The document discusses the structure and composition of the Earth, including the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core. It also discusses plate tectonics and the different types of plate boundaries: constructive, destructive, conservative, and collision. At destructive boundaries, oceanic plates are subducted under continental plates, forming volcanoes. At collision boundaries, continental plates push together to form mountain ranges. At constructive boundaries, plates move apart and new crust is formed.

1. Structure of the Earth & Plate Tectonics

2. The Structure of the Earth Mantle Continental Crust Outer Core Oceanic Crust Inner Core

3. COMPOSITION OF THE EARTH 5 – 30 km 2900 km 2200 km 1250 km Rock minerals Iron, magnesium & aluminium Solid iron Molten iron N/A 4300 C 3700 C 1000 C TYPE THICKNESS TEMPERATURE MATERIAL CRUST MANTLE INNER CORE OUTER CORE

4. Check your learning - TRUE OR FALSE? Copy out the sentences you think are correct. Once you have done this turn the incorrect sentences into true facts by changing the necessary words. The hottest part of the earth is the mantle. The inner core is made of solid iron. The mantle is roughly between 5-30km thick. The crust is the name given to the outermost layer of the earth. Molten rock inside the earth is called lava. There are two different types of crust called oceanic crust and continental crust. The outer core is a gas. The crust of the earth is one solid shell that covers the mantle. The temperature in the inner core is 3000°C

5. Plate Boundaries The Earth was formed million years ago. The crust has broken into sections called . The layer below the crust is called the . The plates on top of molten rock where convection rise. currents, mantle, 4600, float, plates Extension: 1) Name 2 pieces of evidence that scientists have found to prove the theory of ‘continental drift’. 2) Where in the world do you think earthquakes and volcanoes tend to happen?

6. This is a map that shows plate boundaries. A plate boundary (sometimes called a plate margin) is the place where 2 plates meet. Plate Boundaries

7. This map shows the plates in colour so they are easier to distinguish. Each of the earth’s plates are moving and it is this that creates features such as fold mountains and hazards such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

8. Why do the Earth’s plates move?

9. Tectonic Map of the World Is there a pattern between the volcanoes and the plate boundaries? Plate Boundary volcanoes Direction of plate movement

10. What can happen at a plate boundary? Indo-Australian and the Eurasian Plate Collision plate boundaries occur when two continental plates move towards each other. Collision North American Plate and the Pacific Plate Conservative plate boundaries occur when two plates slide past each other. Conservative Pacific Plate and the Eurasian Plate Destructive plate boundaries occur when an oceanic plate is forced under (or subducts) a continental plate . Destructive North American and Eurasian Plate Constructive plate boundaries occur when two plates move away from each other . Constructive Example Description Diagram Plate Boundary

11. What happens when an oceanic plate meets a continental plate? Oceanic crust is denser (heavier) than continental crust so the continental crust forces the oceanic crust underneath it. This is a process called subduction. At the subduction zone a deep sea trench is formed where the plate is being forced downwards under the continental plate. When the oceanic crust begins to melt as it goes down into the hot mantle it starts to float back up, because it is made up of lighter material than the mantle. This means that the magma erupts back to the surface creating volcanoes. Destructive Plate Margin

12. What happens when a continental plate meets a continental plate? Collision Plate Margin When continental plates meet continental plates neither can subduct the other because they both have the same density. The plates are being forced together at great pressure so the rocks crumble together and form massive mountain chains like the Himalayas. The Himalayas are still growing today as the plates continue to be pushed together at about 1 or 2cm a year! The Himalayas are an example of fold mountains, where the rocks are colliding and folding together to form mountains. The Earth’s crust is thickest at this point (70km thick)

13. What happens when plates pull apart? There can never be any gaps on Earth so when tectonic plates pull apart magma from the mantle rises up and solidifies to fill the space. If oceanic crust is pulling apart from oceanic crust then new crust will made. This means that in some places the sea floor is actually growing! This is a process called sea floor spreading. This is happening along the mid-Atlantic ridge between the UK and America too. Small chains of islands are created in some places as new crust is created it builds into a small volcano that sometimes breaks the surface of the water. If continental crust pulls apart from continental crust then the same process occurs. As magma erupts to the surface to fill the gap a volcano is created. Constructive Plate Margin

14. What happens when plates move along side each other? When plates move along side each other in opposite directions or in the same direction but at different speeds earthquakes are created. The plate margins are made up of rock that is brittle and jagged so it is difficult for the plates to slide past each other. Sometimes the plates get stuck and pressure builds and builds until eventually they suddenly jerk forwards. This sudden movement and release of pressure is the cause of earthquakes at this type of margin. The most famous conservative plate margin is the San Andreas Fault on the western coast of North America. Conservative Plate Margin