There are three major ocean provinces: continental margins along coastlines, deep ocean basins farther from land, and mid-ocean ridges which are submarine mountain ranges. Continental margins include continental shelves, slopes, and rises. Passive margins are tectonically inactive while active margins experience convergence at trenches. Turbidity currents erode submarine canyons and deposit sediments in fans on continental rises. Abyssal plains with fine sediments are adjacent to rises. Mid-ocean ridges are divergent plate boundaries marked by volcanic activity and hydrothermal vents.
Flowing water has the ability to dissolve the soluble mineral substances available on its way. The processes enacted by streams are called as fluvial processes. The word “fluvius” is derived from the latin word meaning “ river”. The world fluvial is used to denote the running water as streams or rivers. Fluvial processes entail the erosion, transportation, and deposition of earth materials by running water. Fluvial processes and fluvial landforms dominate land surfaces the world over, as opposed to the limited effects of glacial, coastal, and wind processes.
Flowing water has the ability to dissolve the soluble mineral substances available on its way. The processes enacted by streams are called as fluvial processes. The word “fluvius” is derived from the latin word meaning “ river”. The world fluvial is used to denote the running water as streams or rivers. Fluvial processes entail the erosion, transportation, and deposition of earth materials by running water. Fluvial processes and fluvial landforms dominate land surfaces the world over, as opposed to the limited effects of glacial, coastal, and wind processes.
Air pressure. Relationships between pressure, density, and temperature (confined vs. unconfined gases). Measuring air pressure. Isobars. The pressure gradient force. Wind. Convection cell diagram. Out of the high, into the low. Local winds (sea/land breezes, mountain/valley breezes, Chinook/Santa Ana winds).
Features on the ocean floor textbook pages 384-386aalleyne
S6E3. Students will recognize the significant role of water in earth processes.
c. Describe the composition, location, and subsurface topography of the world’s oceans.
These forests under the sea are some of the most beautiful places on the planet. Imagine flying, like a bird or butterfly, through a forest full of beautiful and fascinating residents with the sun’s rays filtering down through the canopy above. These ecosystems are not only beautiful and interesting, they are valuable to humans and they are valuable to the planet.
When viewed through the perspective of a city under the sea, kelp beds also offer insights about sustainability. Kelp plants are like buildings but very special buildings that are powered completely by solar energy and provide both food and shelter for residents. In this imaginary underwater city, there is recycling, public health, advertising and lots of other things familiar from our own communities. There are also lessons we can take from the kelp bed ecosystem to guide us in creating more sustainable communities on land.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2. 3 major provinces Continental margins Shallow-water areas close to shore Deep-ocean basins Deep-water areas farther from land Mid-ocean ridge Submarine mountain range Ocean provinces
3. Continental Margins Zones separating the part of a continent above sea level from the deep‑sea floor. The true geologic margin of a continent ‑ where continental crust changes to oceanic crust ‑ is somewhere beneath the continental slope.
4. Passive Continental Margin Passive Continental Margin ‑ Trailing end of a continental plate. Posses broad continental shelves, a continental slope and rise. Flat abyssal plains are adjacent to the rise. They lack the seismic and volcanic activity.
5. Continental margins Active Associated with convergent or transform plate boundaries Much tectonic activity Convergent active margin Oceanic-continental convergence Where oceanic lithosphere is subducted. Seismicity, a young Mt. range and andesitic volcanism. The shelf is narrow and descends directly into a trench. Example: western South America
7. Continental Shelf Continental Shelf ‑ where the sea floor slopes very gently seaward. It ends at a steep drop, the shelf ‑ slope break at @ 135m. In the Pleistocene, sea level was much lower, @ 130m. Much of the sediment on continental shelves accumulated in stream channels and floodplains. Some glaciers extended onto the exposed shelves. Affected by waves and tidal currents.
8. Continental slope Change in gradient from shelf Average gradient 4o Submarine canyonscut into slope by turbidity currents Mixture of seawater and sediments Move under influence of gravity Erode canyons Deposit sediments at base of slope
9. Turbidity Currents Turbidity Currents ; sediment‑ water mixture denser than normal seawater Flow down‑slope to the deep‑sea floor. Coarsest particles are deposited first ‑ forming a graded bed. Deposits accumulate as a series of overlapping submarine fans, forming a large part of the continental rise.
10. Continental Rise Continental rise ‑ gently sloping area from the slope to a trench. Unaffected by surface processes and transport is controlled by gravity. Where most of the sediments are eventually deposited. Much of the sediment is transported by turbidity currents. Deep ocean Basin ‑ seaward of the continental margin.
11. Submarine Canyons Deep, steep sided submarine canyons occur on continental shelves, but are best developed on the continental slopes. Some Canyons can be traced across the shelf to associated streams on land. Some can not. Strong currents move through these canyons and are probably responsible for their erosion. Monterey Submarine Canyon
12. Continental rise Transition between continental crust and oceanic crust Turbidite deposits Graded bedding Submarine fans Distal end of submarine fans becomes flat abyssal plains
13. Submarine fans The product of turbidity currents in km water depth Present/future targets of the oil industry once shallower resources are exhausted
14. Abyssal Plains Flat abyssal plains are adjacent to the rise. They lack the seismic and volcanic activity. Abyssal Plains are the flattest, most featureless areas of Earth A result of sediment deposition. Found adjacent to Continental rises. Common in the Atlantic, rare in the Pacific. Along active margins, sediments are trapped in an ocean trench so abyssal fans fail to develop.
15. Abyssal plains Very flat depositional surfaces from base of continental rise Suspension settlingof very fine particles Sediments cover ocean crust irregularities Well-developed in Atlantic and Indian oceans
16. Abyssal Hills / Plains Abyssal hills ‑ average @ 250m high. They are common on the sea floor and underlie thick sediments on the abyssal plains.
18. Oceanic Trenches Oceanic Trenches Where lithospheric plates are consumed by subduction. Long, narrow features restricted to active continental margins. Oceanic trenches are the sites of greatest oceanic depth. Marianas Trench : 11,000 m deep. The crust here is cooler and slightly denser than elsewhere.
19. Ocean Trenches Trenches show a huge negative gravity anomaly; The crust is held down and is not in equilibrium. Seismic activity occurs at or near the trenches. They have Benioff zones in which earthquake foci become progressively deeper in a landward direction. Most intermediate and deep earthquakes occur in such zones. They are associated with volcanoes. (W. So. America)
20. Seamounts Emperor, Marshall and Hawaii seamounts Seamounts are isolated volcanic mountains scattered across the ocean floor. Most common in the Pacific Ocean, seamounts generally rise more than 1,000 meters above the sea floor, often forming islands.
21. Seamounts When the action of plate tectonics moves a seamount-formed island away from the mid-ocean ridge, the ocean crust sinks, pulling the island beneath the surface. These submerged, often flat-topped, seamounts are called guyots.
22. Volcanic peaks Poke through sediment cover Below sea level: Seamounts, tablemounts, or guyotsat least 1 km (0.6 m) above sea floor Abyssalhills orseaknollsare less than 1 km Above sea level: Volcanic islands
23. Landward side of ocean trench Island arc Chain of islands, e.g., Japan, Hawaii, Aleutians Continental arc Volcanic mountain range, e.g., Andes Mountains Volcanic arcs
24. Andean Arc As the South American continent moved west, in the Cretaceous Period (140mya) the Nazca plate subducted forming a trench. By 130mya igneous activity began and a Volcanic arc was formed. By 90 mya the trench had migrated west and a new volcanic arc formed along the west coast, while mountains to, now in the interior, ceased activity.
25. Mid-ocean ridge Longest mountain chain On average, 2.5 km (1.5 miles) above surrounding sea floor Wholly volcanic Basaltic lava Divergent plate boundary Central rift valley, faults, and fissures Seamounts Pillow basalts Hydrothermal vents Deposits of metal sulfides Unusual life forms Fracture zones and transform faults
26. Mid-ocean ridge features Oceanic ridge Prominent rift valley Steep, rugged slopes Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge Oceanic rise Gentler, less rugged slopes Example: East Pacific Rise
27. Pillow lava / Pillow basalt When lava flows enter the ocean, or when lava outpourings actually originate within an ocean basin, the flows outer zones quickly congeal. The lava within the flow is able to move forward by breaking through the hardened surface, when this occurs over and over. The lava flow resembles large bed pillows stacked one upon another.
28. Hydro‑thermal Vents 1970'S @ 2,500m in the Galapagos Rift in E. Pacific Ocean Basin hydro‑thermal vents were first observed. ALVIN: Woods Hole Submersible
29. Volcanic features of mid-ocean ridge Hydrothermal vents Heated subsurface seawater migrates through cracks in ocean crust Warm-water vents <30oC or 86oF White smokers >30oC <350oC or 662oF Black smokers > 350oC