occur through biases like stereotyping, where people overgeneralize about entire groups, or the halo effect, where one trait colors judgment of others.

2. "WE DONT SEE THINGS AS THEY
ARE,WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE".

3. what do you see?

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Behavior / Perception

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Behavior / Perception

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Behavior / Perception

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Behavior / Perception

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Behavior / Perception

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Behavior / Perception

12. what is perception?
A process by
which individual
organise and
interpret their
sensory
impressions in
order to give
meaning to the
environment.

13. perception is an important factor in human behaviour
• Perceptions vary from person to person.
• Different people perceive different things about the same
situation.
• But more than that, we assign different meanings to what
we perceive. And the meanings might change for a
certain person.
•
• One might change one's perspective or simply make
things mean something else.

14. • Perceptual Process Selecting Stimuli
External factors : Nature,
Receiving Stimuli Location,Size,contrast,
(External & Internal) Movement,repetition,similarity
Internal factors : Learning,
needs,age,Interest,
Organizing
Interpreting Figure Background ,
Attribution ,Stereotyping, Perceptual Grouping
Halo Effect, Projection ( similarity, proximity,
closure, continuity)
Response
Covert: Attitudes ,
Motivation,
Feeling
Overt: Behavior
14 Organizational
Behavior / Perception

15. perception process
• selection of stimuli
• organisation of stimuli
• interpretation of stimuli

16. selection of stimuli
• selection is the first process in perception
• the process of filtering information received
by our sense is called selecting stimuli.
• we are selecting the stimuli through our
senses, like...

17. • Sight
• Sound

18. • taste
• smell
• touch

19. several factors are there which influence
selective attention
• External • Internal
• Nature
• Location • Learning
• Color • Inner needs
• Size • Age difference
• Contrast • Interest
• Movement
• Ambivalance
• Repetition

20. ORGANISING
• organisation is the second stage in the perception
process.
• which helps gain the perceiver’s attention.
• The stimuli received must be organized so as to
assign some meaning to them.
• This aspect of forming bits of information into
meaningful wholes is called the perpetual
organization.
• there are three dimentions to the perceptual
organisation

21. Field-ground differentiation
The tendency to distinguish
and focus on a stimulus that
is classified as figure as
opposed to background.

22. perceptual grouping
Continuity
Closure
Similarity Proximity

23. • Perceptual constancy
•
• Perceptual constancy is one of the advanced forms of
perceptual organization.
• According to this principle, individuals’ perception of
certain elements in objects like
size, shape, color, brightness, and location is constant and
does not change from person to person.
• For instance, even though the picture of an apple is
printed in black and white, we still perceive the color of
the fruit as red.
• Perceptual constancy is enhanced by learning. Learning
helps individuals perceive certain patterns of cues in a
similar way and this leads to perceptual constancy.

24. • Perceptual Context
• The context of the situation also plays a major role
in shaping the perception of individuals.
• Different contexts convey different meanings to
people.
• For example, if a manager pats his twoyear-old
son, it is considered a sign of love and affection.
However, if he gives an employee a pat on the
back, it is considered a sign of appreciation for the
work done by the employee.

25. interpretation
• after the selection and organising the stimuli has to
interpret them in order to make a sensible meaning.
• perceiver cant draw any meaning without
interpretation.
• it is a subjective and judgemental process.
• perceiver uses his assumption of
people,things,object, and situation.
• he makes attributions,uses his judgemental skills
distorts information,adds/delete information brings his
own subjective feelings,opinion,and emotions,in
interpreting and drawing the measures

26. • Factors influencing Perception Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations
Factors in the situation
• Time Perception
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
Factors in the Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity

27. Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to
determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
There are 2 types of attributions that people make:
Dispositional attributions, which describe a
persons behavior to internal factor such as personality
traits, motivation, or ability.
Situation attributions, which attribute a persons
behavior to external factors such as equipment or
social influence from others.

33. Perceptual errors/distortions

34. stereoptyping

35. stereo typing
• Stereotyping refers to the generalization of the
characteristics of all members belonging to a
certain group.
• People judge others based on the perception they
have about the group to which these individuals
belong and do not consider the unique
characteristics of the person in question.
• For instance, politicians are considered to be
manipulative and corrupt.
• In the organizational context, stereotyping often
takes place based upon gender, race, ethnicity, etc.

37. The Halo Effect
• In the halo effect, the perceiver tends to judge
a person depending upon a dominant trait which
can be either positive or negative.
• The various traits could be
intelligence, sociability,aggressiveness, etc.
• The halo effect is generally found in performance
appraisal.
• Often appraisers rate the performance of
employees based on one particular trait rather
than by taking all aspects into consideration.

42. Thank you