1) Sensation is the process by which sensory stimuli are received and transmitted to the brain, while perception is the interpretation of sensory information by the brain.
2) There are debates around whether our perceptions directly represent an external reality or are internal representations constructed by the brain.
3) Factors both internal and external to our psychological states can influence our knowledge and perceptions.
Personality: Meaning –Determinants of Personality: Types Theory, Trait Theory and Developmental Theory – Integrated Personality – Assessment of Personality: Projective, Non-Projective techniques and Dream Analysis.
forgetfulness is very common these days. the causes can be either organic or psychological. there are numerous psychological theories behind it. The presentation will also stress upon the types of forgetting. As a remedial measure their are manyy ways by which memory power can be boosed up.
Attention, Factors of Attention, Objective Factors, Subjective Factors, Span of Attention, Distraction of Attention, Control of Distraction, Fluctuation of Attention.
concept, meaning and definitions, causes of Individual Difference, Educational Implications, Dimensions of Individual Difference, Remedial Measures for Individual Difference
Personality: Meaning –Determinants of Personality: Types Theory, Trait Theory and Developmental Theory – Integrated Personality – Assessment of Personality: Projective, Non-Projective techniques and Dream Analysis.
forgetfulness is very common these days. the causes can be either organic or psychological. there are numerous psychological theories behind it. The presentation will also stress upon the types of forgetting. As a remedial measure their are manyy ways by which memory power can be boosed up.
Attention, Factors of Attention, Objective Factors, Subjective Factors, Span of Attention, Distraction of Attention, Control of Distraction, Fluctuation of Attention.
concept, meaning and definitions, causes of Individual Difference, Educational Implications, Dimensions of Individual Difference, Remedial Measures for Individual Difference
My presentation at the Fronteers meeting at Concept7 HQ in December 2008.
It discusses 5 laws of the gestalt which can be used very well in nowadays webdesign. This presentation was put together with my collegue Stefan Wobben who has written an article about it (in Dutch) for usabilityweb magazine.
Chapter 6: Perception
Selective Attention
At any moment we are conscious of a very limited amount of all that we are capable of experiencing. One example of this selective attention is the cocktail party effect—attending to only one voice among many. Another example is inattentional blindness, which refers to our blocking of a brief visual interruption when focusing on other sights.
Perceptual Illusions
Visual and auditory illusions were fascinating scientists even as psychology emerged. Explaining illusions required an understanding of how we transform sensations into meaningful perceptions, so the study of perception became one of psychology’s first concerns. Conflict between visual and other sensory information is usually resolved with the mind’s accepting the visual data, a tendency known as visual capture.
Perceptual Organization
From a top-down perspective, we see how we transform sensory information into meaningful perceptions when we are aided by knowledge and expectations.
The early Gestalt psychologists were impressed with the seemingly innate way we organize fragmentary sensory data into whole perceptions. Our minds structure the information that comes to us in several demonstrable ways:
Form Perception
To recognize an object, we must first perceive it (see it as a figure) as distinct from its surroundings (the ground). We must also organize the figure into a meaningful form. Several Gestalt principles—proximity, similarity, continuity, connectedness, and closure—describe this process.
Depth Perception
Research on the visual cliff revealed that many species perceive the world in three dimensions at, or very soon after, birth. We transform two-dimensional retinal images into three-dimensional perceptions by using binocular cues, such as retinal disparity, and monocular cues, such as the relative sizes of objects.
Motion Perception
Our brain computes motion as objects move across or toward the retina. Large objects appear to move more slowly than smaller objects. A quick succession of images, as in a motion picture or on a lighted sign, can also create an illusion of movement.
Perceptual Constancy
Having perceived an object as a coherent figure and having located it in space, how then do we recognize it—despite the varying images that it may cast on our retinas? Size, shape, and lightness constancies describe how objects appear to have unchanging characteristics regardless of their distance, shape, or motion. These constancies explain several of the well-known visual illusions. For example, familiarity with the size-distance relationships in a carpentered world of rectangular shapes makes people more susceptible to the Müller-Lyer illusion.
Perceptual Interpretation
The most direct tests of the nature-nurture issue come from experiments that modify human perceptions.
Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision
For many species, infancy is a critical period during which experience must activate the brain’s innate visual mechanisms. If cataract removal restores eyesight to adults who were blind from birth, they remain unable to perceive the world normally. Generally, they can distinguish figure from ground and can perceive colors, but they are unable to recognize shapes and forms. In controlled experiments, animals have been reared with severely restricted visual input. When their visual exposure is returned to normal, they, too, suffer enduring visual handicaps.
Perceptual Adaptation
Human vision is remarkably adaptable. Given glasses that shift the world slightly to the left or right, or even turn it upside down, people manage to adapt their movements and, with practice, to move about with ease.
Perceptual Set
Clear evidence that perception is influenced by our experience—our learned assumptions and beliefs—as well as by sensory input comes from the many demonstrations of perceptual set and context effects. The schemas we have learned help us to interpret otherwise ambiguous stimu
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegiaPS Deb
Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) is a descriptive term for a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by chronic, progressive, bilateral, and usually symmetric ocular motility deficit and ptosis, without pain, proptosis and pupil involvement. Commonly a syndrome of Mitochondrial Cytopathy.
This is a short presentation at Down Town Hospital clinical meeting for DNB Medicine students. It dose not cover the all aspects of stroke care especially Thrombolysis, since it is difficult to practice for Medical specialist, and ischemic stroke is not common in North East India
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
2. SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
•The process through which the senses pick up
visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and
Sensation transmit them to the brain; sensory information
that has registered in the brain but has not been
interpreted
Perception •The process by which sensory information is
actively organized and interpreted by the brain
2
7/11/2010 Perception
3. NAÏVE REALISM
7/11/2010
1. There exists a world
of material objects.
2. Statements about these objects can
be known to be true through sense-
Perception
experience.
3. These objects exist not only when
they are being perceived but also
when they are not perceived.
4. The objects of perception are
largely perception-independent.
5. These objects are also able to retain
properties of the types we perceive
them as having, even when they are
not being perceived. Their properties
are perception-independent.
3
4. INDIRECT/DIRECT (NAÏVE) REALISM
7/11/2010
Hallucination and
illusions cannot be
Perception
explained by direct
realism
Object of world lies
independent of
sensory image and
perception by brain
4
5. EPISTEMOLOGICAL DUALISM
Whether the world • Representative realism claims
we see around us is that we are directly aware only of
the real world itself, internal representations of the
or merely an external world, as objects are
internal perceptual hidden behind a "veil of
copy of that world perception".
generated • Idealism asserts that no world
by neural processes exists apart from mind-dependent
in our brain ideas.
5
7/11/2010 Perception
6. EXTERNALISM AND INTERNALISM
• Externalists think that factors deemed
"external", meaning outside of the
Externalism psychological states of those who gain
knowledge, can be conditions of knowledge
• all knowledge-yielding conditions are
Internalism within the psychological states of those who
gain knowledge.
6
7/11/2010 Perception
7. SENSATION AND PERCEPTION
Sensation Input Processing Output
Perception Brain Sense Environment
7
7/11/2010 Perception
8. SENSATION -> PERCEPTION
• a) sensory organs absorb energy from a
physical stimulus in the environment.
Sensation • b) sensory receptors convert this energy
into neural impulses and send them to the
brain.
Perception • a) the brain organizes the information and
translates it into something meaningful.
8
7/11/2010 Perception
9. MEANINGFUL INFORMATION
Selective • Process of discriminating between
what is important & is irrelevant
Attention and is influenced by motivation.
Perceptual • How we perceive the world is a
function of our past experiences,
Expectancy culture, and biological makeup
9
7/11/2010 Perception
15. GESTALT PRINCIPLE OF PERCEPTUAL
ORGANIZATION
1. Law of closure
2. Law of similarity
3. Law of proximity
4. Law of figure/ground
5. Law of good continuation
6. Law of simplicity
7. Law of common fate
15
7/11/2010 Perception
16. LAW OF CLOSURE
Humans tend to enclose a space by completing a
contour and ignoring gaps in the figure
16
7/11/2010 Perception
17. LAW OF SIMILARITY
Elements that look similar will be perceived as
part of the same form.
There seems to be a triangle in the square 17
7/11/2010 Perception
18. LAW OF PROXIMITY
Elements that are closer together will be perceived as a
coherent object.
18
7/11/2010 Perception
19. LAW OF FIGURE/GROUND
A stimulus will be perceived as separate from it's
ground
The above figure appears to the eye as a square inside a circle, or as a
donut shaped circle with a square hole 19
7/11/2010 Perception
20. LAW OF GOOD CONTINUATION
Humans tend to continue contours whenever the
elements of the pattern establish an implied
direction
People tend to draw a good continuous line 20
7/11/2010 Perception
21. LAW OF SIMPLICITY (PRÄGNANZ)
A stimulus will be organized into symmetrical,
simple, and regular.
The above figure appears to the eye as a square overlapping triangle, not
21
a combination of several complicated shapes
7/11/2010 Perception
22. LAW OF COMMON FATE
Elements that move together tend to be grouped
together
22
7/11/2010 Perception
23. EMERGENCE
7/11/2010
Emergence is the
process of complex
Perception
pattern formation
from simpler rules.
a Dalmatian dog
sniffing the ground in
the shade of
overhanging trees.
23
24. HOW DO YOU SEE THE GLASS?
Optimism Pessimism
24
7/11/2010 Perception
25. INFLUENCES ON PERCEPTION
7/11/2010
Perceptual set What do you see?
An expectation of
Perception
what will be
perceived, which
can affect what
actually is Now what do you see?
perceived
25
26. SEAT OF MINDS EYE
As humans, we have the ability to see with the mind's eye -to
have a perceptual experience in the absence of visual input.
fMRI studies have shown that the lateral geniculate
nucleus and the V1 area of the visual cortex are activated
during mental imagery tasks
The visual pathway is not a one-way street. Higher areas of
the brain can also send visual input back to neurons in lower
areas of the visual cortex...
For example, PET scans have shown that when subjects,
seated in a room, imagine they are at their front door starting
to walk either to the left or right, activation begins in
the visual association cortex, the parietal cortex, and
the prefrontal cortex - all higher cognitive processing
26
centers of the brain
7/11/2010 Perception
27. VISUAL THINKING
A phenomenon of thinking through visual
processing using the part of the brain that is
emotional and creative to organize information in
an intuitive and simultaneous way
27
7/11/2010 Perception
28. CONTROVERSY ABOUT VISUAL THINKING
Eidetic Memory: (photographic memory) may
co-occur in visual thinkers as much as in any
type of thinking style as it is a memory function
associated with having vision rather than a
thinking style.
Eidetic Memory can still occur in those with
visual agnosia, who, unlike visual thinkers, may
be limited in the use of visualization skills for
mental reasoning. 28
7/11/2010 Perception
29. DYSLEXIA
As dyslexia is believed to affect up to 17% percent
of the population and Visual thinking is
predominant in around 60%-65% of the
population, there is no clear indication of a link
between visual thinking and dyslexia.
As visual thinking is the most common mode of
thought, it might be expected that the incidence
of visual thinking in the dyslexia community
would be reflective of that in the general
population, around 60%-65% of each population. 29
7/11/2010 Perception
30. AUTISM
Visual thinking has been argued by Temple
Grandin to be an origin for delayed speech in
people with autism.
However, picture thinking itself is only one form
of "non-linguistic thinking" which includes
physical (kinaesthetic), aural (musical) and
logical (mathematical/systems) style of thought
30
7/11/2010 Perception
31. SPATIAL-TEMPORAL REASONING
Acute spatial ability is also a trait of kinesthetic
learners (those who learn through movement,
physical patterning and doing) and logical
thinkers (mathematical thinkers who think in
patterns and systems) who may not be strong
visual thinkers at all.
Similarly, visual thinking has been described as
seeing words as a series of pictures which, alone,
is not exactly the same phenomena spatial-
temporal reasoning. 31
7/11/2010 Perception
32. PERCEPTUAL CONSTANCY
7/11/2010
Perceptual constancy
The tendency to perceive
objects as maintaining stable
properties (e.g., size, shape,
Perception
brightness, and color) despite
differences in distance, viewing
angle, and lighting
Size constancy
Perceiving objects as being about
the same size when they move
farther away
Shape constancy
Perceiving objects as having a
stable or unchanging shape
regardless of changes in the
retinal image resulting from
differences in viewing angle
32
33. DEPTH PERCEPTION
Depth perception
The ability to see in three dimensions and to estimate
distance
Binocular depth cues
Depth cues that depend on two eyes working together
Convergence
Occurs when the eyes turn inward to focus on nearby objects
– the closer the object, the greater the convergence
Binocular disparity (or retinal disparity)
Difference between the two retinal images formed by the
eyes’ slightly different views of the objects focused on
33
7/11/2010 Perception
34. ERROR OF PERCEPTION
• Perception without
Hallucination
actual stimuli
• An incorrect perception
Illusion caused by a distortion of
visual sensations 34
7/11/2010 Perception
35. MÜLLER-LYER ILLUSION
7/11/2010
The two lines above are
the same length, but
Perception
the diagonals
extending outward
from both ends of the
lower line make it look
longer than the upper
line
35
36. AMBIGUOUS IMAGE
7/11/2010
Ambiguous figures
Can be seen in
Perception
different ways to
make different
images
Best known
ambiguous figure is
“Old Woman/Young
Woman,” by E.
36
37. IMPOSSIBLE FIGURES
7/11/2010
Do not seem
unusual at first
Perception
Figures that cannot
be build.
37
38. ALICE IN WONDERLAND SYNDROME
7/11/2010
The eyes themselves are
normal, but the sufferer
'sees' objects with the wrong
Perception
size or shape and/or finds
that perspective is incorrect.
This can mean that people,
cars, buildings, etc. look
smaller or larger than they
should be, or that distances
look incorrect; for example a
corridor may appear to be
very long, or the ground
may appear too close.
38