This document discusses multiprocessor systems and their classification. It defines a multiprocessor system as having two or more CPUs with shared memory and I/O. Multiprocessor systems are classified as tightly coupled, with shared memory accessible to all CPUs, or loosely coupled, with each CPU having its own local memory. The document compares tightly and loosely coupled systems and discusses various interconnection structures used in multiprocessors like common buses, multiport memory, crossbar switches, and hypercube networks.

1. Presented by :- Irfan Khan
Presented to :- Miss. Abhilasha Vyas
(HOD)

3.  Introduction
 Multicomputer v/s Multiprocessor
 Multiprocessor classified
 Interconnection structure

4.  Multiprocessor system is an interconnection
of two or more central processing unit (CPUs)
with memory and input and output
equipment.
 A multiprocessor is regarded as a means to
improve computing speed , performance and
to provide availability and reliability.
 Multiprocessor are MIMD system.
 MIMD refers as multiple Instruction , multiple
data.

5.  Multiprocessor - A Multiprocessor system is a
simply a computer that has more than one
central processing unit on its motherboards.
 Multicomputer – A multicomputer is a
multiple computer that are interconnected
with each other through a communication
lines.

6.  Multiprocessor are classified by the way their
memory is organized , mainly it is classified
into two types.
1. Tightly coupled multiprocessor
2. Loosely coupled multiprocessor

7.  A multiprocessor is a tightly coupled computer
System having two or more processing unit
each sharing main memory and peripherals in
order to simultaneously process program .
 Tightly coupled Multiprocessor is also known
as shared memory system.

8. CPU CPU CPU
System bus
Shared
Memory

9.  A loosely coupled multiprocessor system
having two or more processing unit each its
own private local memory .
 Loosely coupled multiprocessor is also know
as distributed memory or shared as well as
local memory.

10. CPU CPU CPU
System bus
Shared
Memory
Local
Memory
Local
Memory
Local
Memory

11. Basic for
comparison
Loosely coupled Tightly coupled
Basic Each processor has its
own memory module.
Processor have shared
memory module
Efficient Efficient when the tasks
running has minimal
interaction.
Higher degree if
interaction between
processor and is
efficient for high
speed .
Degree of coupling Low High
Interconnection Message transfer system
(MST)
(PMIN) , (IOPIN) , (ISIN)
Data Rate Low High
Expensive Less expensive More Expensive

12.  There are several physical forms available for
establishing an interconnection network.
1. Time shared common bus
2. Multiport memory
3. Cross bar switch
4. Multistage switching network
5. Hypercube system

13.  A common bus multiprocessor system consist
of a number of processors connected through
a common path to a memory unit.
Memory unit
CPU CPU CPU CPU CPU

14.  A multiport memory system employs separate
buses between each memory module and
each CPU.

15.  The cross bar switch consist of a number of
cross points that are placed at intersection
between processor buses and memory
module paths.

16.  The basic components of a multistage
network is a two input , two output
interchange switch.

17.  The hypercube or binary n-cube
multiprocessor structure is loosely coupled
system composed of N=2 processor
interconnected in an n-dimensional binary
cube.
n