Perception is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions to understand their environment. It involves selecting stimuli to notice, categorizing this information, and interpreting it based on existing knowledge. Perception is influenced by factors in the perceiver, the target being perceived, and the context of the situation. The perceptual process involves sensation, selection, organization, and interpretation of stimuli.
Basic psychological process, Perception, Factors influencing perception, Characteristics of Perceiver, Attribution theory, Specific applications in organizations, Learning, Theories of learning, using learning concepts for self-management, implications for performance and satisfaction, Remembering, Basic motivational concepts, Theories of motivation, Implications for performance and satisfaction, Operant Conditioning Theory, Cognitive Learning Theory, Social Learning Theory, Types of Memory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory, Two factor theory, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, McClelland’s Need Theory, Theory X and Process Theories of Motivation, Equity Theory, Expectancy theory, Porter And Lawler Model Of Motivation,Calicut university OB
Basic psychological process, Perception, Factors influencing perception, Characteristics of Perceiver, Attribution theory, Specific applications in organizations, Learning, Theories of learning, using learning concepts for self-management, implications for performance and satisfaction, Remembering, Basic motivational concepts, Theories of motivation, Implications for performance and satisfaction, Operant Conditioning Theory, Cognitive Learning Theory, Social Learning Theory, Types of Memory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory, Two factor theory, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, McClelland’s Need Theory, Theory X and Process Theories of Motivation, Equity Theory, Expectancy theory, Porter And Lawler Model Of Motivation,Calicut university OB
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MARUTI SUZUKI- A Successful Joint Venture in India.pptx
perception-120903103557-phpapp01.pdf
1. “
“ WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY
WE DON’T SEE THINGS AS THEY
ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”
ARE, WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.”
2. 2
2
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Perception
Perception
“
“ The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process
The study of perception is concerned with identifying the process
through which we interpret and organize sensory information to
through which we interpret and organize sensory information to
produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.”
produce our conscious experience of objects and object relationship.”
“
“ Perception is the process of receiving information about and making
Perception is the process of receiving information about and making
sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information
sense of the world around us. It involves deciding which information
to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it
to notice, how to categorize this information and how to interpret it
within the framework of existing knowledge.
within the framework of existing knowledge.
“
“ A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
3. 3
3
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Organizational Behavior / Perception
The Perceptual Process
The Perceptual Process
1.
1.Sensation
Sensation
An individual’s ability to
An individual’s ability to
detect stimuli in the
detect stimuli in the
immediate
immediate
environment.
environment.
1.
1.Selection
Selection
The process a person
The process a person
uses to eliminate some
uses to eliminate some
of the stimuli that have
of the stimuli that have
been sensed and to
been sensed and to
retain others for further
retain others for further
processing.
processing.
3.
3.Organization
Organization
The process of placing
The process of placing
selected perceptual
selected perceptual
stimuli into a
stimuli into a
framework for
framework for
“storage.”
“storage.”
3.
3.Translation
Translation
The stage of the
The stage of the
perceptual process at
perceptual process at
which stimuli are
which stimuli are
interpreted and given
interpreted and given
meaning.
meaning.
5. 5
5
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Factors influencing perception
Factors influencing perception
A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes
A number of factors operate to shape and sometimes
distort perception. These factors can reside in the
distort perception. These factors can reside in the
perceiver
perceiver, in the object or
, in the object or target
target being perceived or in
being perceived or in
the context of the
the context of the situation
situation in which the perception is
in which the perception is
made.
made.
6. 6
6
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Factors influencing Perception
Factors influencing Perception
Factors in the perceiver
• Attitudes
• Motives
• Interests
• Experience
• Expectations
Perception
Factors in the Target
• Novelty
• Motion
• Sounds
• Size
• Background
• Proximity
• Similarity
Factors in the situation
• Time
• Work Setting
• Social Setting
7. 7
7
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Perceptual organization
Perceptual organization
It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognizable
It is the process by which we group outside stimuli into recognizable
and identifiable patterns and whole objects.
and identifiable patterns and whole objects.
Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on
Certain factors are considered to be important contributors on
assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the human
assembling, organizing and categorizing information in the human
brain. These are
brain. These are
- Figure ground
Figure ground
- Perceptual grouping
Perceptual grouping
8. 8
8
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Figure-Ground Illustration
Figure-Ground Illustration
Field-ground differentiation
Field-ground differentiation
The tendency to distinguish
The tendency to distinguish
and focus on a stimulus that
and focus on a stimulus that
is classified as figure as
is classified as figure as
opposed to background.
opposed to background.
9. 9
9
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Organizational Behavior / Perception
PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a
Our tendency to group several individual stimuli into a
meaningful and recognizable pattern.
meaningful and recognizable pattern.
It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be
It is very basic in nature and largely it seems to be
inborn.
inborn.
Some factors underlying grouping are
Some factors underlying grouping are
-continuity
-continuity
-closure
-closure
-proximity
-proximity
-similarity
-similarity
10. 10
10
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Person Perception: Making Judgments
Person Perception: Making Judgments
About Others
About Others
11. 11
11
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Attribution Theory
Attribution Theory
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is
When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is
internally or externally caused.
internally or externally caused.
observation Interpretation Attribution of cause
Consistency
Consensus
Distictinctiveness
Individual behavior
Internal
External
Internal
External
Internal
External
H
L
H
L
H
L
H –high L- Low
12. 12
12
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Distictiveness
Does this person
behave in
this manner
in other situation
Yes
High
Consistency
No
Low
Consistency
No
Low
Consensus
Yes
High
Consensus
YES
Low
Distinctiveness
NO
High
Distinctiveness
Consensus
Do other person
Behave in the
Same manner?
Consistency
Does this person
behave
in this same
manner at other
times ?
Internal
Attribution
External
External
Attributi
Attributi
on
on
13. 13
13
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Shortcuts in judging others
Shortcuts in judging others
Selective Perception
Selective Perception :
:
People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their
People selectively interpret what they see on the basis of their
interests, background, experience and attitudes.
interests, background, experience and attitudes.
Halo Effect
Halo Effect :
:
Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a
Drawing a general impressions about an individual on the basis of a
single charecteristics.
single charecteristics.
14. 14
14
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Organizational Behavior / Perception
Contrast Effect :
Contrast Effect :
Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are effected by
Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are effected by
comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or
comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or
lower on the same characteristics.
lower on the same characteristics.
Projection :
Projection :
Attributing one's own characteristics to other people.
Attributing one's own characteristics to other people.
Stereotyping :
Stereotyping :
Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which
Judging someone on the basis of one’s perception of the group to which
that persons belongs.
that persons belongs.
