The document provides an introduction to distributed systems, defining them as a collection of independent computers that communicate over a network to act as a single coherent system. It discusses the motivation for and characteristics of distributed systems, including concurrency, lack of a global clock, and independence of failures. Architectural categories of distributed systems include tightly coupled and loosely coupled, with examples given of different types of distributed systems such as database management systems, ATM networks, and the internet.
Inter-Process Communication in distributed systemsAya Mahmoud
Inter-Process Communication is at the heart of all distributed systems, so we need to know the ways that processes can exchange information.
Communication in distributed systems is based on Low-level message passing as offered by the underlying network.
Inter-Process Communication in distributed systemsAya Mahmoud
Inter-Process Communication is at the heart of all distributed systems, so we need to know the ways that processes can exchange information.
Communication in distributed systems is based on Low-level message passing as offered by the underlying network.
4.1Introduction
- Potential Threats and Attacks on Computer System
- Confinement Problems
- Design Issues in Building Secure Distributed Systems
4.2 Cryptography
- Symmetric Cryptosystem Algorithm: DES
- Asymmetric Cryptosystem
4.3 Secure Channels
- Authentication
- Message Integrity and Confidentiality
- Secure Group Communication
4.4 Access Control
- General Issues
- Firewalls
- Secure Mobile Code
4.5 Security Management
- Key Management
- Issues in Key Distribution
- Secure Group Management
- Authorization Management
Replication in computing involves sharing information so as to ensure consistency between redundant resources, such as software or hardware components, to improve reliability, fault-tolerance, or accessibility.
Overview of Network Programming, Remote Procedure Calls, Remote Method Invocation, Message Oriented Communication, and web services in distributed systems
DDBMS, characteristics, Centralized vs. Distributed Database, Homogeneous DDBMS, Heterogeneous DDBMS, Advantages, Disadvantages, What is parallel database, Data fragmentation, Replication, Distribution Transaction
Distributed Systems Introduction and Importance SHIKHA GAUTAM
Distributed Systems Introduction and Importance. It covers the following Topics: Characterization of Distributed Systems: Introduction, Examples of distributed Systems, Resource sharing and the Web Challenges. Architectural models, Fundamental Models.
Theoretical Foundation for Distributed System: Limitation of Distributed system, absence of global clock, shared memory, Logical clocks ,Lamport’s & vectors logical clocks.
Concepts in Message Passing System.
4.1Introduction
- Potential Threats and Attacks on Computer System
- Confinement Problems
- Design Issues in Building Secure Distributed Systems
4.2 Cryptography
- Symmetric Cryptosystem Algorithm: DES
- Asymmetric Cryptosystem
4.3 Secure Channels
- Authentication
- Message Integrity and Confidentiality
- Secure Group Communication
4.4 Access Control
- General Issues
- Firewalls
- Secure Mobile Code
4.5 Security Management
- Key Management
- Issues in Key Distribution
- Secure Group Management
- Authorization Management
Replication in computing involves sharing information so as to ensure consistency between redundant resources, such as software or hardware components, to improve reliability, fault-tolerance, or accessibility.
Overview of Network Programming, Remote Procedure Calls, Remote Method Invocation, Message Oriented Communication, and web services in distributed systems
DDBMS, characteristics, Centralized vs. Distributed Database, Homogeneous DDBMS, Heterogeneous DDBMS, Advantages, Disadvantages, What is parallel database, Data fragmentation, Replication, Distribution Transaction
Distributed Systems Introduction and Importance SHIKHA GAUTAM
Distributed Systems Introduction and Importance. It covers the following Topics: Characterization of Distributed Systems: Introduction, Examples of distributed Systems, Resource sharing and the Web Challenges. Architectural models, Fundamental Models.
Theoretical Foundation for Distributed System: Limitation of Distributed system, absence of global clock, shared memory, Logical clocks ,Lamport’s & vectors logical clocks.
Concepts in Message Passing System.
distributed system chapter one introduction to distribued system.pdflematadese670
distributed system chapter one introduction to distribued system
Your score increases as you pick a category, fill out a long description and add more tags distributed system chapter one introduction to distribued system distributed system chapter one introduction to distribued system distributed system chapter one introduction to distribued system
Distributed System Unit 1 Notes by Dr. Nilam Choudhary, SKIT JaipurDrNilam Choudhary
Distributed System is a collection of autonomous computer systems that are physically separated but are connected by a centralized computer network that is equipped with distributed system software. The autonomous computers will communicate among each system by sharing resources and files and performing the tasks assigned to them.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
2. INTRODUCTION TO DISTRIBUTED
SYSTEMS
`
Definition
Motivation for Distributed system
Architectural Categories
Characteristics, Issues, Goals,
Advantages
Disadvantages
3. DEFINITION
A distributed system is a collection of independent
computers, interconnected via a network, capable of
collaborating on a task.
A distributed system can be characterized as collection of
multiple autonomous computers that communicate over a
communication network and having following features:
No common Physical clock
Enhanced Reliability
Increased performance/cost ratio
Access to geographically remote data and resources
Scalability
3
4. DEFINITION CNTD…
Distributed system is a collection of independent
entities that cooperate to solve a problem that cannot
be solved individually.
So, basically it is nothing but a collection of computers.
DCS do not share a common memory or do not have a
common physical clock, and the only way they can
communicate is through the message passing and for
that they require a communication network
5. Definition of a Distributed System
A distributed system is (Tannenbaum):
A collection of independent computers that
appears to its users as a single coherent
system.
A distributed system is (Lamport):
One in which the failure of a computer you
didn't even know existed can render your
own computer unusable
6. Overview…
Distributed system connects autonomous processors by
communication network.
The software component that run on each of the
computers use the local operating system and network
protocol stack.
The distributed software is termed as middleware.
The distributed execution is the execution of the
processes across the distributed system to collectively
achieve a common goal.
7. Motivation for Distributed system
Inherently distributed computation that is many
applications such as money transfer in the banking, or
reaching a consensus among the parties that are
geographically distant, the computation is inherently
distributed.
Resource sharing the sharing of the resources such as
peripherals, and a complete data set and so on and so forth.
Access the geographically remote data and resources, such
as bank database, supercomputer and so on.
Reliability enhanced reliability possibility of replicating the
resources and execution to enhance the reliability.
10. TIGHTLY COUPLED SYSTEMS
In these systems, there is a single system wide
primary memory (address space) that is shared
by all the processors . Usually tightly coupled
systems are referred to as parallel processing
systems.
CPU CPU
System-
Wide
Shared
memory CPU
Interconnection hardware
CPU
11. LOOSELY COUPLED SYSTEMS
In these systems, the processors do not share
memory, and each processor has its own local
memory .Loosely coupled systems are referred
to as distributed computing systems, or simply
distributed systems
Local memory
CPU
Local memory
CPU
Local memory
CPU
Local memory
CPU
Communication network
13. EXAMPLES OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
Database Management System
Automatic Teller Machine Network
Internet/World-Wide Web
Mobile and Ubiquitous Computing
13
18. WEB SERVERS AND WEB BROWSERS
18
Internet
Browsers
Web servers
www.google.com
www.uu.se
www.w3c.org
Protocols
Activity.html
http://www.w3c.org/Protocols/Activity.html
http://www.google.comlsearch?q=lyu
http://www.uu.se/
File system of
www.w3c.org
19. MOBILE AND UBIQUITOUS COMPUTING
19
Laptop
Mobile
Printer
Camera
Internet
Host intranet Home intranet
GSM/GPRS
Wireless LAN
phone
gateway
Host site
20. Distributed System
A distributed system organized as middleware. The
middleware layer extends over multiple machines,
and offers each application the same interface.
22. Making resources accessible
• The main goal of a distributed system is to make it
easy for the users (and applications) to access
remote resources, and to share them in a controlled
and efficient way.
• Resources can be just about anything, but typical
examples include things like printers, computers,
storage facilities, data, files, Web pages, and
networks,
Reasons to share resources.
• Economics.
23. OPENNESS
An open distributed system is a system that offers
services according to standard rules that describe
the syntax and semantics of those services.
Detailed interfaces of components need to be
published.
New components have to be integrated with
existing components. An open distributed system
should also be extensible.
Differences in data representation of interface types
on different processors (of different vendors) have
to be resolved.
23
24. TRANSPARENCY
Distributed systems should be perceived by users
and application programmers as a whole rather
than as a collection of cooperating components.
Ability to hide the fact that process and resources
are distributed .
Transparency has different aspects.
These represent various properties that distributed
systems should have.
24
26. ACCESS TRANSPARENCY
Enables local and remote information objects to be
accessed using identical operations.
Example: File system operations in NFS.
Example: Navigation in the Web.
Example: SQL Queries
26
27. LOCATION TRANSPARENCY
Enables information objects to be accessed
without knowledge of their location.
Example: File system operations in NFS
Example: Pages in the Web
Example: Tables in distributed databases
27
28. CONCURRENCY TRANSPARENCY
Enables several processes to operate
concurrently using shared information objects
without interference between them.
Example: NFS
Example: Automatic teller machine network
Example: Database management system
28
29. REPLICATION TRANSPARENCY
Enables multiple instances of information
objects to be used to increase reliability and
performance without knowledge of the replicas
by users or application programs
Example: Distributed DBMS
Example: Mirroring Web Pages.
29
30. FAILURE TRANSPARENCY
Enables the concealment of faults
Allows users and applications to complete their
tasks despite the failure of other components.
Partial failure transparency is achievable but
complete failure transparency is not possible
Example: Database Management System
30
31. MIGRATION TRANSPARENCY
Allows the movement of information objects
within a system without affecting the operations
of users or application programs
Relocation Transparency:
Situation in which resources can be relocated
while they are being accessed without the user
or application noticing anything. In such cases,
the system is said to support relocation
transparency.
31
32. PERFORMANCE TRANSPARENCY
Allows the system to be reconfigured to
improve performance as loads vary.
Load should be evenly distributed among all the
machines.
32
33. SCALING TRANSPARENCY
Allows the system and applications to expand
in scale without change to the system structure
or the application algorithms.
Example: World-Wide-Web
Example: Distributed Database
33
34. HETEROGENEITY
Variety and differences in
Networks
Computer hardware
Operating systems
Programming languages
Implementations by different developers
34
35. SECURITY
In a distributed system, clients send requests to
access data managed by servers, resources in
the networks:
Doctors requesting records from hospitals
Users purchase products through electronic commerce
Security is required for:
Concealing the contents of messages: security and privacy
Identifying a remote user or other agent correctly
(authentication)
New challenges:
Denial of service attack
Security of mobile code
35
36. FAILURE HANDLING (FAULT
TOLERANCE)
Hardware, software and networks fail!
Distributed systems must maintain availability
even at low levels of hardware/software/network
reliability.
Fault tolerance is achieved by
recovery
redundancy
36
37. CONCURRENCY
Components in distributed systems are
executed in concurrent processes.
Components access and update shared
resources (e.g. variables, databases, device
drivers).
Integrity of the system may be violated if
concurrent updates are not coordinated.
37
38. SCALABILITY
Scalability of a system can be measured along at
least three different dimensions
scalability with respect to size: meaning that we can
easily add more users and resources to the system.
geographically scalable :system is one in which the
users and resources may lie far apart.
Administratively scalable: meaning that it can still be
easy to manage even if it spans many independent
administrative organizations.
39. SCALING TECHNIQUES
Hiding communication latencies
Asynchronous communication
Allocate more job to client machine
Distribution
Distribution involves taking a component, splitting it into
smaller parts, and subsequently spreading those parts
across the system. An excellent example of distribution
is the Internet Domain Name System (DNS)
Replicate
40. 4. BASIC DESIGN ISSUES
Specific issues for distributed systems:
Naming
Communication
Software structure
System architecture
Workload allocation
Consistency maintenance
40
41. NAMING
A name is resolved when translated into an
interpretable form for resource/object reference.
Communication identifier (IP address + port number)
Name resolution involves several translation steps
Design considerations
Choice of name space for each resource type
Name service to resolve resource names to comm. id.
Name services include naming context resolution,
hierarchical structure, resource protection
41
42. COMMUNICATION
Separated components communicate with sending
processes and receiving processes for data transfer
and synchronization.
Message passing: send and receive primitives
synchronous or blocking
asynchronous or non-blocking
Abstractions defined: channels, sockets, ports.
Communication patterns: client-server
communication (e.g., RPC, function shipping) and
group multicast
42
43. SOFTWARE STRUCTURE
Layers in centralized computer systems:
43
Applications
Middleware
Operating system
Computer and Network Hardware
44. SOFTWARE STRUCTURE
Layers and dependencies in distributed systems:
44
Applications
Distributed programming
support
Open
services
Open system kernel services
Computer and network hardware
46. ADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM
Information Sharing among Distributed Users
Resource Sharing
Extensibility and Incremental growth
Shorter Response Time and Higher Output
Higher Reliability
Better Flexibility’s in meeting User’s needs
Better price/performance ratio
Scalability
Transparency
7
47. DISADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED
SYSTEM
Difficulties of developing distributed
software
Networking Problem
Security Problems
Performance
Openness
Reliability and Fault Tolerance
8
48. REFERENCES:
Tanenbaum, Andrew S., and Maarten Van
Steen. Distributed systems: principles and
paradigms. Prentice-Hall, 2007.
Sinha, Pradeep K. Distributed operating systems:
concepts and design. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 1998.
NOC:Distributed Systems,NPTEL