Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multi-core processors.
Parallel computing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time. There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level, instruction-level, data, and task parallelism. Parallelism has been employed for many years, mainly in high-performance computing, but interest in it has grown lately due to the physical constraints preventing frequency scaling. As power consumption (and consequently heat generation) by computers has become a concern in recent years, parallel computing has become the dominant paradigm in computer architecture, mainly in the form of multi-core processors.
Multiprocessor system is an interconnection of two or more CPUs with memory and input-output equipment
The components that forms multiprocessor are CPUs IOPs connected to input –output devices , and memory unit that may be partitioned into a number of separate modules.
Multiprocessor are classified as multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD) system.
Load Balancing In Distributed ComputingRicha Singh
Load Balancing In Distributed Computing
The goal of the load balancing algorithms is to maintain the load to each processing element such that all the processing elements become neither overloaded nor idle that means each processing element ideally has equal load at any moment of time during execution to obtain the maximum performance (minimum execution time) of the system
IT IS ABOUT MULTIPROCESSING,COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE PROCESS THROUGH MESSAGE PASSING AND SHARED MEMORY.SYNCHRONIZATION MECHANISM AND SYNCHRONIZATION USING SEMAPHORE
Presentation on Static Network Architecture for multi-programming and multi-processing. Architecture, Ring Architecture, Ring Chordal Architecture, Barrel Shifter Architecture, Fully Connected Architecture.
Multiprocessor system is an interconnection of two or more CPUs with memory and input-output equipment
The components that forms multiprocessor are CPUs IOPs connected to input –output devices , and memory unit that may be partitioned into a number of separate modules.
Multiprocessor are classified as multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD) system.
Load Balancing In Distributed ComputingRicha Singh
Load Balancing In Distributed Computing
The goal of the load balancing algorithms is to maintain the load to each processing element such that all the processing elements become neither overloaded nor idle that means each processing element ideally has equal load at any moment of time during execution to obtain the maximum performance (minimum execution time) of the system
IT IS ABOUT MULTIPROCESSING,COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE PROCESS THROUGH MESSAGE PASSING AND SHARED MEMORY.SYNCHRONIZATION MECHANISM AND SYNCHRONIZATION USING SEMAPHORE
Presentation on Static Network Architecture for multi-programming and multi-processing. Architecture, Ring Architecture, Ring Chordal Architecture, Barrel Shifter Architecture, Fully Connected Architecture.
Advanced Operating System- IntroductionDebasis Das
Introduction to Advanced Operating systems. Many university courses run advanced/ distributed operating system courses in their 4 year engineering programs. This is based on WBUT CS 704 D course but matches many such courses run by different universities. If you need to downloaad this presentation, please send me an email at ddas15847@gmail.com
Distributed system lectures
Engineering + education purpose
This series of lectures was prepared for the fourth class of computer engineering / Baghdad/ Iraq.
This series is not completed yet, it is just a few lectures in the object.
Forgive me for anything wrong by mistake, I wish you can profit from these lectures
My regard
Marwa Moutaz/ M.Sc. studies of Communication Engineering / University of Technology/ Bagdad / Iraq.
A multiprocessor system consists of multiple processing units connected via some interconnection network plus the software needed to make the processing units work together.
A multiprocessor is a computer system with two or more central processing units (CPUs), with each one sharing the common main memory as well as the peripherals. This helps in simultaneous processing of programs.
The key objective of using a multiprocessor is to boost the system’s execution speed, with other objectives being fault tolerance and application matching.
A good illustration of a multiprocessor is a single central tower attached to two computer systems. A multiprocessor is regarded as a means to improve computing speeds, performance and cost-effectiveness, as well as to provide enhanced availability and reliability.
Multiprocessing, difference, advantages and disadvantagescrella7557
Interconnection of two or more CPUs with memory and input-output equipment.
The term “processor” in multiprocessor can mean either a central processing unit (CPU) or an input-output processor (IOP).
The components that forms multiprocessor are CPUs , IOPs connected to input output devices, and memory unit.
More than one processor with common memory, shared between processors.
Multiprocessors are classified as multiple instruction stream, multiple data stream (MIMD) systems.
This presentation elaborates what are multiprocessor operating systems, Multiprocessor Hardware, Multiprocessing models and frameworks, Multiprocessor Synchronization, Multiprocessor Scheduling, Applications of multiprocessing systems, Advantages, Disadvantages and Solutions and New trends of Multiprocessing.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
2. CONTENTS
Introduction
Why choose a Multiprocessor?
How multiprocessor are classified?
Interconnection structures.
References
3. INTRODUCTION
Multiprocessor system is an interconnection of two or more CPUs,
each sharing main memory and peripherals , in order to simultaneously
process programs.
Multiprocessing improves the reliability of the system, which means if
a fault causes one processor to fail , a second processor can be
assigned to perform the function of the disabled processor. Thus, a
system can continue to function correctly.
The main benefit derived from a multiprocessor organization is an
improved system performance.
The components that forms multiprocessor are CPUs , input-output
devices and memory unit shown below in a diagram…
4.
5. Why Choose a Multiprocessor?
A single CPU can only go so fast, use more than one CPU to improve
performance.
Multiple users
Multiple applications
Multi-tasking within an application
Responsiveness and/or throughput
Share hardware between CPUs
6. How Multiprocessor Are Classified?
Multiprocessor are classified by the way their
memory is organised, mainly it is classified into
two types, which include:
1. Tightly Coupled Multiprocessor.
2. Loosely Coupled Multiprocessor.
7. Tightly Coupled Multiprocessor
A multiprocessor system with common shared memory is classified
as a shared-memory or tightly coupled multiprocessor.
Most commercial tightly coupled multiprocessors provide a cache
memory with each CPU.
In addition, there is a global common memory that all CPUs can
access.
Information can therefore be shared among the CPUs by placing it
in the common global memory.
Tightly coupled systems are most efficient when the interaction
between tasks is higher.
8. Loosely Coupled Multiprocessor.
An alternative model of microprocessor is the distributed-memory
or loosely coupled system. Each processor element in a loosely
coupled system has its own private local memory.
The processors are tied together by a switching scheme designed to
route information from one processor to another through a
message passing scheme.
The processors relay program and data to other processors in
packets.
A packet consists of an address , the data content and some error
detection code.
Loosely coupled systems are most efficient when the interaction
between tasks is minimal.
9. INTERCONNECTION STRUCTURES
• The physical forms for establishing an interconnection network include:
BUS-ORIENTED SYSTEMS.
MULTIPORT MEMORY.
CROSSBAR-CONNECTION SYSTEMS.
MULTISTAGE SWITCHING NETWORK.
HYPERCUBE SYSTEM.
10. 1. BUS-ORIENTED SYSTEM
It is one of the simplest way and uses a shared bus to connect various
processors and memories.
A large number of processors can communicate with each other and with
the globally shared memory over a shared bus.
In a shared bus organisation ,there are main two points of contention .
These are the shared bus itself and the shared memory.
In order to reduce the contention, cache memory is used in two different
arrangements . These include:
Cache can be associated with the shared memory and processor
access it over the bus.
Cache can be associated with each individual processor.
11.
12. 2.MULTIPORT MEMORY
A multiport memory system employs separate buses between each
memory module and each CPU.
The module must have internal control logic to determine which port will
have access to memory at a given time.
Memory access conflicts are resolved by assigning fixed priorities to each
memory port.
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
High transfer rate can be
achieved because of multiple
paths.
It requires expensive memory
control logic and a large number
of cables and connections.
So good for systems with small
number of processors.
13.
14. 3. CROSSBAR CONNECTED SYSTEM
The crossbar represents the antithesis of the bus.
It allows simultaneous access of n processors to n memories , provided
that each processor accesses a different memory .Thus , it is free from
contention problem(occur only when more than one processor tries to
access the same memory at the same time).
The small square in each cross-point is a switch that determines the path
from a processor to a memory module.
ADVANTAGE DISADVANTAGE
Supports simultaneous transfers
from all memory modules.
The hardware required to implement
the switch can become quite large
and complex.
(n² cross-points to connect n
processors to n memories ).
15.
16. 4. MULTISTAGE SWITCHING NETWORK
Multistage interconnection network is a high-speed computer network
usually composed of processing elements on one end and memory
elements on the other end of the network connected by switching
elements.
A generalized form of multistage switch provides links between n inputs
and n outputs.
The switching network can connect any input to any output by making
appropriate connections in each of the stages.
Routing in this is usually fixed.
2 x 2 switches have 2 possible settings , straight and exchange, as shown
in figures below 0
1
0
1
Straight
0
1
0
1
Exchange
17. Some widely used multistage interconnection networks include:
Clos network
Benes network
Omega network
Baseline network
-Figure below shows the structure of an omega network using n CPUs and n
memories.
18. -The figure illustrates how 2 CPUs
A(001) and B(011) accesses two
different memory blocks M(001) and
N(11O).
-If any other CPU wants to access the
memory 001,it has to wait.
19. 5. HYPERCUBE INTERCONNECTION
The hypercube or binary n-cube multiprocessor structure is composed
of N=2ⁿ processor interconnected in an n-dimensional binary cube.
Each processor forms a node of the cube containing not only a CPU but
also local memory and I/0 interface .
Each processor address differs from that of each of its n neighbours by
exactly one bit position.
-ADVANTAGES
• It incurs less cost.
• The communication between adjacent nodes is direct.
21. Each processor in a hypercube has direct physical link to log2n
other nodes in a n-node system.
For example , if N=8 then each node has direct links to log28=3
other nodes as shown in the figure below:
22. REFERENCES
M . Morris Mano Computer System
Architecture.
Aakriti Sharma , Advance Computer
Architecture in simple steps.