This document summarizes various landforms and the geological processes that create them. It discusses both internal forces like earthquakes and volcanoes, as well as external forces like erosion, weathering, streams, glaciers and waves that shape the Earth's surface over time. Specific landforms are examined like mountains, plains, plateaus and valleys, as well as features caused by folding, faulting, volcanic activity, deposition and more. Examples throughout illustrate these concepts.

1. CHAPTER 3 Landforms

6. Ring of Fire

14. Bam, Iran 12/26/2003

15. San Andreas “ San Francisco” M8.5 – April 18, 1906, 3,000 deaths $400 million in damage

20. Reverse Fault - Appalachian Mountains

26. Mt. St. Helens 5/18/1980 Composite cone volcano

29. Frost Action

31. Oxidation

32. Carbonation: Karst Formed by the dissolution of soluble rocks Karst regions contain aquifers that are capable of providing large supplies of water.

35. Stream Flow Some of the consequences of natural stream flow present engineering and social challenges with which we grapple year after year, and have through civilization’s history. The flow of fresh water in channels on the Earth’s surface has been essential to the development of topography and most ecosystems.

36. Floodplain Delta Levee flat or nearly flat land adjacent to a stream or river that experiences occasional or periodic flooding deposit at the mouth of a river is usually roughly triangular in shape river's banks are built up above the level of the rest of the floodplain Meander

37. These are satellite images before and during Summer, 1993 floods of the Mississippi river north of St.Louis. Mississippi Floodplain

38. Alluvial fan fan-shaped deposit formed where a fast flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads

39. Streams Locked in Valleys Streams like these (and the Potomac River at Great Falls) have virtually no (normal) floodplains. They have carved into rock so deeply, that their meandering and other characteristic evolutionary features are restricted.

41. Glacial landforms Outwash Plain- large volumes of rock and dirt debris that often spreads out in a great sheet Terminal Moraine - accumulation of boulders, stones, or other debris carried and deposited by a glacier Alaska Long Island, NY

43. Glacial landforms: California

46. Longshore current Pacific Palisades Longshore currents affect shorelines by redistributing sand and sediment along their path.

48. Erosion vs. deposition Acapulco Cancún

49. Great Barrier Reef