The following presentation is on the topic- PERCEPTION
It includes :-
# Meaning and definition
# Characteristics
# Major types
# Factors that affect perception
# Perception process
# Perception and reality
# Importance
# Why perception Vary
# Errors to perception
# How to overcome the barriers
Personality: Meaning and Determinants of Personality, Process of Personality Formation, Personality Types, Assesment of Personality Traits for Increasing Self Awareness
The following presentation is on the topic- PERCEPTION
It includes :-
# Meaning and definition
# Characteristics
# Major types
# Factors that affect perception
# Perception process
# Perception and reality
# Importance
# Why perception Vary
# Errors to perception
# How to overcome the barriers
Personality: Meaning and Determinants of Personality, Process of Personality Formation, Personality Types, Assesment of Personality Traits for Increasing Self Awareness
Perception is important for understanding individual differences because how people perceived a situation determines how people behave. Perception is part of that personal dimension that makes people see situations differently as well as shapes their attitude in terms of their work environment. This lesson seeks to help students:
1. describe the major elements of the perceptual process;
2. identify the main factors that influence what individual perceive; and
3. Identify factors that determine how one person perceives another.
Meaning of Perception: Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret
information from environment through five senses.
It is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Process of Perception
Inputs: Input refers to Stimuli available in the environment. It
includes, information, objects, events and people etc.
Throughputs: it is the stages of transformation. Perceptual inputs
are proceeds to obtain output. Throughputs includes:
Selection: selecting information on the basis of interests, experience,
background etc.
Organization: grouping stimuli into meaningful & identifiable patterns.
Interpretation: assigning meaning to the selected & organized
information.
Outputs: At this stage result of perceptual process can be seen. Transformed inputs.
Results in attitude, opinions, feelings, values & behavior.
Perceptual Error in Organizations:
Stereotyping : Judging people on the basis of group to which they
belong is called stereotyping.
Impression / first impressions : Making an opinion about a person on the
basis of first meeting itself.
Projection
Attributing (looking) one's own characteristics (qualities) to someone
else.
looking one's own qualities in other people. E.g., if a person is honest,
he will consider other people as honest.
Attribution
How people explain the cause of other’s or their own behaviour.
Selective perception
People perceive as per their need, motives or interests.
Inference
Judging others on the basis of incomplete information.
Perceptual set
Interpreting others behaviour according to our own mental set.
Halo effect
one trait forms a general impression. Evaluating a person on the basis
of single trait/ characteristics/ quality.
Factors influencing perception
Internal Factor: These are factors related to the characteristics of
perceiver.
Needs & motives: People with different needs generally experience different
stimuli. A hungry man catches attestation of food related objects.
Self concept: How the people see him self. Generally people select only
those aspects which they find match with their characteristics.
Past experience: A person also perceives on the basis of his past
experiences.
Beliefs: A person also perceives on the basis of what he believes irrespective
of what really is,
Expectations: Expectation refers to the anticipation of particular behavior
from a person which also affects the perceptions.
Current psychological states: The current state of mind also affects the
selection of stimulus.
External Factors: These are the environmental factors and are the
characteristics of the perceived (Stimuli).
Size: Big size catches attestation
Intensity: Loud sound and bright color catches attestation more.
Contrast: Stimuli which stand against the background catches attention
more.
Repetition: it catches attention more.
Perception is important for understanding individual differences because how people perceived a situation determines how people behave. Perception is part of that personal dimension that makes people see situations differently as well as shapes their attitude in terms of their work environment. This lesson seeks to help students:
1. describe the major elements of the perceptual process;
2. identify the main factors that influence what individual perceive; and
3. Identify factors that determine how one person perceives another.
Meaning of Perception: Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize and interpret
information from environment through five senses.
It is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory
impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.
Process of Perception
Inputs: Input refers to Stimuli available in the environment. It
includes, information, objects, events and people etc.
Throughputs: it is the stages of transformation. Perceptual inputs
are proceeds to obtain output. Throughputs includes:
Selection: selecting information on the basis of interests, experience,
background etc.
Organization: grouping stimuli into meaningful & identifiable patterns.
Interpretation: assigning meaning to the selected & organized
information.
Outputs: At this stage result of perceptual process can be seen. Transformed inputs.
Results in attitude, opinions, feelings, values & behavior.
Perceptual Error in Organizations:
Stereotyping : Judging people on the basis of group to which they
belong is called stereotyping.
Impression / first impressions : Making an opinion about a person on the
basis of first meeting itself.
Projection
Attributing (looking) one's own characteristics (qualities) to someone
else.
looking one's own qualities in other people. E.g., if a person is honest,
he will consider other people as honest.
Attribution
How people explain the cause of other’s or their own behaviour.
Selective perception
People perceive as per their need, motives or interests.
Inference
Judging others on the basis of incomplete information.
Perceptual set
Interpreting others behaviour according to our own mental set.
Halo effect
one trait forms a general impression. Evaluating a person on the basis
of single trait/ characteristics/ quality.
Factors influencing perception
Internal Factor: These are factors related to the characteristics of
perceiver.
Needs & motives: People with different needs generally experience different
stimuli. A hungry man catches attestation of food related objects.
Self concept: How the people see him self. Generally people select only
those aspects which they find match with their characteristics.
Past experience: A person also perceives on the basis of his past
experiences.
Beliefs: A person also perceives on the basis of what he believes irrespective
of what really is,
Expectations: Expectation refers to the anticipation of particular behavior
from a person which also affects the perceptions.
Current psychological states: The current state of mind also affects the
selection of stimulus.
External Factors: These are the environmental factors and are the
characteristics of the perceived (Stimuli).
Size: Big size catches attestation
Intensity: Loud sound and bright color catches attestation more.
Contrast: Stimuli which stand against the background catches attention
more.
Repetition: it catches attention more.
Basic psychological process, Perception, Factors influencing perception, Characteristics of Perceiver, Attribution theory, Specific applications in organizations, Learning, Theories of learning, using learning concepts for self-management, implications for performance and satisfaction, Remembering, Basic motivational concepts, Theories of motivation, Implications for performance and satisfaction, Operant Conditioning Theory, Cognitive Learning Theory, Social Learning Theory, Types of Memory, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Herzberg’s Motivation Hygiene Theory, Two factor theory, Alderfer’s ERG Theory, McClelland’s Need Theory, Theory X and Process Theories of Motivation, Equity Theory, Expectancy theory, Porter And Lawler Model Of Motivation,Calicut university OB
Introduction of Organisation Behaviour
Nature and Scope of OB
Challenges and opportunities for OB
Organization Goals
Models of OB
Impact of Global and Cultural diversity on OB.
Factories Act,1948 (6) Hazardous Process & Employment of Young PersonsMs. Shery Asthana
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Section 41C: Specific responsibility of the occupier in relation to hazardous processes
Section 41D: Power of Central Government to appoint an Inquiry Committee
Section 41E: Emergency standards
Section 41F: Permissible limits of exposure of chemical and toxic substances
Section 41G: Workers’ participation in safety management
Section 67:- Prohibition of Employment of Young Children
Section 68:- Non-Adult Workers to Carry Tokens
Section 69:- Certificate of Fitness
Section 70:- Effect of Certificate of Fitness Granted to Adolescent
Section 71:- Working hours for Children
Section 72:- Notice of Period of Work for Children
Section 73:- Register of Child Workers
Section 74:- Hours of work to Correspond with Notice Under Section 72 and Register Under Section 73
Section 75:- Power to Require Medical Examination
Section 76:- Power to Make Rules
Section 77:- Certain other provision of law not barred
Section 51: Weekly Hours
Section 52: Weekly Holidays
Section 53: Compensatory Holidays
Section 54: Daily Hours
Section 55: Rest Intervals
Section 56: Spread Over
Section 57: Night Shifts
Section 58:Prohibition of overlapping shifts
Section 59: Overtime and Extra Wages
Section 60: Double Employment
Section 61: Notice of Periods of Work for Adults
Section 62: Register of Adult workers
Section 63: Hours of work to correspond with notice under section 61 and register under section 62
Section 64:- Power to make Exemption Rules
Section 65:- Powers to make Exempting Orders
Section 66: Further Restrictions on Employment of Women
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Communication Development process
Budget Allocation decision in Marketing Communication
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Advertising- Meaning, Objective
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Fundamental of sales Promotion
Public Relations
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Artificial intelligence (AI) offers new opportunities to radically reinvent the way we do business. This study explores how CEOs and top decision makers around the world are responding to the transformative potential of AI.
Oprah Winfrey: A Leader in Media, Philanthropy, and Empowerment | CIO Women M...CIOWomenMagazine
This person is none other than Oprah Winfrey, a highly influential figure whose impact extends beyond television. This article will delve into the remarkable life and lasting legacy of Oprah. Her story serves as a reminder of the importance of perseverance, compassion, and firm determination.
Modern Database Management 12th Global Edition by Hoffer solution manual.docxssuserf63bd7
https://qidiantiku.com/solution-manual-for-modern-database-management-12th-global-edition-by-hoffer.shtml
name:Solution manual for Modern Database Management 12th Global Edition by Hoffer
Edition:12th Global Edition
author:by Hoffer
ISBN:ISBN 10: 0133544613 / ISBN 13: 9780133544619
type:solution manual
format:word/zip
All chapter include
Focusing on what leading database practitioners say are the most important aspects to database development, Modern Database Management presents sound pedagogy, and topics that are critical for the practical success of database professionals. The 12th Edition further facilitates learning with illustrations that clarify important concepts and new media resources that make some of the more challenging material more engaging. Also included are general updates and expanded material in the areas undergoing rapid change due to improved managerial practices, database design tools and methodologies, and database technology.
2. PERCEPTION
• Psychologist Jerome Bruner has developed a model of
perception
• Perception is an intellectual process of transforming sensory
stimuli to meaningful information. It is the process of
interpreting something that we see or hear in our mind and
use it later to judge and give a verdict on a situation, person,
group etc.
• Perception is the organization, identification, and
interpretation of sensory information in order to represent
and understand the environment.
• All perception involves signals in the nervous system, which in
turn result from physical or chemical stimulation of the sense
organs.
4. • Perceptual Inputs:- It is the form of stimuli are not the part of actual perceptual
though these are necessary for the occurrence of perception. Stimuli may be in the
form of objects, events or people. When the perceiver interacts with a stimulus,
sensation takes places, which we have seen earlier and starts perceptual process.
Perceptual Mechanism:- involve three elements- selection of stimuli, organization
of stimuli and interpretation of stimuli.
• Selection :- After receiving the stimuli from the environment, some are selected for
further processing while others are screened out because it is not possible for a
person to select all stimuli which he sees in the environment.
• Organisation:- After the stimuli are received , these are organized in some form in
order to make sense out of that.
• Interpretation:- Organised stimuli will have to be interpreted by the perceiver so
that perceiver can sense and extract some meaning of what is going on in the
situation.
Perceptual Outputs:- These output may be in the form of covert actions like
development of attitudes, opinion, beliefs , impression about the stimuli under
consideration. These outputs along with other factors affecting human behaviour
may result in overt behaviour.
5. Nature of Perception:-
• “Perception refers to the interpretation of sensory data. In
other words, sensation involves detecting the presence of a
stimulus whereas perception involves understanding what
the stimulus means. For example, when we see something,
the visual stimulus is the light energy reflected from the
external world and the eye becomes the sensor.
• Perception is determined by both physiological and
psychological characteristics of the human being whereas
sensation is conceived with only the physiological features.
• Perception is a subjective process, therefore, different people
may perceive the same environment differently based on
what particular aspects of the situation they choose to
selectively absorb, how they organize this information and
the manner in which they interpret it to obtain a grasp of the
situation.
6. Perception Error:-
• Primacy/ Recency Effect: The first impression is given the most important which is
known as the primacy effect. Recency effect, on the other hand, is that human
beings remember latest events more than the less recent ones.
• Stereotyping: It is the effect caused by forming a certain belief about a category of
stimuli and generalizing that notion to encounters with each member of that
category. In reality, there is a difference between the perceived notion of each
category and the actual traits of the members. It may affect the interview process in
an organization.
• Halo effect: It is the process of generalizing from a comprehensive analysis to a
single attribute or trait. A negative halo effect is known as the reverse halo effect or
horn effect. It affects the performance appraisal of employees in a company.
• Projection: It is a psychological defence mechanism which makes a person compare
his negative traits with other people and conclude that He is better off than
others. Perceptual checking minimizes the negative effects of projection.
• Selective Perception: Selective perception is the process by which individuals
perceive what they want to in media messages while ignoring opposing viewpoints.
It is a broad term to identify the behavior all people exhibit to tend to "see things"
based on their particular frame of reference.
7. Role of Perception in Individual
Decision Making
• Individuals often use shortcuts in decision making and these shortcuts can
result in significant distortions.
• These shortcuts include selective perception, the halo effect,contrast effect,
projection, and stereotyping.
• Selective perception occurs when we only process information that is aligned
with our attitudes, interests, and backgrounds.
• In other words, we choose to see what we want to see. The halo effect occurs
when a single characteristic, say attractiveness, forms the basis for a general
impression about someone. For example, if someone is attractive we may
associate he/she has an array of unassociated traits: sociability, intelligence,
promotability.
• Contrast effects occur because we don’t evaluate a person in isolation; our
reaction is influenced by other persons we have recently encountered.
• Stereotyping is when we use decision making short- cut to draw general
determinations about an individual or group.
8. Managerial applications/importance of perception in
Organisation
(1) Interpersonal Working Relationship : Organizations are intended to bring
about integrated(combine) behaviour. Managers require efforts to perceive
correctly. Misperceptions lead to strained relations and may even result in
open conflict among people.
(2) Selection of Employees : Managers are subject to many of the perceptual
problems when they make the selection decisions. New employees have to be
selected with correct perception.
(3) Performance Appraisal : The appraisal of a subordinate's performance is highly
affected by the accuracy of a manager's perceptions.
(4) Impression Management : It is very important for an individual to manage or
to control what others perceive about the individual. Identification of social
image and self-concept are some relevant factors that contribute to impression
management. Perception helps managers to identify the competent persons.