Stimulus-response theories propose that learning occurs through associations between environmental stimuli and behavioral responses. The three main theories are classical conditioning by Pavlov, instrumental conditioning by Thorndike, and operant conditioning by Skinner. Cognitive theories focus on mental processes like memory, problem-solving, and language that influence learning. Social learning theories emphasize that people can learn through observation of and interaction with others. Experimental learning theories propose that experience and reflection are central to learning new skills and concepts.
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
This slideshow was created with images from the web. I claim no copyright or ownership of any images. If a copyright owner of any image objects to the use in this slideshow, contact me to remove it. This is for a course in Introductory Psychology using Wayne Weiten's "Psychology: Themes and Variations" 8th ed. Published by Cengage. Images from the text are copyrighted by Cengage.
It is important to realize there is not simply one way to learn. We can all benefit from understanding the learning process fully. Once you do, you'll be better equipped to study and learn using methods that employ four primary areas:
Reflective Learning (Listen, Read, Observe, Take Notes, Collect Data and Review It All and Ask Yourself Questions)
Abstract Learning (Analyze and Understand the Information and Identify Trends or Theories That Exist Within the Information)
Active Learning (Discuss Ideas with Others, Apply Ideas, Hands-on Activities)
Concrete Learning (Step-by-Step Implementation and Evaluate the Results)
View the presentation for further explanations!
In this content consists of 'Learning Theories', presented by Dr. S.S. Srinithi as an Invited Resource Person in the webinar hosted by Department of Education, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.
Behavior Modification for the classroom, based on Cliff Madsen's excellent book "Teaching/Discipline: A Positive Approach for Educational Development."
It is important to realize there is not simply one way to learn. We can all benefit from understanding the learning process fully. Once you do, you'll be better equipped to study and learn using methods that employ four primary areas:
Reflective Learning (Listen, Read, Observe, Take Notes, Collect Data and Review It All and Ask Yourself Questions)
Abstract Learning (Analyze and Understand the Information and Identify Trends or Theories That Exist Within the Information)
Active Learning (Discuss Ideas with Others, Apply Ideas, Hands-on Activities)
Concrete Learning (Step-by-Step Implementation and Evaluate the Results)
View the presentation for further explanations!
In this content consists of 'Learning Theories', presented by Dr. S.S. Srinithi as an Invited Resource Person in the webinar hosted by Department of Education, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu.
Behavior Modification for the classroom, based on Cliff Madsen's excellent book "Teaching/Discipline: A Positive Approach for Educational Development."
The presentation is prepared according to the syllabus of Basic BSc nursing given by INC. for the better understanding and knowledge please refer the books. the learning is the information gaining process where the individual interact with the environment and gain knowledge.
this ppt is on learning in organisation behavior.
(Learning can be defined as the permanent changes in behavior due to direct and indirect experience.)
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
2. LEARNING
• In Psychology “learning” is defined as a relatively
permanent change in, or acquisition of, knowledge or
behaviour.
• For example, your friend teaches you how to play
tennis, but later you get a qualified instructor who
modifies and improves your technique.
4. Stimulus response theories
• There are 3 important stimulus response
theories,
– Classical conditioning by Pavlov,
– Instrumental conditioning by Thorndike,
– Operant conditioning by Skinner.
7. CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
• In this simple experiment, Pavlov showed how a
reflex (salivation, a natural bodily response) could
become conditioned (modified) to an external
stimulus (the bell) thereby creating a conditioned
reflex/response.
8.
9. Components Involved In Classical Conditioning
The Unconditioned Stimulus (food)
Conditioned Stimulus (bell)
Unconditioned Reflex (salivation)
Conditioned Reflex (salivation in response to bell)
10. Classical conditioning theory
• Classical conditioning is a very common occurrence in
everyday life.
• E.g. in a class room learning, classical conditioning
primarily influences emotional behavior.
• This can be noticed in a students orientation towards a
particular teacher or subject.
• If a subject or teacher produces a feeling of either fear
and anxiety or excitement in a student, then in the first
case the student will be scared of and avoid the subject
or the teacher, but in the second case, will eagerly look
forward to attend the class.
11. • When you smell one of your favorite
foods, you may immediately feel very hungry.
• Classical conditioning is widely used in
advertising. Advertisers often include pleasant
music and beautiful scenery in the ads for
their products.
12. Instrumental conditioning
• Thorndike in the US was working on cats, chicks, and
dogs to understand the learning process.
• Thorndike placed his animals in a puzzle box, from
which they were required to escape, by manipulating
the correct lever or pulley, in order to obtain food
reward.
• Through the process of trial and error animals
eventually learned.
• For Thorndike response was more important for
learning than the stimulus.
• His theory can therefore be called response
generalization theory.
13. Operant conditioning
• Skinner trained pigeons to do various things including
dancing and bowling in a mini alley.
• His experiments led to the technology of operant
shaping, which can be employed to change attitudes.
• Operant conditioning is used widely in org
management, as most behavior in org is learned rather
than natural.
• Emp learn all kinds of behavior before and after joining
a company.
• The kind of behavior that emp display either are
rewarded or punished depending on the values and
cultures of the org
14.
15. Operant conditioning
• Reinforcement is an important element in
skinners theory of operant conditioning.
• Reinforcement is a positive( reward) or
negative experience ( punishment) which can
alter behaviors of animals and human beings.
16. Positive reinforcement
• Positive reinforcement: is used to increase the
frequency of the desired behavior among emp in org
by giving some kind of reward for behaving in the
desired way.
• E.g. Boss appreciates for submitting a report before
the deadline using the words such as good job or
excellent or gives a pat on his back, thanks for finishing
work in time, so the subordinate is likely to make an
effort and repeat the same kind of behavior in the
future as well.
• Bonus the salesperson receives on meeting his target
17. Negative reinforcement
• It is used to increase the frequency of the desired
behavior in people by helping them understand
the consequences of undesirable behavior.
• E.g. Boss reprimands his secretary every time she
makes spelling mistakes in the letters she types
but does not when he sees a letter without any
mistakes and he is using a negative reinforcement
method.
• If emp come late to office, on 2 consecutive days,
most org count it as a days leave for the emp.
This practice reinforces punctuality in emp.
18. Punishment
• Punishment means creating an undesirable situation to
decrease an undesirable behavior.
• Negative reinforcement is always confused with
punishment, but they are not the same.
• Punishment is one of the most common methods used
in org to discourage certain kinds of behavior.
• But many learning experts suggest that it should be
used only if +ve and -ve reinforcement cannot be used
or have failed to produce the necessary results.
• E.g. demoting emp, suspending
19. Extinction
• It is somewhat similar to punishment, i.e., it is
used to reduce or decrease undesirable
behavior, but the process of extinction is
different.
• E.g. we stop responding or reacting to sarcasm
of a colleague behavior
• Emp complete his work but receives no praise
or recognition he may lose interest and
become less efficient
20. Cognitive dissonance theory
• Individuals tend to seek consistency among
their cognitions ( Knowledge, belief, opinions)
• When there is an inconsistency b/w attitudes
or behavior ( dissonance) something must
change to eliminate the dissonance.
21. Adult learning theories
• The main adult learning theories are the theory of
andragogy and cross theory of adult learning.
• Andragogy has been used extensively in the design of org
training programmes.
• Andragogy main principles:
– Adults need to be involved in the planning and evaluation of
their instruction.
– Experience ( include mistakes) provides the basis for learning
activities.
– Adults are most interested in learning subjects that have
immediate relevance to their jobs or personal life
– Adult learning is problem centered rather than content
oriented.
22. Cross theory of adult learning
• The model consists of 2 classes of variables: personal
characteristics( age, life phases and developmental stages)
and situational characteristics.
– Age( eye sight, hearing, reaction time)
– Life phases and developmental phases( marriage, job
change, retirement)
• The main principles of CAL:
– ALP should capitalize on the exp of participants.
– ALP should adapt to the aging limitations of the participants.
– Adults should be challenged to move to increasingly advance
stages of personal development.
– Adults should have as much choice as possible in the availability
and organization of learning programmes
23.
24.
25.
26.
27. Experimental learning theories
• “ Nothing ever becomes real till it is
experienced” is perhaps the best analogy of
experimental learning.
• We take information through our senses, yet
we learn only by doing.
• E.g. learning how to ride bicycle, use a
computer, dance etc.
• Experience and reflection can teach more
than any books or lecture can ever hope to.
28. Characteristics of experimental learning
• It recognizes that people learn best from their
own exp and their own reviews.
• It subscribes to the notion that what people
do is more imp than what they know.
• It moves beyond knowledge to applying the
skill by generating a learning exp.
• It understands that to be remembered and
retained, the learning process should be
enjoyable, motivating, and rewarding.
29. Characteristics of experimental
learning
• It respects the individuals ideas and choices.
• It provides an opportunity to take on the challenge in
an atmosphere of support.
• It generates space and time to allow one to stand back
and reflect when pressures or double become too
strong.
• It cultivates a realization that the attempt at doing
something new or different is more significant than the
result.
• It produces an awareness that effective learning
requires small controlled steps outside comfort zones.
31. Learning organizations
• “ Learning org are org where people continually expand their capacity to
create the results they truly desire, where new and expansive patterns of
thinking are nurtured, where collective aspiration is set free, and where
people are continually learning to see the whole world together”. - Peter
Senge
• Peter Senge explains the five disciplines of learning org they are:
– Systems thinking
– Personal mastery
– Mental models
– Shared vision
– Team learning
32. Learning Management System
• Learning Management System :LMS is “an
information system that administers
instructor-led and e-learning courses and
keeps track of employee progress.
• Used internally by large enterprises for their
employees, an LMS can be used to monitor
the effectiveness of the organization's
education and training.
33. Advantages of LMS
• Centralized Learning Environment to Ensure
Consistency
• Tracking and Reporting for Enhanced
Performance
• Immediate Capabilities Evaluation
• Continuous Product and Service Proficiency
for Employees who Interact with Customers
and Clients