The document discusses personality from several perspectives. It defines personality as relatively stable patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors that distinguish individuals. It describes several theories of personality, including trait theory which breaks down behaviors into observable traits, and psychoanalytic theory which emphasizes unconscious determinants of behavior. It also discusses the Big Five model of personality and Freud's psychoanalytic concepts of the id, ego and superego.

1. Personality

2. Different well-known personalities

4. What is Personality?
 People differ from  People seem to show
each other in some consistency in
meaningful ways behavior
Personality is defined as distinctive and relatively
enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting

5. What is personality?

6. Personality
 “Personality is the sum total of ways in
which an individual REACTS and
Personality
INTERACTS with others.”
 Personality refers to a person‟s unique and
relatively stable pattern the sum total of
“Personality is of
thoughts, feelings,an individual REACTS
ways in which and actions
 Personality is an interactionothers.”biology
and INTERACTS with between
and environment
 Genetic studies suggest heritability of personality
 Other studies suggest learned components of
personality

7. Determinants of Personality
Heredity Environment Situation

8. Heredity and Environment
Example :Abhishek Bachchan, Kapoors and Deols family, Twins
Example :Sita - Gita, Mogali,
Example: Amir khan - lagan movie

9. Personality traits
 Personality Traits-“Personality Traits are
enduring characteristics that describe an
individual‟s behavior”
 “Personality is a set of relatively stable
characteristics or dimensions of people
known as traits, that account for consistency
in their behavior in various situations”
 Ex:-
Shy, aggressive, submissive, ambitious, loyal

10. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
 The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI)
assessment is a psychometric questionnaire
designed to
measure psychological preferences in how
people perceive the world and make
decisions
 MBTI instrument, calls it "the world's most
widely used personality assessment"

11. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
 Based on Carl Jung‟s work
 People are fundamentally different
 People are fundamentally alike
 People have preference combinations for
extraversion/introversion, perception, judgment
 Briggs & Myers developed the MBTI to
understand individual differences

12. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
Extrovert (E)
Type of Social
Interaction Introvert (I)
Preference for Sensing (S)
Gathering Data Intuitive (N)
Feeling (F)
Preference for
Decision Making Thinking (T)
Perceptive (P)
Style of
Decision Making Judgmental (J)

13. Extraversion Introversion
Interest Orientation
E Talkative, Shy,
I
Sociable, Reserved,
Friendly, Quite,
Outspoken

15. Sensing iNtuition
Perception
S Organised, Less Regular,
N
Practical, Unconscious,
Focus Detail. Focus Big
Picture

17. Thinking Feeling
Judgment
T Reliability of
logical order
Priorities
based on
F
– cause and personal
effect, importance
and values,
Sympathy

19. Judgment Perception
Environment Orientation
J Judging
attitude –
Spontaneity –
Curious, awai
P
Control of ting events
events and and adapting
systematic to them,
planning
Flexible

21. MBTI TEST

22. MBTI
 Extroversion or Introversion
 Sensing or Intuition
 Thinking or Feeling
 Judging or Perceiving

23. ISTJ
 Serious, quiet, earn success by concentration
and thoroughness.
 Practical, orderly, logical, realistic and
dependable.
 See to it that every thing is well organized.
 Make up their own minds to what should be
accomplished and work steadily, regardless
of protests or distractions.

24. ISFJ
 Quiet, friendly, responsible, and
conscientious.
 Work devotedly to meet their obligations.
 Lend stability to any project or group.
 Thorough, painstaking, and accurate.
 Can be patient with necessary details.
 Loyal, considerate, perceptive, and
concerned with how others feel.

25. INFJ
 Succeeded by perseverance, originality and
desire to do what ever is needed or wanted. Put
their best efforts into their work.
 Quietly forceful, conscientious, concerned with
others.
 Respected for their firm principles.
 Likely to be honored and followed for their clear
visions as to how best to serve the common
good.

26. INTJ
 Have original minds and great drive for their own
ideas and purposes.
 Have long range vision.
 IN the fields that appeal to them, they have fine
power to organize a job and carry it through.
 Doubting, critical, independent, and determined.
 Have high standards of competence and
performance.

27. ISTP
 Cool, quiet, reserved, observing and
analyzing life with detached curiosity.
 Usually interested in cause and effect, how
and why mechanical things work and in
organizing facts using logical principles.
 Excel at getting to the core of a practical
problem and finding the solution.

28. ISFP
 Retiring, quietly friendly, sensitive, kind, modest
about their abilities.
 Shun disagreements, do not force their opinions
or values on others.
 Usually do not care to lead but are often loyal
followers.
 Often relaxed about getting things done because
they enjoy present moment and do not want to
spoil it by undue haste or exertion.

29. INFP
 Quiet observers, idealistic, loyal.
 Important that outer life be congruent with
inner values.
 Curious, quick to possibilities, adaptable and
flexible unless a value is threatened.
 Want to understand people and ways of
fulfilling human potential.
 Little concerned with possessions or
surroundings

30. INTP
 Quiet and reserved.
 Especially enjoy theoretical or scientific
pursuits.
 Like solving problems with logic and analysis.
Interested mainly in ideas, with little liking for
parties or small talk.
 Tend to have sharply defined interests and
likes careers where some strong interests
can be used.

31. ESTP
 Good at on the spot problem solving.
 Like action, enjoy what ever comes along.
 Tend to like mechanical things and sports
with friends on the side.
 Adaptable, tolerant, pragmatic, focused in
getting results.
 Dislike long explanations.
 Are best with real things that can be
worked, handled.

32. ESFP
 Outgoing, accepting, friendly, enjoy everything
and make things more fun for others by their
enjoyment.
 Like actions and making things happen.
 Know what is going on and join in eagerly.
 Find remembering facts easier than mastering
theories.
 Are best in situations that need sound common
sense and practical ability with people.

33. ENFP
 Warmly enthusiastic, high
spirited, ingenious, imaginative.
 Able to do any thing that interests them.
 Quick with a solution for any difficulty and
ready to help anyone with problem.
 Often rely on their ability to improvise than
preparing in advance.
 Can usually find compelling reasons for what
ever they want.

34. ENTP
 Quick, ingenious, good at many things.
 Stimulating company, alert and outspoken.
 May argue for fun on either side of a question.
 Resourceful in solving new and challenging
problems, but may neglect routine assignments.
 Apt to turn one new interest after another.
 Skillful in finding logical reasons for what they
want.

35. ESTJ
 Practical, realistic, matter-of-fact with a
natural head for business.
 Not interested in abstract theories, want
learning to have direct and immediate
application.
 Like to organize and run activities.
 Often make good administrators, are
decisive, quickly move to implement
decisions, take care of routine details.

36. ESFJ
 Warm-
hearted, talkative, popular, conscientious, born
cooperative, active committee members.
 Need harmony and may be good at creating it.
Always good at doing something nice for
someone.
 Work best with encouragement and praise.
 Main interest in things that directly visibly affect
people‟s lives.

37. ENFJ
 Responsive and responsible. Feel real concern
what others think or what, and try to handle
things with due regard for other‟s feelings.
 Can present a proposal or lead a group
discussion with ease and tact.
 Sociable, popular, sympathetic.
 Responsive to praise and criticism.
 Like to facilitate others and enable people to
achieve their potential.

38. ENTJ
 Frank, decisive, leaders in activities.
 Develop and implement comprehensive
systems to solve to solve organizational
problems.
 Good in anything that requires reasoning and
intelligent talk, such as public speaking.
 Are usually well informed and enjoy adding
knowledge

39. ISTJ ISFJ INFJ INTJ
―Take Your Time ―On My Honor, to ―Catalyst for ―Competence +
and Do It Right‖ Do My Duty…‖ Positive Change‖ Independence =
Perfection‖
ISTP ISFP INFP INTP
―Doing the Best I ―It’s the Thought ―Still Waters Run ―Ingenious
Can With What That Counts‖ Deep‖ Problem Solvers‖
I’ve Got‖
ESTP ESFP ENFP ENTP
―Let’s Get Busy!‖ ―Don’t Worry, Be ―Anything’s ―Life’s
Happy‖ Possible‖ Entrepreneurs‖
ESTJ ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ
―Taking Care of ―What Can I Do ―The Public ―Everything’s
Business‖ For You?‖ Relations Fine – I’m in
Specialist‖ Charge‖

40. Personality Theories
Trait Theory - understand individuals by
breaking down behavior patterns into
observable traits
Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic Theory -
emphasizes the unconscious determinants
of behavior
Humanistic Theory - emphasizes individual
growth and improvement
Integrative Approach - describes
personality as a composite of an
individual‟s psychological processes

41. Personality theories
 Trait theory: Lewis Goldberg proposed a
five-dimension personality model, nicknamed
the "Big Five"
 Psychoanalytic theory:
Psychoanalytic theories explain human
behavior in terms of the interaction of various
components of personality.

42.  The five-factor model of personality—the Big Five—offers a
comprehensive, unifying framework for identifying
personality dimensions.
 The dimension of extraversion captures one’s comfort level
with relationships. Extroverts tend to maintain a large number
of relationships. Introverts tend to be reserved and have fewer
relationships.
 The dimension of agreeableness refers to a person’s
propensity to defer to others. People high in this dimension
value harmony more than having their own way. People low in
this dimension focus on their own needs more than on the
needs of others.

43.  The dimension of conscientiousness refers to the number of goals on
which a person focuses. Those high in this dimension pursue fewer goals
and tend to be responsible, persistent, and achievement-oriented. Those low
in this dimension tend to be more easily distracted, less focused, and more
hedonistic.
 Emotional stability refers a person’s ability to withstand stress. People
high on this dimension tend to be calm, enthusiastic, and secure. Those low
in this dimension tend to be anxious, nervous, and insecure.
 Openness to experience refers to one’s range of interests. Those high in
this dimension are fascinated by imaginative, creative, and intellectual
activities. Those low in this dimension tend to be more conventional and
prefer the familiar.

44. Extraversion
Agreeableness
The
Big Five
Conscientiousness
Personality
Model
Emotional Stability
Openness to Experience

45. The Big Five Personality Dimensions
 Extraversion: Outgoing, talkative, sociable, assertive
 Agreeableness: Trusting, good natured, cooperative, soft
hearted
 Conscientiousness: Dependable, responsible, achievement
oriented, persistent
 Emotional stability: Relaxed, secure, unworried
 Openness to experience:
Intellectual, imaginative, curious, broad minded
Research finding: Conscientiousness is the best (but not a
strong) predictor of job performance

59. Psychoanalytic theory
 Psychodynamic/psychoanalytic Theory - emphasizes
the unconscious determinants of behavior
 According to Freud, the mind can be divided into two
main parts:
 Conscious mind
 Unconscious mind
 The conscious mind includes everything that we are aware of. This is the
aspect of our mental processing that we can think and talk about
rationally.
 A part of this includes our memory, which is not always part of
consciousness but can be retrieved easily at any time and brought into
our awareness.
 Freud called this ordinary memory the preconscious.

60. Psychoanalytic theory
 The unconscious mind is a reservoir of
feelings, thoughts, urges, and memories that
outside of our conscious awareness.
 Most of the contents of the unconscious are
unacceptable or unpleasant, such as feelings of
pain, anxiety, or conflict.
 According to Freud, the unconscious continues
to influence our behavior and experience, even
though we are unaware of these underlying
influences.

61.  According to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic
theory of personality, personality is composed of
three elements.
 These three elements of personality--known as:
 The id,
 The ego and
 The superego
work together to create complex human behaviors

62. The Id
 The id is the only component of personality that is present from birth. This
aspect of personality is entirely unconscious and includes of the instinctive
and primitive behaviors.
 According to Freud, the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the
primary component of personality.
 The id is driven by the pleasure principle, which strives for immediate
gratification of all desires, wants, and needs.
 If these needs are not satisfied immediately, the result is a state anxiety or
tension.
 For example, an increase in hunger or thirst should produce an immediate
attempt to eat or drink.
 The id is very important early in life, because it ensures that an infant's
needs are met. If the infant is hungry or uncomfortable, he or she will cry
until the demands of the id are met.

63. The Id
 However, immediately satisfying these needs is not
always realistic or even possible. If we were ruled
entirely by the pleasure principle, we might find
ourselves grabbing things we want out of other people's
hands to satisfy our own cravings.
 This sort of behavior would be both disruptive and
socially unacceptable.
 According to Freud, the id tries to resolve the tension
created by the pleasure principle through the primary
process, which involves forming a mental image of the
desired object as a way of satisfying the need.

64. The Ego
 The ego is the component of personality that is
responsible for dealing with reality.
 According to Freud, the ego develops from the id and
ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in
a manner acceptable in the real world.
 The ego functions in both the
conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind.
 The ego operates based on the reality principle, which
strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially
appropriate ways.

65. The Ego
 The reality principle weighs the costs and benefits of an
action before deciding to act upon or abandon impulses.
 In many cases, the id's impulses can be satisfied through
a process of delayed gratification--the ego will eventually
allow the behavior, but only in the appropriate time and
place.
 The ego also discharges tension created by unmet
impulses through the secondary process, in which the
ego tries to find an object in the real world that matches
the mental image created by the id's primary process.

66. The Superego
 The last component of personality to develop is the superego. The
superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our
internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both
parents and society--our sense of right and wrong. The superego
provides guidelines for making judgments.
 According to Freud, the superego begins to emerge at around age
five.
 There are two parts of the superego:
 The ego ideal includes the rules and standards for good behaviors. These
behaviors include those which are approved of by parental and other authority
figures. Obeying these rules leads to feelings of pride, value and
accomplishment.

67. The Superego
 The conscience includes information about things that are viewed
as bad by parents and society. These behaviors are often
forbidden and lead to bad consequences, punishments or
feelings of guilt and remorse.
 The superego acts to perfect and civilize our
behavior. It works to suppress all unacceptable
urges of the id and struggles to make the ego
act upon idealistic standards rather that upon
realistic principles. The superego is present in
the conscious, preconscious and unconscious.

68. Freud‟s Structure of
Personality
Consciousness
Conscious—Acute
awareness
Ego Preconscious—Just
Superego
under awareness;
easily known
Id
Unconscious—Well
below awareness;
Difficult to know
but very influential

69. How the iceberg works
 Id
 Functions on „pleasure principle‟
 Immediate gratification of needs to reduce tension &
discomfort regardless of consequences
 Superego
 Functions on „idealistic principle‟
 Our moral guide/conscience
 Influenced by internalizing our parents‟ values & the
voice of society
 Works against the Id by inflicting guilt

70. How the iceberg works (cont.)
 Ego
 Functions on „reality principle‟
 Serves to balance the demands the Id and the
Superego
 Assesses what is realistically possible in satisfying the
Id and/or Superego (i.e., what society will deem
acceptable)
 Ego uses defense mechanisms to protect itself
 Personality is result of the battle for control
between id, ego & superego

71. How is Personality Measured?
Projective Test - elicits an individual‟s response to
abstract stimuli
Behavioral Measures - personality assessments
that involve observing an individual‟s behavior in a
controlled situation
Self-Report Questionnaire - assessment involving
an individual‟s responses to questions
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) - instrument
measuring Jung‟s theory of individual differences.

72. situations
 Situation 1 :-
Suppose that you are new to the
organisation, and not familiar to your colleague. You
get a chance to interact with them in this party.
What will you do in this situation?
a) You will take the initiative to talk
b) Feel strange and nervous so will not talk with others
c) You will wait for someone else to talk to you
d) you will stand and smile to others.

73. Situation 2 :-
 If you go in a shopping mall, and you like
one t-shirt,
 What would be your action?
a) You will immediately buy it
b) You will take a trial before purchasing.
c) You will match the price with your budget
and if it matches than only you will
purchase it.
d) You will look out for the discount shceme

74. Situation 3 :-
 If you are going for an important meeting . On the way
to the office, you see an accident.
 How will you react in this situation?
 a) you will take the victim to the hospital
 b) you will call the victim‟s family member and
inform about the accident and will go away from there.
 C) you will feel scared about it and will move away
from there.
 d) Seen such critical situation, you start crying up.
 e) you wont even notice about the accident.

75. Situation 4 :-
 Announcement in the class that today I will
take surprise presentation for the topic
already been explained by me in the
previously lecture.
 a) you will readily accept and will present
only if i will call you
 c) you will take the initiative and start
presenting
 d) you will hide your face so that you are not
being noticed
 e) you will ask for some time to get
information organized and then will present.
 f) you will get annoyed of not being informed
earlier.

76. Situation 5 :-
 If girl is crossing the road, a group of boys
starts harassing her by whistling or by
passing comments or by making faces. If
you are that girl how will you react to that
time?
 a) you will go and slap that boy
 b) you will complaint to the police authority
 c) you wouldn‟t react and pass by
 d) you will call your brother or friend or
boyfriend to threaten that group

77. Situation 6 :-
 You have been given a group project. You
have made a mistake in between and only
you are aware of it. How will you react on it?
 a) you will confess that you have made the
mistake.
 b) you will held someone else to be
responsible for the mistake
 c) you will try to find out the solution for it
 d) you will keep mum all through out the
project.

78. Major Personality Attributes
Influencing OB
 Locus of Control
 Machiavellianism
 Self-Esteem
 Self- Monitoring
 Risk-Taking
 Type A Personality
 Type B Personality

79. JULIAN ROTTER
As per 11th Edition

80. Locus of Control
 Locus of Control is considered to be an important aspect
of personality. The concept was developed originally
Julian Rotter in the 1950s
 Locus of Control refers to an individual's perception
about the underlying main causes of events in his/her
life.
 One's "locus" (Latin for "place" or "location") can either
be internal (meaning the person believes that they
control their life) or external (meaning they believe that
their environment, some higher power, or other people
control their decisions and their life).

81.  Locus of control refers to the extent to which individuals believe that
they can control events that affect them.
 Individuals with a high internal locus of control believe that events
result primarily from their own behaviour and actions.
 Those with a high external locus of control believe that powerful
others, fate, or chance primarily determine events.
 Those with a high internal locus of control have better control of their
behaviour, tend to exhibit more political behaviours, and are more
likely to attempt to influence other people than those with a high
external locus of control; they are more likely to assume that their
efforts will be successful.
 They are more active in seeking information and knowledge
concerning their situation.

82. Locus of Control
Internal locus of control: belief that one controls
key events and consequences in one’s life.
 External locus of control: One’s life outcomes
attributed to environmental factors such
as luck or fate.

83. •EXTERNALS •INTERNALS

84. FACTORS INTERNALS EXTERNALS
Job Satisfied More
Satisfaction dissatisfied
Absenteeism Less Depends on
absenteeism their luck or
chance
Turnover No clear Depends on
relationship their luck or
chance
As per 11th Edition

85. COMPARISION BETWEEN INTERNALS & EXTERNALS
 INTERNALS  EXTERNALS
 Better job  More compliant
performance  Follow direction
 Attempt to control  Structured jobs
their environment  Routine jobs
 Good decision
maker
 Sophisticated task
 Professional jobs
 Managerial jobs
As per 11th Edition

86. JOB SUITABILITY
 Judge of court -Internals
 Teacher of driving school -Externals
 Watchman -Externals
 Financial adviser -Internals
 CEO of any co -Internals
 Salesman -internals
 Call center -Externals

87. Machiavellianism
 Named after Niccolo Machiavelli
 Machiavellianism is also a term that some
social and personality psychologists use to
describe a person's tendency to deceive and
manipulate others for personal gain
 Characteristics:-
• Pragmatic
• Maintains emotional distance
• Believes that ends can justify the means

90. High Machs
 Manipulate more
 Win more
 Persuaded less
 Persuade others more

91. High Machs persuaded by :-
Persuaded by 3 factors
1. Face-to-face interaction
2. Situation having minimum number of
rules & regulations ,allowing latitude for
improvisation
3. Emotional involvement with details
irrelevant

92. Job suitability
 For High Machs
 Job requiring bargaining skills ( such as labor
negotiation )
 Or that offer substantial rewards for winning (
as commissioned sales )

94. self esteem
 In psychology, self-esteem reflects a person's
overall evaluation or appraisal of his or her own
worth.
 Self-esteem encompasses beliefs (for
example, "I am competent/incompetent") and
emotions (for
example, triumph/despair, pride/shame).
 Behaviour may reflect self-esteem (for
example, assertiveness/shyness, confidence/ca
ution).

95. Self Esteem
 The degree to which a person likes or
dislikes himself
 It is directly related to expectations for
success
 Two types:-
1. High Self Esteem
2. Low self Esteem

96. High Self Esteem
 They believe that they possess the ability
they need to succeed at work
 Will take more risks in job selection
 And more likely to choose unconventional
jobs than people with low self esteem
 They will not be susceptible to the external
influences
 They are more satisfied with their job

97. Low Self Esteem
 They seek appreciation from others
 Seek approval from others and try to
conform to the beliefs and behaviors of those
they respect
 They try to please others and therefore they
would not take unpopular stands than are
high SEs

98. SELF - ESTEEM QUIZ
1. I know I am a worthwhile person ------------------
 SCORING SYSTEM
2. I regularly give myself a " pat on ------------------
the back PLEASE RATE THE
3. The goals I set in life are very ------------------ QUESTIONS WITH
much my own
THE FOLLOWING
4. I know I will achieve my goals in ------------------
life SCORES
5. I criticise my actions , not myself ------------------
 NOT AT ALL LIKE ME 0
6. Trying new things in life is very ------------------
 A LITTLE LIKE ME 1
stimulating for me
QUITE A BIT LIKE ME 2
7. I allow myself to make mistake in ------------------

life  VERY MUCH LIKE ME 3
8. I enjoy and seek out the company -----------------  EXACTLY LIKE ME 4
of very positive people
9. I tend to stick up for my rights and -----------------
needs in life
10. I have many successes I remember -----------------
in my past

99. INTERPRETATION OF SCORES
 0-10: Low- Self Esteem
 10-20: “Twilight Zone” Neither you have self
esteem or poor self image
 20-30: you have self esteem you can build
on it
 30-40: High- Self Esteem

101. Self-Monitoring
 Ability to adjust one‟s behaviour to
external ,situational factors

102. self monitoring
 Self-monitoring theory is a contribution to the
psychology of personality, proposed by Mark Snyder in
1974.
 The theory refers to the process through which people
regulate their own behaviour in order to "look good" so
that they will be perceived by others in a favourable
manner.
 It distinguishes between high self-monitors, who monitor
their behaviour to fit different situations, and low self-
monitors, who are more cross-situationally consistent.

104. High self monitoring
 Capable of presenting striking contradictions
between their public persona & private self
 Tend to pay closer behavior of others & more
capable of conforming than low self
monitoring
 Capable of putting different “faces” for
different audiences

105. Personality Attributes
influencing OB
Risk Taking
•Quick Decision making
•Specific to jobs (stocks) (accounts)

106. Personality Attributes
influencing OB

107. A & B Types of Personality
• Type „A‟ • Type „B‟
– Suffer high level of stress – Difficult to predict
– Quantity over quality behavior
– Time pressure/deadlines – Good decision makers
– Rarely creative – Quality of work
– Poor decision makers – No compromise on
– Behavior is easier to health
predict – Wiser than hasty
– Creative / innovative
solutions to same
problem

108. Type A‟s and Type B‟s
 Type A Personality
 Always moving, walking, and eating rapidly.
 Feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place.
 Strive to think or do two or more things at once.
 Cannot cope with leisure time.
 Are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how
many or how much of everything they acquire.
 Type B Personality
 Never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying
impatience.
 Feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or
accomplishments unless such exposure is demanded by the situation.
 Play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any
cost.
 Can relax without guilt.

109. Your Queries