Perception is the process through which individuals interpret sensory information from their environment and is influenced by subjective factors such as the perceiver's experiences, motivations, and the context. It involves selecting, organizing, and interpreting stimuli, leading to outputs such as attitudes and beliefs that shape behavior. Various factors such as physical appearance, communication styles, and situational context affect how individuals perceive one another and the world around them.

1. PERCEPTION

2. “Perception is a process by which people
regard, analyze, retrieve and react to any
kind of information from the
environment.”
“Perception may be defined as a process
by which individuals organize and
interpret their sensory impressions in
order to give meaning to their
environment.”
S.P. ROBBINS
PERCEPTION
In simple words we can say that
perception is the act of seeing
what is there to be seen. But what
is seen is influenced by the
perceiver, the object and its
environment

3. EXAMPLES
3

4. MAJOR TYPES
OF
PERCEPTION
VISION
TOUCH
SOUND
TASTE
SMELL
CHARACTERISTICS OF PERCEPTION
•It is both subjective and objective.
•It is shifting, not permanent.
•It is selective.
•It is a result of past experiences.
•It is driven by motivations and
interests.

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6. FACTORS THAT AFFECT
‘PERCEPTION’
The
Target
The
perceiver
The
situation
ATTITUDES
MOTIVES
INTEREST
EXPERIENCE
EXPECTATIONS
Physical
appearance
Verbal
communication
Non-verbal
communication
Objects
TIME
WORK
SETTING
SOCIAL
SETTING
THE PERCEIVER
THE TARGET
THE SITUATION

7. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERCEIVER
7
POSITIVE
ATTITUDE
NEGATIVE
ATTITUDE
HIGH INTEREST LOW INTEREST
EXPERIENCED
EMPLOYEES
HIGH MOTIVES LOW MOTIVES
Perceive the
stimuli given by
management
Suspect the
management’s
approach
Perceive objects
and situations
positively
Do not work
sincerely
Lowers the
impact of stimuli
or objects on
behaviour
Draws more
attention and
recognition to
stimuli
Employee takes
time to understand
the object and
situation
Understand objects
quickly and
correctly
YOUNG
EMPLOYEES

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TARGET
8
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
Verbal communication
Non-verbal communication
Objects
The perceiver will notice the target’s physical features like height, weight, estimated
age, race and gender. Perceivers tend to notice physical appearance characteristics
that contrast with the norm, that are intense, or that are new or unusual.
Verbal communication from targets also affects our perception of them. We listen to the
topics they speak about, their voice tone, and their accent and make judgements based
on this input.
Non-verbal communication conveys a great deal of information about the target. The
perceiver deciphers eye contact, facial expressions, body movements, and posture all
in an attempt to form an impression of the target.
Objects that are close to each other will tend to be perceived together rather than
separately. As a result of physical or time proximity, we often put together objects or
events that are unrelated.

9. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITUATION
9
You would have very frequently heard people
say that their manager is different during working
hours and 1800 opposite while in a social
setting.
The situation in which the interaction between the
perceiver and the target takes place has an
influence on the perceiver’s impression of the
target.
The strength of the situational cues also
affects social perception. In these
situations, we assume that the individual’s
behaviour can be accounted for by the
situation and that it may not reflect the
individual’s disposition.
SOCIAL SETTING
TIME
WORK SETTING

10. Perceptual Inputs : . Stimuli may be in the form of objects, events, or people. Thus everything
in the setting where events occur, or which contributes to the occurrence of events, can be
termed as perceptual input
Perceptual Mechanism: Perceptual mechanism involves three elements- selection of stimuli,
organization of stimuli, and interpretation of stimuli.
10
PROCESS OF PERCEPTION

11. Selection of stimuli: After receiving the stimuli from the environment, some are selected for
further processing while others are screened out because it is possible for a person to selected
all stimuli which he sees in the environment.
Organization of Stimuli: After the stimuli are received, these are organized in some form in
order to make sense out of that.
Interpretation of Stimuli: People interpret the meaning of what they have selectively
perceived and organized in terms of their own assumptions of people, things and situation.
They also become judgmental as well and tend to interpret the thing as good/bad,
beautiful/ugly and so on which are quite relative terms
Perceptual Outputs: Based on perceptual mechanism which ends with interpretation of
stimuli, perceptual outputs emerge. These outputs may be in the form of covert actions
development of attitudes, opinions, beliefs, impression about the stimuli under consideration.
11

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13. IMPORTANCE
13
Perception is very important in understanding human
behavior because every person perceives the world and
approaches life problems differently.
If people behave on the basis of their perception, we
can predict their behavior in the changed
circumstances by understanding their present
perception of the environment.
1.With the help of perception, the needs of various
people can be determined, because people’s
perception is influenced by their needs.
1.Perception builds character (not necessarily good or
bad character) that defines different roles individuals
fall into the clown, the hypocrite, the self-righteous, the
victim, etc..

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WHY PERCEPTION VARY
• People perceive things differently. We choose to select
different aspects of a message to focus our attention based
on what interests us, what is familiar to us, or what we
consider important.
• Our perceptions vary from person to person, and the
meaning we take from those perceptions varies. This is
why people have different tastes in music, art,
architecture, clothes, etc.
• Different people perceive different things about the
same situation. But more than that, we assign different
meanings to what we perceive.
• And the meanings might change for a certain person.

15. ERRORS
TO
PERCEPTION

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1. SELECTIVE PERCEPTION
Any characteristic that makes a
person, object, or event stand out
will increase the probability that it
will be perceived. Selectivity works
as a shortcut in judging other
people by allowing us to “speed-
read” others, but, not without the
risk of drawing an inaccurate
picture. In other words we sees
the picture only as we wishes to
see and not what the real picture
is .
2. HALO EFFECT
The halo effect occurs when
we draw a general impression
on the basis of a single
characteristic.It is a cognitive
bias. Research suggests that
it is likely to be most extreme
when the traits to be
perceived are ambiguous in
behavioral terms, when the
traits have moral overtones,
and when the perceiver is
judging traits with which he
or she has had limited
experience.
3. CONTRAST EFFECTS
Individuals do not evaluate a
person in isolation. Their
reaction to one person is
influenced by other persons
they have encountered recently.
Comparing concept .For
example, an interview situation
in which one sees a pool of job
applicants can distort
perception. Distortions in any
given candidate’s evaluation
can occur as a result of his or
her place in the interview
schedule.

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4. Projection
This defense mechanism to
attribute one’s own
characteristics to other people –
which is called projection – can
distort perceptions made about
others. When managers engage
in projection, they compromise
their ability to respond to
individual differences. Fight
between unconscious feeling
and conscious belief.
5. Stereotyping
Judging someone on the basis of
our perception of the group to
which he or she belongs. It is a
means or description of
simplifying a complex world, and
it permits us to maintain
consistency. The problem, of
course, is when we inaccurately
stereotype. In organizations, we
frequently hear comments that
represent stereotypes based on
gender, age, race, ethnicity, and
even weight.
6. First-impression error
Individuals place a good deal of
importance on first impressions.
First impressions are lasting
impressions. We tend to
remember what we perceive first
about a person, and sometimes
we are quite reluctant to change
our initial impressions. First-
impression error means the
tendency to form lasting
opinions about an individual
based on initial perceptions.

18. HOW TO OVERCOME THE BARRIERS
18
EXAMINE AND
CORRECT
ASSUMPTIONS
PAY
ATTENTION
SEEK CLARITY
RESTATE
DIFFERENTLY
EXAMINE AND
IMPROVE
BODY
LANGUAGE

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Thus, perception, or apprehending by means of the
senses or the mind, can be a very powerful and
influential aspect of our lives. It can direct our actions
and our thoughts, which in many ways guide who we are.
PRESENTATION BY –
SIMRAN SINGH