It is a digital representation of an analog signal that takes samples of the amplitude of the analog signal at regular intervals. The sampled analog data is changed to, and then represented by, binary data.
It is a digital representation of an analog signal that takes samples of the amplitude of the analog signal at regular intervals. The sampled analog data is changed to, and then represented by, binary data.
The content is related to Analog electronics. The prEsentation contains ADC process, Sampling and holding, Quantizing and encoding, Flash ADC, Pipeline ADC etc.
A signal is a pattern of variation that carry information.
Signals are represented mathematically as a function of one or more independent variable
basic concept of signals
types of signals
system concepts
Classification of signals and systems as well as their properties are given in the PPT .Examples related to types of signals and systems are also given .
The content is related to Analog electronics. The prEsentation contains ADC process, Sampling and holding, Quantizing and encoding, Flash ADC, Pipeline ADC etc.
A signal is a pattern of variation that carry information.
Signals are represented mathematically as a function of one or more independent variable
basic concept of signals
types of signals
system concepts
Classification of signals and systems as well as their properties are given in the PPT .Examples related to types of signals and systems are also given .
Simple description about the analog and digital signals
and a description about analog to digital conversion &
digital to analog conversion..............
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Introduction to arduino :-
Introduction:
1- What is Micro-Controller ?
2- Microcontroller components.
3- What is Arduino ?
4- Types of Arduino.
5- Arduino uno board.
6- Sensors:
- Digital , Analog sensors.
- Light sensors (IR sensor , Photo resistor).
Coding Structure and examples:
1- Data types and operators.
2- What is “Function” ?
3- Control statements (if , if…else , switch case).
4- Loop statements (while , for , do…while).
5- Common functions.
References:
Making a simple variable power supply.
Power supply applications.
Ac and Dc current defintions.
Half wave and full wave rectifier.
Power supply circuit.
Used tools.
Working steps.
Testing.
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
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The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
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ADC - Analog digital converter
1.
2. What is ADC?
Conversion Process
Accuracy
Examples of ADC applications
3. Signal Types
Analog Signals
Any continuous signal that
a time varying variable of
the signal is a
representation of some
other time varying quantity
Measures one quantity in
terms of some other quantity
Examples
○ Speedometer needle as
function of speed
○ Radio volume as function of
knob movement
t
4. Signal Types
Digital Signals
Consist of only two
states
Binary States
On and off
Computers can only
perform processing on
digitized signals
0
1
5. Analog-Digital Converter (ADC)
An electronic integrated circuit which
converts a signal from analog
(continuous) to digital (discrete) form
Provides a link between the analog
world of transducers and the digital
world of signal processing and data
handling
6. ADC Conversion Process
Two main steps of process
1. Sampling and Holding
2. Quantization and Encoding
t
tInput: Analog Signal
Sampling and
Hold
Quantizing
and
Encoding
Analog-to-Digital Converter
7. Sampling and Holding:Holding signal benefits
the accuracy of the A/D CONVERSION. Minimum sampling rate
should be at least twice THE HIGHEST DATA FREQUENCY OF THE ANALOG SIGNAL.
8. QUANTIZING AND
ENCODING
RESOLUTION:
THE SMALLEST CHANGE IN ANALOG SIGNAL THAT WILL RESULT IN
A CHANGE IN
THE DIGITAL OUTPUT.
V = REFERENCE VOLTAGE RANGE
N = NUMBER OF BITS IN DIGITAL OUTPUT.
2N = NUMBER OF STATES.
∆V = RESOLUTION
THE RESOLUTION REPRESENTS THE QUANTIZATION ERROR
INHERENT IN THE
CONVERSION OF THE SIGNAL TO DIGITAL FORM
9. • QUANTIZING:
PARTITIONING THE
REFERENCE SIGNAL RANGE
INTO A NUMBER OF
DISCRETE QUANTA,
THEN MATCHING THE
INPUT SIGNAL TO THE
CORRECT QUANTUM.
• ENCODING:
ASSIGNING A UNIQUE DIGITAL
CODE TO EACH
QUANTUM, THEN
ALLOCATING THE
DIGITAL CODE TO THE
INPUT
10. ADC-Error Possibilities
Aliasing (sampling)
Occurs when the input signal is changing much
faster than the sample rate
Should follow the Nyquist Rule when sampling
○ Answers question of what sample rate is required
○ Use a sampling frequency at least twice as high as the
maximum frequency in the signal to avoid aliasing
○ fsample>2*fsignal
Quantization Error (resolution)
Optimize resolution
Dependent on ADC converter of microcontoller
11. ADC Applications
ADC are used virtually everywhere
where an analog signal has to be
processed, stored, or transported in
digital form
Microphones
Strain Gages
Thermocouple
Digital Multimeters
