This chapter discusses perception and related concepts. It defines perception as how individuals select, organize and interpret stimuli to understand their environment. It distinguishes perception from sensation. The subprocesses of perception include registration, interpretation, and response. Factors that influence perception include attention, learning, motivation, personality and the perceiver, target, and situation. Perceptual organization involves processes like figure-ground perception, grouping, closure and constancy. Social perception examines how individuals perceive others through attribution, stereotyping and halo effects. Impression management refers to strategies individuals use to control how others perceive them. Perception ultimately influences individual decision-making.

1. PERCEPTION NISHA HARIYANI

6. PERCEPTION CHAPTER-5

7. Objectives of The Chapter To understand Meaning of Perception Sensation Vs Perception Sub processes of Perception Perceptual Selectivity Factors influencing Perception Perceptual Organization Social Perception Impression Management Linkage between Perception and Individual decision-making

8. What do You Understand by this Picture?

9. Meaning of Perception Perception may be defined as the process by which an individual selects, organizes and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the environment in which he lives.

10. Sensation Vs Perception Sensation deals with the basic behavior of an individual, caused by his physiological functions. Perception is the process by which an individual selects, organizes and interprets stimuli into a meaningful and coherent picture of the environment in which he lives.

11. Sub processes of Perception External Environment Confrontation Consequences Behavior Feedback Interpretation Registration Sociocultural Environment Physical Environment

12. Perceptual Selectivity Though people are exposed to several stimuli , they tend to select only a few at a given point of time, this is perceptual selectivity. Subliminal Perception : when the stimuli is so subtle that an individual may not even be conscious that he is exposed to some stimulus.

13. Factors Influencing Perceptual Selectivity External Attention Factors Intensity Size Contrast Repetition Motion Novelty and familiarity Internal Set Factors Learning and Perception Motivation and Perception Personality and Perception

14. External Attention Factors Intensity According to the intensity principle of attention, the intensity of an external stimulus determines its probability of being perceived. Example: Light Colour Bright Colour

15. Size: A larger object is more likely to be noticed than a smaller object. Example: Which you can read fast? God is great God is great External Attention Factors

16. Contrast: According to the principles of contrast, the stimuli that contradict most with the background or the expectations of people receive maximum attention. Example: Which white square is smaller? External Attention Factors

17. Motion: People gives more attention to moving objects than the stationery objects. Example: Moving object Stationery object External Attention Factors Contd…

18. Repetition The more number of times a stimulus is repeated, the more it is likely to be noticed Novelty and Familiarity: New objects in a familiar situation or familiar objects in a new situation draw the perceiver’s attention. External Attention Factors Contd…

19. Internal Set Factors Learning and Perception: Learning by itself plays a major role in developing the perceptual set. Example: Hilly Terrrain Ahead

20. Motivation and Perception: The primary motives: Hunger and Thirst The secondary motives: The need for power, The need for affiliation and The need for achievement Personality and Perception : Personality of a person influence perception

21. Factors Influencing Perception The Perceiver The Target The Situation

22. Emphasizes on the subsequent activities that take place in the perceptual Process after a stimulus is received. Perceptual Organization

23. Forms of Perceptual Organization Figure-ground Perceptual Grouping Closure Continuity Proximity Similarity Perceptual Constancy Perceptual Context Perceptual Defense

24. Perceptual Organization Figure-ground: In perceiving stimuli or phenomena, the tendency is to keep certain phenomena in focus and other phenomena in background.

25. An individual tends to group several stimuli together into a recognizable pattern. Various forms Closure Continuity Proximity Similarity Perceptual Grouping

26. The perception of elements like size, shape, color, brightness and location of an object remains constant and does not change from individual to individual. Example: Photograph Perceptual Context It provides meaning and value to objects, events, situation and other people in the environment. Perceptual Constancy

27. It refers to the screening of those elements which create conflict and threatening situation in people. Perceptual Defense

28. Social Perception It is directly concerned with how one individual perceives other individuals; how we get to know others. Factors affecting Social perception Attribution Stereotyping The Halo Effect

29. Attribution Attribution refers to how people explain the cause of another’s or their own behavior. The determination depends on three factors: Distinctiveness Consensus Consistency

30. Stereotyping It is the tendency to perceive another person as belonging to a single class or category Halo effect The person is perceived on the basis of one trait or event.

31. Impression Management It is referred to as “ self presentation ” It is the process by which people try to manage or control the perceptions formed by other people about themselves.

32. Impression Management Strategies Used By Employees Demotion-preventive strategy Accounts Apologies Disassociation Promotion-enhancing strategy Entitlements Enhancements Obstacle-disclosure Association

33. It is used when employees want to minimize their responsibilities for negative outcome Accounts Apologies Disassociation Demotion-Preventive Strategy

34. It is used when employees want to maximize their responsibility for a positive outcome or improve their image Entitlements Enhancements Obstacle-disclosure Association Promotion-Enhancing Strategy :

35. Linkage Between Perception and Individual Decision-making Perception has a crucial role in individual decision-making in organizations, by affecting both the decision as well as the quality of the decision. The decision taken by an individual is a complex process involving the intake of data, screening procession and interpreting and evaluating of data, based on the perceptions of the individual.

36. Summary of The Chapter Meaning of Perception Sensation Vs perception Sub processes of perception Perceptual selectivity Factors influencing perception Perceptual organization Social Perception Impression management Linkage between perception and individual decision-Making