The document discusses perception and the perceptual process. It explains that perception involves selecting stimuli from the environment, organizing those stimuli, and interpreting them. In selection, external factors like color and internal factors like interests influence what we perceive. Organization involves grouping stimuli by proximity, similarity, closure and other factors. Interpretation is subjective and involves judgment, attitudes, and stereotypes. Perception can be influenced by characteristics of the perceiver, target, and situation. Common perceptual errors discussed are stereotyping and the halo effect.
A presentation about Organizational Behaviour in which we discussed the Personality, Preceptions & Employee Attitude in the Organization with their staff and Owners.
A presentation about Organizational Behaviour in which we discussed the Personality, Preceptions & Employee Attitude in the Organization with their staff and Owners.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
12. what is perception?
A process by
which individual
organise and
interpret their
sensory
impressions in
order to give
meaning to the
environment.
13. perception is an important factor in human behaviour
• Perceptions vary from person to person.
• Different people perceive different things about the same
situation.
• But more than that, we assign different meanings to what
we perceive. And the meanings might change for a
certain person.
•
• One might change one's perspective or simply make
things mean something else.
16. selection of stimuli
• selection is the first process in perception
• the process of filtering information received
by our sense is called selecting stimuli.
• we are selecting the stimuli through our
senses, like...
19. • External
• Nature
• Location
• Color
• Size
• Contrast
• Movement
• Repetition
• Internal
• Learning
• Inner needs
• Age difference
• Interest
• Ambivalance
several factors are there which influence
selective attention
20. ORGANISING
• organisation is the second stage in the perception
process.
• which helps gain the perceiver’s attention.
• The stimuli received must be organized so as to
assign some meaning to them.
• This aspect of forming bits of information into
meaningful wholes is called the perpetual
organization.
• there are three dimentions to the perceptual
organisation
23. • Perceptual constancy
•
• Perceptual constancy is one of the advanced forms of
perceptual organization.
• According to this principle, individuals’ perception of
certain elements in objects like
size, shape, color, brightness, and location is constant and
does not change from person to person.
• For instance, even though the picture of an apple is
printed in black and white, we still perceive the color of
the fruit as red.
• Perceptual constancy is enhanced by learning. Learning
helps individuals perceive certain patterns of cues in a
similar way and this leads to perceptual constancy.
24. • Perceptual Context
• The context of the situation also plays a major role
in shaping the perception of individuals.
• Different contexts convey different meanings to
people.
• For example, if a manager pats his twoyear-old
son, it is considered a sign of love and affection.
However, if he gives an employee a pat on the
back, it is considered a sign of appreciation for the
work done by the employee.
25. interpretation
• after the selection and organising the stimuli has to
interpret them in order to make a sensible meaning.
• perceiver cant draw any meaning without
interpretation.
• it is a subjective and judgemental process.
• perceiver uses his assumption of
people,things,object, and situation.
• he makes attributions,uses his judgemental skills
distorts information,adds/delete information brings his
own subjective feelings,opinion,and emotions,in
interpreting and drawing the measures
26. • Factors influencing Perception Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations
Perception
Factors in the Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity
Factors in the situation
• Time
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
27. Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to
determine whether it is internally or externally caused.
There are 2 types of attributions that people make:
Dispositional attributions, which describe a
persons behavior to internal factor such as personality
traits, motivation, or ability.
Situation attributions, which attribute a persons
behavior to external factors such as equipment or
social influence from others.
35. stereo typing
• Stereotyping refers to the generalization of the
characteristics of all members belonging to a
certain group.
• People judge others based on the perception they
have about the group to which these individuals
belong and do not consider the unique
characteristics of the person in question.
• For instance, politicians are considered to be
manipulative and corrupt.
• In the organizational context, stereotyping often
takes place based upon gender, race, ethnicity, etc.
36.
37. The Halo Effect
• In the halo effect, the perceiver tends to judge
a person depending upon a dominant trait which
can be either positive or negative.
• The various traits could be
intelligence, sociability,aggressiveness, etc.
• The halo effect is generally found in performance
appraisal.
• Often appraisers rate the performance of
employees based on one particular trait rather
than by taking all aspects into consideration.
