What is Perception? what is the difference of Perception and Sensation? I hope that this Presentation will help... Credits: Professor Charmaine Maglangit
Explain the concepts perception and sensation in terms of the functioning of the sense organs
- Discuss organisation under: form perception, depth perception, perceptual consistency, perception of movement
- Describe the concept Illusion
- Describe extra sensory perception (ESP)
- Outline 3 main types of ESP
Explain the concepts perception and sensation in terms of the functioning of the sense organs
- Discuss organisation under: form perception, depth perception, perceptual consistency, perception of movement
- Describe the concept Illusion
- Describe extra sensory perception (ESP)
- Outline 3 main types of ESP
This Presentation is on the Topic of Perception types Motion Perception and Time Perception and the Topic of Attention and its kinds.This Presentation contain Real Life Examples and Its very easy to understand these Topics b these contents.
The presentation is prepared according to the syllabus of INC for the Basic BSc nursing. presentation is a brief information for the students so for better knowledge please refer the books.
Points:
1. Introduction and meaning of Cognitive Processes
2. Attention(Meaning and Definition)
3. Aspects of Attention
4. Perception(Meaning and Definition)
5. Phenomena Associated with Perception
6. Thinking( Definition and Core Elements of Thinking)
7. Types of Thinking
8. Learning (Meaning and Definition)
9. Processes of Learning
a. Learning by Classical Conditioning
b. Learning by Operant Conditioning
c. Learning by Assimilation and Accommodation
d. Learning by Observation
10. Conclusion
This Presentation is on the Topic of Perception types Motion Perception and Time Perception and the Topic of Attention and its kinds.This Presentation contain Real Life Examples and Its very easy to understand these Topics b these contents.
The presentation is prepared according to the syllabus of INC for the Basic BSc nursing. presentation is a brief information for the students so for better knowledge please refer the books.
Points:
1. Introduction and meaning of Cognitive Processes
2. Attention(Meaning and Definition)
3. Aspects of Attention
4. Perception(Meaning and Definition)
5. Phenomena Associated with Perception
6. Thinking( Definition and Core Elements of Thinking)
7. Types of Thinking
8. Learning (Meaning and Definition)
9. Processes of Learning
a. Learning by Classical Conditioning
b. Learning by Operant Conditioning
c. Learning by Assimilation and Accommodation
d. Learning by Observation
10. Conclusion
Perception: The process by which sensory information is actively organized and interpreted by the brain.
Factors of Perception.
Kinds of Perception
Laws of Perceptual Organisation
Types of Perceptual Constancy
Illusion:Something that looks or seems different from what it is something that is false or not real but that seems to be true or real.
All above information is included in presentation/
Good Luck
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
2. PERCEPTION
• Refers to the way in which inputs from the sense organs
are organized, analyzed and interpreted in a meaningful
way.
• It is a way in which we assign meaning to our
experiences
3. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PERCEPTION
1.The nature of the stimulus being perceived
-Intensity
2.The one perceiving
-Internal characteristics
such as attitudes, beliefs,
interest, past experiences,
culture and motives
4. ORGANIZATION IN PERCEPTION
“HOW CAN WE MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD”
GESTALT LAWS OF ORGANIZATION
-Human mind has innate tendencies to impose order and
structure on the physical world to perceive sensory patterns as
well as organize wholes rather than as separate parts.
Gestalt principles describe the brain’s organization of sensory
building blocks into meaningful units and patterns.
5. PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION
• Proximity
• Seeing 3 pair of lines in A.
• Similarity
• Seeing columns of orange and red
dots in B.
• Continuity
• Seeing lines that connect 1 to 2
and 3 to 4 in C.
• Closure
• Seeing a horse in D.
9. FIGURE AND GROUND: “WHAT STANDS OUT?”
• We tend to see things in a figure and ground
• FIGURE: refers to the object being perceived
• GROUND: refers to the background
10.
11.
12.
13. PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY
• The tendency to perceive things as relatively constant despite the
changes in the sensory input in the sense receptors.
• SIZE CONSTANCY- the tendency to perceive things as having the same
size despite the changes in the retinal images
• SHAPE CONSTANCY- the tendency to perceive no changes in the
shape of an object
• COLOR CONSTANCY – the tendency to see color as the same even
though the amount of light changes
14.
15. PERCEPTION OF DEPTH
• Depth perception allows us to accurately estimate distances
FACTORS THAT ALLOW US TO SEE DEPTH:
1. Monocular Cues
• Linear perspective
• light and shadow
• interposition
• texture gradient
• relative motion
16. • 2. BINOCULAR CUES- Visual cues to depth or distance that require
the use of both eyes.
• Convergence: Turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they
focus on a nearby object.
• Retinal Disparity: The slight difference in lateral separation
between two objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye.
17. PERCEPTION OF MOVEMENT
• Visual perception of motion is based on change of position relative to
other objects
•Illusions of movement
• Apparent motion- a condition in which our senses get
tricked by the nature of stimuli presented
• Stroboscopic motion- animated film; the drawing themselves are
stationary but because of rapid presentation of one drawing
after another, the drawings appear to be moving.
18. ILLUSIONS AND HALLUCINATIONS
• Illusions are valuable in understanding perception because they are
systematic errors.
• Illusions provide hints about perceptual strategies.
• In the Muller-Lyer illusion, we tend to perceive the line on the right as
slightly longer than the one on the left.
19.
20. EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION - ESP
• Perception independent of sensation
• The ability to perceive something without ordinary sensory information
• This has not been scientifically demonstrated
• Perception through means other than sensory organs
• Precognition
• Psychokinesis
• Telepathy
• Clairvoyance
Editor's Notes
Intense stimulus is better perceived than those that are not intense.
ex. A person shouts while everyone was listening to the tchr. It is not surprising that the attention would shift to the person shouting
2. Internal characteristics such as attitudes, beliefs, interest, past experiences, culture and motives all color the way a person looks and interpret things
Proximity- items that are near each other is seen as a unit
Similarity- items that follow a similar pattern is perceived as a unit
Continuity- we have the tendency to perceive clusters or strings of individual elements as forming a single contour or path
Closure- Incomplete figures are usually mentally filled in and seen as complete entity
PROXIMITY= Nearness of objects
Continuity= Series of points having unity
Perception of a complete figure, even when there are gaps in sensory information
We may look at the same thing and yet look at it in more than one way, shifting back and forth from figure to ground, or from ground to figure.
We actively try to structure, organize and make sense of what we see.
Figure and ground is essentially related to attention.
What you focus on will determine what you will perceive
Precognition - Able to perceive future events in advance
Psychokinesis - Mentally manipulating or moving objects
Telepathy - Direct transmission of thought or ideas from one person to another
Clairvoyance - Perception of objects that do not stimulate sensory organs
