Meeting w9 chapter 3 part 2
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The document discusses data acquisition, conversion, and distribution systems in digital control systems. It describes how physical variables are converted to electrical signals via transducers, then amplified and filtered before being multiplexed and converted to digital signals using analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). It provides examples of calculating quantization levels and ADC outputs. Counter-type and successive-approximation ADCs are discussed as common conversion methods.
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This document discusses analog to digital conversion (ADC). It explains that an analog signal is continuous while a digital signal is discrete. An ADC converts an analog signal to a digital signal using two main steps: 1) quantization which breaks down the analog value into discrete states and 2) encoding which assigns a binary number to each state. There are three main types of ADCs: flash ADCs which are very fast but expensive; dual slope ADCs which are slower but cheaper; and successive approximation ADCs which provide a balance between speed and cost. The document provides details on how each type of ADC works.
Fundamental of MSD Module-III Part-a.ppt
This document discusses data converter fundamentals including ideal and practical analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters. It describes the basic concepts of converting between analog and digital signals, types of A/D converters including flash, successive approximation, and counter converters. It also discusses performance limitations, quantization noise, and interfacing temperature sensors.
Analog to digital converter
This document discusses analog to digital converters (ADCs). It defines an ADC as a device that converts analog signals to digital signals. It notes that embedded systems often involve analog signals that need to be converted to digital for processing by microcontrollers. The document describes the basic components and functions of an ADC, including registers like the ADMUX and ADCSRA. It outlines several types of ADCs, including counter type, integrating type, parallel type, and successive approximation type. It concludes by mentioning some applications of ADCs like music recording and digital signal processing.
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTOR
The document discusses different types of analog to digital converters (ADCs). It describes 6 main types - counter/ramp ADC, tracking ADC, successive approximation ADC, flash ADC, delta-sigma ADC, and dual slope integrating ADC. For each type it provides a brief overview of the operating principle and block diagram. It also discusses important ADC specifications and parameters such as resolution, quantization error, dynamic range, signal to noise ratio, aperture delay etc.
05 analog control_sp15
This document discusses analog control systems used with programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and programmable automation controllers (PACs). It describes how analog signals have continuous values between on and off, unlike discrete signals. It then explains that PLCs and PACs use analog input/output modules to interface with field devices that have continuously varying signals, such as temperature sensors, pressure sensors, motors etc. The document provides details on analog signal processing, including analog to digital conversion using ADCs and digital to analog conversion using DACs. It discusses key specifications for analog I/O modules such as resolution, conversion time and settling time.
Sensors And Actuators
The document discusses sensors, actuators, and input/output devices used in computer-controlled processes. It describes:
1) Sensors that measure continuous and discrete process variables and transmit signals to computers.
2) Actuators that receive signals from computers to control continuous and discrete process parameters.
3) Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion devices that allow computers to interface with analog sensors and actuators.
4) Input/output devices that allow computers to interface with discrete and pulse data from processes.
Analog to Digital Converters
The document discusses analog to digital conversion. It begins by explaining the difference between analog and digital signals. It then provides examples of applications that require analog to digital conversion like microphones and thermocouples. The document discusses the two main steps in analog to digital conversion - quantization, which breaks down the analog value into discrete states, and encoding, which assigns a digital value to each state. It also discusses factors that affect accuracy like resolution and sampling rate. Finally, it describes several types of analog to digital converters like flash ADCs, sigma-delta ADCs, dual slope ADCs, and successive approximation ADCs.
03 analog control_sp17
Basics covering analog signals, PLC analog input modules, transducers/transmitters and the wiring of input transducers/transmitters to the PLC analog input module. Single ended and differential wiring are also discussed.
Top schools in noida
The document discusses various methods of analog to digital conversion including flash, counter ramp, and successive approximation converters. It explains key concepts such as quantization, aliasing, and the need for sample-and-hold circuits. Specifically:
1) Flash converters use a comparator for each discrete level which is not practical for more than 10-bit converters. Counter-ramp converters use a DAC, comparator, and counter to incrementally compare the input. Successive approximation converters iteratively test bit weights using a comparator.
2) Quantization results in errors as analog signals can only be represented by discrete digital values. More bits provide higher resolution but reference voltage accuracy must also be precise.
3) Aliasing may
MODULE-2_SIGNAL_CONDITIONING.pptx
The document provides information about signal conditioning and electro-mechanical drives. It discusses topics such as signal conditioning including hardware, filtering noise, digital signal processing, and data acquisition systems. It also covers electro-mechanical drives including relays, solenoids, stepper motors, DC motors, servo motors, and pulse width modulation.
Top schools in noida
The document discusses various topics related to analog to digital conversion:
1. It describes different methods for analog to digital conversion including flash converters, counter-ramp converters, and successive approximation converters. Each method has advantages and disadvantages related to speed and cost.
2. It discusses the concepts of sampling rate, quantization, and aliasing. It explains that the sampling rate must be at least twice the highest signal frequency to avoid aliasing.
3. It covers sample-and-hold circuits which are used to "hold" the analog input signal during the conversion process so that it does not change. This helps overcome problems related to converting changing analog signals.
adc dac converter
This document provides information about analog to digital conversion and digital to analog conversion. It discusses different types of converters including flash ADCs, successive approximation ADCs, dual slope ADCs, R-2R ladder DACs, and weighted resistor DACs. It also covers analog and digital signals, the conversion processes, and applications of ADCs and DACs in areas like data acquisition and fiber optic communication.
Meeting w10 chapter 3 part 3
The document discusses digital control system data distribution and components. It describes how a demultiplexer separates digital controller output into channels connected to DACs to produce analog signals. It also explains how an 8-bit DAC works by converting a digital input to an analog output voltage proportional to the reference voltage. The digital controller uses ADCs and DACs to interface with analog systems and executes control algorithms to regulate processes.
analog to digital converter.ppt
The document discusses analog-to-digital converters (ADCs), including what they are, the conversion process from analog to digital signals, examples of ADC applications, and different types of ADCs such as successive approximation, flash, dual slope, and delta-sigma ADCs. It also provides details on the ADC subsystem and registers of the MC9S12C32 microcontroller.
Chap 3. signal processing elemnt part three
An analog-to-digital converter (ADC) converts a continuous analog signal to a discrete digital signal. It uses two main processes: quantization, which breaks down the analog value into a set of finite states, and encoding, which assigns a digital word to each state. An ADC uses sampling to take discrete voltage measurements of a signal over time. A digital-to-analog converter (DAC) performs the opposite conversion, reconstructing an analog signal from a digital code. DACs use techniques like binary weighted resistors or R-2R ladders to generate weighted voltage levels corresponding to each bit in the digital input code.
Adc dac converter
The document discusses digital to analog (DAC/D/A) and analog to digital (ADC/A/D) conversion. It describes how DACs convert binary digital signals into analog voltages using techniques like weighted resistor networks and R-2R ladder circuits. ADCs convert analog voltages to digital codes, with common types being counter-based, dual-slope integrating, flash, and successive approximation converters. Successive approximation ADCs are widely used in laboratories due to their reasonable cost and conversion speeds of around 10-20ms.
Data acquisition system
1) The document discusses analog and digital representation of physical quantities. It explains that analog representation uses proportional quantities that vary continuously, while digital representation uses discrete symbols or digits.
2) It then describes different types of data acquisition systems - analog systems that use continuously varying representations and digital systems that use discrete representations.
3) The key techniques of analog to digital conversion (ADC) and digital to analog conversion (DAC) are explained. ADC converts a continuous analog signal to a discrete digital signal, while DAC performs the reverse conversion.
Raspberry Pi - Lecture 4 Hardware Interfacing Special Cases
This document discusses hardware interfacing concepts for the Raspberry Pi including ADC, PWM, polling, and interrupts. It defines ADC as converting an analog voltage to a digital number, and describes concepts like sampling, quantization, and resolution. PWM is defined as encoding a message into a pulsing signal to control power to devices like motors by switching voltage on and off rapidly. Duty cycle represents the proportion of on time. Polling constantly checks for required information, while interrupts allow a program to be interrupted when important information is available.
simple ADC Interfacing
Interfacing of ADC is explained in this ppt. Micro controller used here is ATMEGA 16 and language used is embedded C.
Architecture of Smart Sensors.ppt
This document discusses the architecture and components of smart sensors. It describes key features of smart sensors such as automatic calibration and data storage. The main components discussed include sensing elements, data acquisition systems, signal conditioning devices, conversion devices, filters, processors, and communication interfaces. It provides details on signal conditioning, different types of signal conditioners, and their requirements. It also covers analog to digital conversion methods including sampling, quantization, and coding.
Similar to Meeting w9 chapter 3 part 2 (20)
Raspberry Pi - Lecture 4 Hardware Interfacing Special Cases
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Chapter 4 frequency modulation
1) Frequency modulation (FM) varies the instantaneous frequency of the carrier signal in proportion to an input modulating signal. This produces sidebands around the carrier frequency.
2) FM is considered superior to amplitude modulation (AM) due to better fidelity, noise immunity, and transmission efficiency. However, FM requires more bandwidth than AM.
3) The modulation index determines the number of significant sidebands and bandwidth occupied. It is defined as the peak frequency deviation divided by the modulating signal frequency.
Chapter 3 am receivers
1) This document discusses different types of AM receivers including their components and characteristics. It covers AM demodulators such as envelope detectors and product detectors used to extract the audio signal from the AM carrier wave.
2) Key receiver parameters that determine performance are discussed such as selectivity, sensitivity, bandwidth improvement factor, dynamic range, fidelity and insertion loss. Selectivity refers to a receiver's ability to reject unwanted signals, while sensitivity is the minimum signal it can detect.
3) Bandwidth improvement factor reduces noise by decreasing the ratio of RF bandwidth to IF bandwidth. Dynamic range is the range between minimum and maximum usable input signals before distortion occurs.
Ch8 file processing
This chapter discusses file processing in C programming. It introduces file input/output (I/O) operations, including declaring FILE variables, opening and closing files, reading from and writing to files, and checking for end of file. The key steps are to declare a FILE pointer variable, use fopen() to open a file, perform file I/O operations like fprintf() and fscanf(), and close the file using fclose(). File opening is verified by checking if fopen() returns NULL. End of file is detected using the feof() function.
Ch6 pointers (latest)
This document discusses pointers in C programming. It defines pointers as variables that contain memory addresses and can be used to indirectly access and manipulate other variables. It covers declaring and initializing pointer variables, pointer operators like address-of and dereference, using pointers to call functions, and arrays of pointers. Examples are provided to illustrate pointers to integers, characters, and how pointers can traverse arrays by incrementing the pointer. Exercises at the end demonstrate assigning a pointer variable the address of another variable and printing the value of the object pointed to.
Ch5 array nota
The document discusses one-dimensional and two-dimensional arrays in C programming. It covers declaring, initializing, and referencing arrays, as well as passing arrays to functions. Some key points include: declaring arrays with data type, name, and number of elements; initializing arrays at compile-time or run-time; referencing array elements with the array name and index/subscript; and passing an entire array or individual elements to functions by reference or by value. Two-dimensional arrays have rows and columns accessed by two indices/subscripts.
Ch4 functions
The document introduces functions in C programming. It discusses defining and calling library functions and user-defined functions, passing arguments to functions, returning values from functions, and writing recursive functions. Functions allow breaking programs into modular and reusable units of code. Library functions perform common tasks like input/output and math operations. User-defined functions are created to perform specific tasks. Information is passed between functions via arguments and return values.
Ch3 selection
The document discusses different types of control structures in C programming including selection structures like if, if-else, and switch statements that allow a program to select one or multiple execution paths based on conditions. It provides examples of how to use if, if-else, and switch statements to write programs that can make decisions and execute different code blocks depending on runtime values or conditions. Selection structures allow a program to execute different code for different conditions rather than just sequential execution.
Ch3 repetition
The document summarizes common repetition structures in C programming including while, do-while, for loops as well as break, continue, and exit statements. It explains that repetition structures allow code to execute repeatedly while a condition is true and covers the syntax and usage of each structure.
Ch2 introduction to c
This document provides an introduction to the C programming language. It discusses fundamental C elements like data types, variables, constants, operators, and input/output functions. It explains how a basic C program is structured and compiled. Examples are provided to demonstrate simple C statements, arithmetic expressions, and how to write and run a first program that prints text. The key topics covered include basic syntax, program structure, data types, identifiers, operators, and input/output functions like printf() and scanf().
Ch1 principles of software development
The document provides an overview of software development principles including introduction to programming, problem solving and the software development approach, and algorithm representation. It discusses programming languages, problem statements, software development methods, types of errors, documentation, and techniques for representing algorithms like pseudocode and flowcharts. Examples are provided to illustrate these concepts.
Ch7 structures
The document discusses structures in C programming. It defines structures as a way to group individual elements of different types together under a single name. Structures allow defining custom data types that can contain integers, floats, chars, arrays, pointers, and other structures. The key points covered include defining structures, initializing structure members, nested structures, arrays of structures, pointers to structures, and passing structures to functions.
13 atm
ATM uses fixed-sized cells to transfer data over both virtual channel connections (VCCs) and virtual path connections (VPCs). It supports multiple service categories including constant bit rate, variable bit rate, available bit rate and unspecified bit rate. The ATM protocol architecture defines layers for the user plane, control plane, and management plane. It uses the ATM adaptation layer to map data from upper layer services into ATM cells for transmission over the ATM layer and physical layer.
12 wireless la-ns
- Wireless LANs use wireless transmission medium and were initially more expensive and had lower data rates than wired LANs, but these issues have been addressed and wireless LAN popularity has grown rapidly.
- Wireless LANs can be used to extend existing LANs without installing new cabling, ease reconfiguration of networks, and provide connectivity in areas not suited for wired LANs, but have not replaced wired LANs overall.
- Wireless LAN technologies include infrared and spread spectrum systems operating in unlicensed bands, with spread spectrum becoming more common due to longer range and better building penetration.
11 circuit-packet
Circuit switching and packet switching are two methods for transferring data across networks. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations by reserving bandwidth for the duration of the call. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently across the network and reassembled at the destination. It allows for more efficient use of bandwidth by allowing packets from multiple messages to share transmission resources.
10 high speedla-ns
The document discusses high-speed local area networks (LANs). It describes how Ethernet has evolved from 10 Mbps to support speeds of 1 Gbps and 10 Gbps through different MAC protocols. Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet are discussed in terms of their physical specifications and configurations. The evolution of wireless LANs and the IEEE 802.3 MAC protocols including CSMA/CD and its variants are also summarized. Applications that require high-speed LANs and the technologies that enable speeds of 10 Gbps are briefly outlined.
9 lan
Local area networks can use different topologies and transmission mediums. Common topologies include bus, ring, and star. Transmission mediums include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optic cable. Bridges connect different LANs and repeat frames between them in a transparent manner. Spanning tree protocols allow bridges to dynamically establish loop-free routes between LANs. Layer 2 switches improve performance over shared bus and hub architectures by providing dedicated bandwidth to each connected device.
8 spread spectrum
The document discusses different types of spread spectrum techniques used in wireless communications including frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS), direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS), and code division multiple access (CDMA). It explains that spread spectrum works by spreading data over a wider bandwidth through techniques like frequency hopping or spreading each bit into multiple bits, making the signal harder to intercept or jam. The receiver is able to recover the original data by using the same spreading code or sequence as the transmitter.
7 multiplexing
Multiplexing allows multiple transmission sources to share a larger transmission capacity through techniques like frequency division multiplexing (FDM) and time division multiplexing (TDM). FDM allocates different carrier frequencies to different signals so they do not overlap. TDM interleaves multiple digital signals in time by assigning fixed time slots. Statistical TDM dynamically allocates time slots based on demand to make more efficient use of bandwidth compared to synchronous TDM which allocates slots even if they are empty.
6 data linkcontrol
Data link control protocols provide flow control and error control to ensure reliable data transmission. Flow control prevents buffer overflow by regulating transmission rate. Error control detects and corrects errors through techniques like error detection, acknowledgments, and retransmissions of damaged frames. Common protocols include stop-and-wait, go-back-N, and selective reject under HDLC which is a widely used standard.
5 digital datacomm
Digital data communication techniques require synchronization between transmitters and receivers. There are two main solutions:
1) Asynchronous transmission synchronizes on a per-character basis, resynchronizing with each character.
2) Synchronous transmission synchronizes transmitters and receivers at the bit level or block level, preventing timing drift through synchronized clocks.
3) Error detection and correction techniques like parity checks and cyclic redundancy checks are used to detect errors, while forward error correction allows detection and correction of errors.
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Meeting w9 chapter 3 part 2
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