The document discusses different models for representing systems, including the IPO (Input-Process-Output) model and data flow diagrams. It also covers Gantt charts, which are bar charts used for project scheduling and management. Gantt charts illustrate the start and end dates of project elements and can show progress over time. The document provides steps for creating a Gantt chart, such as understanding the project breakdown structure, gathering task information, estimating timelines, arranging tasks visually, and evaluating dependencies between elements.

2. A functional model and conceptual
schema of a general system.
An IPO chart/table identifies a
program’s inputs, its outputs, and
the processing steps required to
transform the inputs into the
outputs.

3.  The IPO model has many interdisciplinary
applications, and is used to convey
systems fundamentals in IT overview
education and as a brainstorming
 Preliminary investigation tool in systems
development processes such as the
SDLC.
 It consists of at least three, and
sometimes four, distinct components.

4. Input - is the data flowing into the system from
outside.
The next stage in the information flow is the
input data being manipulated in some way.
Processing- is the action of manipulating the
input into a more useful form.

5. The final stage in the information flow
is normally to present the information
in a user-friendly way.
Output- is the information flowing out
of the system.

6. The components of the IPO model are defined as:
I: Input - The information, ideas, and resources used
in creating a program
P: Processing - Actions taken upon/using input or
stored material
O: Output - Results of the processing that then exit
the system
S: Storage - Location(s) where material inside the
system is/are placed for possible use at a later point
in time

8.  A system flow chart, or data flow chart, is
used to describe the flow of data through a
complete data-processing system.
 Although the flow chart may indicate the
specific programs used, no details are given
of how the programs process the data.

9.  A program flow chart is used to describe
the flow of data through a particular
computer program, showing the exact
sequence of operations performed by that
program in order to process the data.
 Different graphic symbols are used to
represent data input and output, decisions,
branches, and subroutines.

12.  A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart, developed by Henry
Gantt in the 1910s, that illustrates a project schedule.
 Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the
terminal elements and summary elements of a project.
 Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the
work breakdown structure of the project.
 Gantt charts can be used to show current schedule status
using percent-complete shadings and a vertical "TODAY"
line as shown here.

13. A Gantt chart is a type of bar chart for project
management.
Using a Gantt chart can help fine-tune the
project timeline for any size of project, and helps
in many general planning tasks.
For those who want to create a Gantt chart to
help with time management, organization or in-depth
analysis of a project, here are some of the
most common steps involved in that process.

16. 1Understand the work breakdown structure.
o The Gantt chart is meant to help with a
comprehensive goal of planning and implementing a
work breakdown structure, which is the overall
structure of the project.
o Knowing more about what this means can be useful
for those who are planning to build a Gantt chart or
use a related software resource.
o Learn about terminal and summary elements.
Terminal elements and summary elements are two
different types of project phases or modules that have

18. 2.Gather necessary information about
all steps or processes included in a
greater project.
This information is what the project
manager will use to build the Gantt
chart.

20. 3. Build timelines.
o While looking at all of the assembled
information, determine how long each project
step or process will take.
o Add this into the mix, and plot lengths for
individual bars that will represent phases or
processes.
o Shift times for results.

22. 3. With a general time frame in mind for each
step or process, situate these within the greater
Gantt chart to arrive at a deadline for each
element.
 It can help to stagger processes to ensure
smoother operations or eliminate cluster dates,
which can overwhelm the project manager.

24. 4. Lay out all of the bars on the graph.
 The Gantt chart assembles all pieces relative
to a fixed deadline.
 Within a greater project deadline, the timeline
for smaller processes becomes clear for those
who are looking at the Gantt chart.

26. 5. Evaluate dependency or relationships
between phases or processes.
 Looking at the Gantt chart can also make it
clear which parts of a project are dependent
on others.
 Software tools can have advanced features
that can help human decision makers to learn
more from viewing the visual Gantt chart.

28. 6. Implement the Gantt chart in software.
Many project managers choose to take all of the
information on a Gantt chart and input it into a
software environment.
For example, the Excel spreadsheet tool can be
an effective home for a Gantt chart. Choose
appropriate software and digitize the Gantt chart
to help work it into a greater software
architecture.