Perception involves how sensory inputs are organized, analyzed, and interpreted, influenced by various factors including the stimulus and the perceiver's internal characteristics. Gestalt principles explain how the mind organizes sensory information into meaningful patterns and constancies, such as size and shape. Depth perception and movement are understood through monocular and binocular cues, while illusions and extrasensory perception remain areas of interest and debate in the study of perception.

1. PERCEPTION

2. PERCEPTION
• Refers to the way in which inputs from the sense organs
are organized, analyzed and interpreted in a meaningful
way.
• It is a way in which we assign meaning to our
experiences

3. FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PERCEPTION
1.The nature of the stimulus being perceived
-Intensity
2.The one perceiving
-Internal characteristics
such as attitudes, beliefs,
interest, past experiences,
culture and motives

4. ORGANIZATION IN PERCEPTION
“HOW CAN WE MAKE SENSE OF THE WORLD”
GESTALT LAWS OF ORGANIZATION
-Human mind has innate tendencies to impose order and
structure on the physical world to perceive sensory patterns as
well as organize wholes rather than as separate parts.
Gestalt principles describe the brain’s organization of sensory
building blocks into meaningful units and patterns.

5. PRINCIPLES OF ORGANIZATION
• Proximity
• Seeing 3 pair of lines in A.
• Similarity
• Seeing columns of orange and red
dots in B.
• Continuity
• Seeing lines that connect 1 to 2
and 3 to 4 in C.
• Closure
• Seeing a horse in D.

6. PROXIMITY
CONTINUITY
SIMILARITY

7. CLOSURE

9. FIGURE AND GROUND: “WHAT STANDS OUT?”
• We tend to see things in a figure and ground
• FIGURE: refers to the object being perceived
• GROUND: refers to the background

13. PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY
• The tendency to perceive things as relatively constant despite the
changes in the sensory input in the sense receptors.
• SIZE CONSTANCY- the tendency to perceive things as having the same
size despite the changes in the retinal images
• SHAPE CONSTANCY- the tendency to perceive no changes in the
shape of an object
• COLOR CONSTANCY – the tendency to see color as the same even
though the amount of light changes

15. PERCEPTION OF DEPTH
• Depth perception allows us to accurately estimate distances
FACTORS THAT ALLOW US TO SEE DEPTH:
1. Monocular Cues
• Linear perspective
• light and shadow
• interposition
• texture gradient
• relative motion

16. • 2. BINOCULAR CUES- Visual cues to depth or distance that require
the use of both eyes.
• Convergence: Turning inward of the eyes, which occurs when they
focus on a nearby object.
• Retinal Disparity: The slight difference in lateral separation
between two objects as seen by the left eye and the right eye.

17. PERCEPTION OF MOVEMENT
• Visual perception of motion is based on change of position relative to
other objects
•Illusions of movement
• Apparent motion- a condition in which our senses get
tricked by the nature of stimuli presented
• Stroboscopic motion- animated film; the drawing themselves are
stationary but because of rapid presentation of one drawing
after another, the drawings appear to be moving.

18. ILLUSIONS AND HALLUCINATIONS
• Illusions are valuable in understanding perception because they are
systematic errors.
• Illusions provide hints about perceptual strategies.
• In the Muller-Lyer illusion, we tend to perceive the line on the right as
slightly longer than the one on the left.

20. EXTRASENSORY PERCEPTION - ESP
• Perception independent of sensation
• The ability to perceive something without ordinary sensory information
• This has not been scientifically demonstrated
• Perception through means other than sensory organs
• Precognition
• Psychokinesis
• Telepathy
• Clairvoyance