This document discusses perception and the factors that influence it. It defines perception as the process of receiving information from the world and making sense of it based on existing knowledge. Perception involves selecting, organizing, interpreting, and responding to information. Situation factors like time and social setting can influence perception. Characteristics of objects like novelty, motion, size, and background also impact perception. The document discusses attribution theory and common perceptual errors like selective perception, halo effect, and stereotyping that can affect judgment of others. It notes the organizational relevance of perception for tasks like interviews and performance evaluations.

1. Perception
Prof. Shrinivas V K
Prof. SVK

2. Definition
“Perception is the process of receiving
information about and making sense
of the world around us. It involves
deciding which information to notice,
how to categorize this information and
how to interpret it within the framework
of our existing knowledge”
Prof. SVK

3. Perception
“ The process by which people select, organize,
interpret, and respond to information from the
world around them”
“Perception (consciously and unconsciously)
involves searching for, obtaining, and
processing information in the mind in an
attempt to make sense of the world”
Prof. SVK

4. Factors that Influence Perception
Prof. SVK

5. Situation factors
• Time
• Work setting
• Social setting
Prof. SVK

6. Object / Target / Perceived
Perceived characteristics
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
Prof. SVK

7. Background
Prof. SVK

8. Background
Prof. SVK

9. Background
Prof. SVK

10. Size
Prof. SVK

11. Size
Prof. SVK

12. Background/size
Prof. SVK

13. Prof. SVK

14. Prof. SVK

15. Prof. SVK

16. Prof. SVK

17. Motion
Prof. SVK

18. Background
Prof. SVK

19. Word Color Test
In this test DO NOT READ the words,
say aloud the COLOR of each word.
YELLOW BLUE ORANGE
BLACK RED GREEN
PURPLE YELLOW RED
ORANGE GREEN BLACK
BLUE RED PURPLE
GREEN BLUE ORANGE
Prof. SVK

20. Factors Affecting
Judgment
• Attribution Theory
• Perceptual Errors
– Selective Perception
– Halo Effect
– Contrast Effects
– Projection
– Stereotyping
Prof. SVK

21. Attribution Theory
• When individuals observe behavior, they
attempt to determine whether it is
internally or externally caused.
– Distinctiveness
• Does individual act the same way in other situations?
– Consensus
• Does individual act the same as others in same
situation?
– Consistency
• Does the individual act the same way over time?
Prof. SVK

22. Attribution
Theory E X H I B I T 5-2
Prof. SVK

23. Prof. SVK

24. Attribution Theory
• Fundamental Attribution Error
– The tendency to underestimate the influence of
external factors and overestimate the influence
of internal factors when making judgments
about the behavior of others.
• Self-Serving Bias
– The tendency for individuals to attribute their
own successes to internal factors while putting
the blame for failures on external factors.
Prof. SVK

25. Perceptual Errors / Frequently
used Shortcuts in judging others
• Selective Perception
– People selectively interpret what they see
based on their interests, background,
experience, and attitudes
• Halo Effect
– Drawing a general impression about an
individual based on a single characteristic
• Contrast Effects
– A person’s evaluation is affected by
comparisons with other individuals recently
encountered
Prof. SVK

26. Perceptual Errors
• Projection
– Tendency for people to see their own
characteristics in other people
• Stereotyping
– Judging someone on the basis of your
perception of the group to which that
person belongs
• Expectancy Theory
- Tendency to bias perception of events
objects and people based on prior
expectation
Prof. SVK

27. Prof. SVK

28. Impression Management
• The process used by individuals to
control the impression others form at
them.
• Punctual
• Doing favours
• Playing safe
• Opinion confirmity
Prof. SVK

29. Johari window
Prof. SVK

30. Organizational relevance
• Employee interview
• Performance expectations {self
fulfilling prophecy / Pygmalion effect}
• Performance evaluation
Prof. SVK