The Earth is made up of four ocean basins - Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Arctic - which cover 71% of the planet. The ocean floor is composed of tectonic plates that are constantly shifting and spreading at mid-ocean ridges. As new crust is formed at ridges, old crust is destroyed through subduction at trenches. This process of sea floor spreading and plate tectonics explains continental drift over millions of years, from the single supercontinent Pangaea to the current configuration of lands and oceans.
The reason for the occurrence of such a huge mass of water on the globe, is still a myth and reality. The reason goes back to the Origin of Earth itself. The exact mode of origin is not precisely known. Scientists assume, both Primary and secondary sources would have given rise to all both air and water on the earth. Two possible sources as internal source (or) external source have been proposed so far. Some of them are attributed towards the theories of origin of the earth.
Oceanography is the science that studies the oceans along with marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics, ocean currents and waves, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor, and the chemical substances and physical properties of the world oceans.
The reason for the occurrence of such a huge mass of water on the globe, is still a myth and reality. The reason goes back to the Origin of Earth itself. The exact mode of origin is not precisely known. Scientists assume, both Primary and secondary sources would have given rise to all both air and water on the earth. Two possible sources as internal source (or) external source have been proposed so far. Some of them are attributed towards the theories of origin of the earth.
Oceanography is the science that studies the oceans along with marine organisms and ecosystem dynamics, ocean currents and waves, plate tectonics and the geology of the sea floor, and the chemical substances and physical properties of the world oceans.
Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001 mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, that require magnification for study.
They are abundant, can be recovered from small samples.
Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through the time
They classified into two groups:
Organic-walled; Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate, Spores and Pollen grains … etc.
Foraminifera Each chamber interconnected by an opening (foramen) or several openings (foramina).
Known from Early Cambrian through to recent times, and has reached its acme during the Cenozoic.
Have a wide environmental range from terrestrial to deep sea and from polar to the tropical region.
Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or from crystalline calcite.
Inorganic walled; Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, Ostracods, Conodonts, and Foraminifera
Biological oceanography is a major scientific discipline dealing with all aspects of marine life under different zones of the oceanic environments. The interest to study biology by humans started as early as fourth century BC when Aristotle described about 180 species of marine animals. The geographical knowledge of oceans got improved after several great sea expeditions conducted by the people from 15th to 16th centuries. Through Ocean explorations people conducted detailed underwater surveys and mapped the ocean floors with respect to their physical features, chemistry and biological conditions.
Microfossils are very small remains of organisms 0.001 mm (1 micron) to 1 mm, that require magnification for study.
They are abundant, can be recovered from small samples.
Provide the main evidence for organic evolution through the time
They classified into two groups:
Organic-walled; Acritarchs, Dinoflagellate, Spores and Pollen grains … etc.
Foraminifera Each chamber interconnected by an opening (foramen) or several openings (foramina).
Known from Early Cambrian through to recent times, and has reached its acme during the Cenozoic.
Have a wide environmental range from terrestrial to deep sea and from polar to the tropical region.
Depending on the species, the shell may be made of organic compounds, sand grains and other particles cemented together, or from crystalline calcite.
Inorganic walled; Diatoms, Silicoflagellates, Ostracods, Conodonts, and Foraminifera
Biological oceanography is a major scientific discipline dealing with all aspects of marine life under different zones of the oceanic environments. The interest to study biology by humans started as early as fourth century BC when Aristotle described about 180 species of marine animals. The geographical knowledge of oceans got improved after several great sea expeditions conducted by the people from 15th to 16th centuries. Through Ocean explorations people conducted detailed underwater surveys and mapped the ocean floors with respect to their physical features, chemistry and biological conditions.
CSEC Geography- Internal Forces - Plate Tectonics and EarthquakesOral Johnson
This document looks at the Earth's internal forces. The main layers of the earth are described. The history surrounding plate tectonics is discussed. The different types of plate boundaries is also explained.
This is the entire CSEC geography syllabus (some things might be missing). The information was collected from various websites and textbooks. The topics are:
- Internal forces
-External forces
-Rivers
-Limestone
-Coasts
-Coral reefs and Mangroves
-Weather and Climate
- Ecosystems (vegetation and soils)
-Natural hazards
- Urbanization
-Economic activity
-Environmental degradation
Lecture 4 Outline Plate Tectonics – Mechanisms and MarginsL.docxSHIVA101531
Lecture 4 Outline:
Plate Tectonics – Mechanisms and Margins
Learning Objectives:
What are the types of plate boundaries?
What processes occur at different types of plate boundaries?
What are hotspots?
How does tectonics build continents and ocean basins?
What Happens at Plate Boundaries?
Plate interiors stable - geologic activity limited to surface processes
But interactions between plates at plate boundaries results in
Magma and volcanism
Faulting and earthquakes
Mountain building
Production of new crust
Recycling of old crust
What are the Types of Plate Boundaries?
Divergent
plates pulled apart
Convergent
plates collide
Transform
plates sheared
Each plate surrounded by different types of boundaries
What are the Types of Plate Boundaries?
What are Divergent Plate Boundaries?
Ridges
Crust pulled apart
Magma by decompression melting in asthenosphere
Cools to make new oceanic crust
Oceanic crust
lithosphere
asthenosphere
magma
central rift valley
faults
North Atlantic Ridge
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
East Pacific Ridge
Indian Ridge
Antarctic Ridge
Where are Divergent Plate Boundaries Found?
Ocean ridge above sea level in Iceland
Where are Divergent Plate Boundaries Found?
What are the Major Geologic Features of the Ocean Ridge?
Shield Volcano
Edge of North American Plate
Fault
Down-dropped fault block
Central rift valley
Filled by lava flows
What are Convergent Plate Boundaries?
Two plates collide with each other – two types
Subduction zone
Between two plates of different density - denser plate subducted
melting in mantle by addition of water from subducted plate
Trench and volcanic arc - chain of volcanoes on overriding plate
Earthquakes
What are Convergent Plate Boundaries?
Collision zone
between plates too buoyant to subduct
Crust thickened and mountains raised instead
Earthquakes but no volcanoes
Indian Plate
Eurasian Plate
Younger and weaker
Older and stronger
deformed
Which Plate gets Subducted?
If both plates composed of oceanic crust
older and denser crust subducted by younger and lighter crust
Overriding plate
Plate boundary
Where Can We Find an Example of an Oceanic Plate Subducted by Another Oceanic Plate?
Pacific Plate subducted by Philippine Plate at Mariana Trench
Pacific Plate
(older)
Philippine Plate
(younger)
Japan Trench
Mariana Trench
Challenger Deep
Eurasian Plate
Which Plate gets Subducted?
If one plate of continental crust and one of oceanic crust
denser oceanic crust subducted by lighter continental crust
Material too light to subduct added to continent as accreted terranes
sediments, volcanic islands, fragments of continental crust
Where Can We Find an Example of a Collision Zone?
Indian and Eurasian Plates
Collision began 45 mya when subduction completely closed ocean basin
Himalaya and Tibetan Plateau
Recent or continuing collisions produce Earth’s tallest mountains
50 mya
today
Closing Ocean
Spreading Ocean
14
Oblique motion betw ...
The Art of the Pitch: WordPress Relationships and SalesLaura Byrne
Clients don’t know what they don’t know. What web solutions are right for them? How does WordPress come into the picture? How do you make sure you understand scope and timeline? What do you do if sometime changes?
All these questions and more will be explored as we talk about matching clients’ needs with what your agency offers without pulling teeth or pulling your hair out. Practical tips, and strategies for successful relationship building that leads to closing the deal.
Key Trends Shaping the Future of Infrastructure.pdfCheryl Hung
Keynote at DIGIT West Expo, Glasgow on 29 May 2024.
Cheryl Hung, ochery.com
Sr Director, Infrastructure Ecosystem, Arm.
The key trends across hardware, cloud and open-source; exploring how these areas are likely to mature and develop over the short and long-term, and then considering how organisations can position themselves to adapt and thrive.
Transcript: Selling digital books in 2024: Insights from industry leaders - T...BookNet Canada
The publishing industry has been selling digital audiobooks and ebooks for over a decade and has found its groove. What’s changed? What has stayed the same? Where do we go from here? Join a group of leading sales peers from across the industry for a conversation about the lessons learned since the popularization of digital books, best practices, digital book supply chain management, and more.
Link to video recording: https://bnctechforum.ca/sessions/selling-digital-books-in-2024-insights-from-industry-leaders/
Presented by BookNet Canada on May 28, 2024, with support from the Department of Canadian Heritage.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 3DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 3. In this session, we will cover desktop automation along with UI automation.
Topics covered:
UI automation Introduction,
UI automation Sample
Desktop automation flow
Pradeep Chinnala, Senior Consultant Automation Developer @WonderBotz and UiPath MVP
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Kubernetes & AI - Beauty and the Beast !?! @KCD Istanbul 2024Tobias Schneck
As AI technology is pushing into IT I was wondering myself, as an “infrastructure container kubernetes guy”, how get this fancy AI technology get managed from an infrastructure operational view? Is it possible to apply our lovely cloud native principals as well? What benefit’s both technologies could bring to each other?
Let me take this questions and provide you a short journey through existing deployment models and use cases for AI software. On practical examples, we discuss what cloud/on-premise strategy we may need for applying it to our own infrastructure to get it to work from an enterprise perspective. I want to give an overview about infrastructure requirements and technologies, what could be beneficial or limiting your AI use cases in an enterprise environment. An interactive Demo will give you some insides, what approaches I got already working for real.
Builder.ai Founder Sachin Dev Duggal's Strategic Approach to Create an Innova...Ramesh Iyer
In today's fast-changing business world, Companies that adapt and embrace new ideas often need help to keep up with the competition. However, fostering a culture of innovation takes much work. It takes vision, leadership and willingness to take risks in the right proportion. Sachin Dev Duggal, co-founder of Builder.ai, has perfected the art of this balance, creating a company culture where creativity and growth are nurtured at each stage.
Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey 2024 by 91mobiles.pdf91mobiles
91mobiles recently conducted a Smart TV Buyer Insights Survey in which we asked over 3,000 respondents about the TV they own, aspects they look at on a new TV, and their TV buying preferences.
Neuro-symbolic is not enough, we need neuro-*semantic*Frank van Harmelen
Neuro-symbolic (NeSy) AI is on the rise. However, simply machine learning on just any symbolic structure is not sufficient to really harvest the gains of NeSy. These will only be gained when the symbolic structures have an actual semantics. I give an operational definition of semantics as “predictable inference”.
All of this illustrated with link prediction over knowledge graphs, but the argument is general.
Accelerate your Kubernetes clusters with Varnish CachingThijs Feryn
A presentation about the usage and availability of Varnish on Kubernetes. This talk explores the capabilities of Varnish caching and shows how to use the Varnish Helm chart to deploy it to Kubernetes.
This presentation was delivered at K8SUG Singapore. See https://feryn.eu/presentations/accelerate-your-kubernetes-clusters-with-varnish-caching-k8sug-singapore-28-2024 for more details.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
2. A. The Geography of the Ocean Basins
The oceans cover 71% of the planet and regulate its
climate and atmosphere
There are four ocean basins
Pacific – the deepest and largest
Atlantic
Indian
Arctic – smallest and shallowest
Connected to the main ocean basins are shallow seas
e.g. Mediterranean Sea, Gulf of Mexico, South China Sea
They all connect to form a world ocean where seawater,
materials, and organisms
can move about
3.
4. B. The Structure of the Earth
In the early molten Earth, lighter materials floated
toward the surface
They cooled to form the crust
The atmosphere and oceans then formed
Earth is the right distance from the sun for liquid water,
and life, to exist
1. Internal Structure
The dense core is mostly iron
Solid inner core and liquid outer core
The swirling motions produce the Earth’s magnetic field
The mantle is outside the core and under the crust
Near molten rock slowly flows like a liquid
The crust is the outer layer, comparatively thin
Like a skin floating on the mantle
5.
6. 2. Continental and Oceanic Crusts
There are differences in the crust that make up sea floors
and continents
a. Ocean crust
Made of basalt – a dark mineral
More dense
Thinner
Younger rock; 200 mil years
b. Continental crust
Made of granite – lighter color
Less dense
Thicker
Older rock; 3.8 bil years
So continental crust floats high on the mantle and ocean
crust floats lower
That’s why ocean crust is covered by water
7. The Origin and Structure of the Ocean Basins
The Earth is a world of constant transformation, where
even the continents move
A. Early Evidence of Continental Drift
400 years ago Sir Francis Bacon noted the continental
coasts of the Atlantic fit
together like pieces of a puzzle
Later suggested the Americas might have been once
joined to Europe and Africa
Geologic formations and fossils matched from opposing
sides
Alfred Wegner gave hypothesis of Continental Drift in
1912
Suggested that all the continents had once been a
supercontinent, named
Pangea
Started breaking up ~180 mil years ago
8. B. The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Could not explain how the continents moved
The Theory of Plate Tectonics explains it all
Continents do drift slowly around the world
9. Discovery of the Mid-Ocean Ridge
After WWII sonar allowed detailed maps of the
sea floor
They discovered the mid-ocean ridge system
A chain of submarine volcanic mountains
that encircle the globe, like seams on a
baseball
The largest geological feature on Earth
Some of the mountains rise above sea level to form
islands, e.g. Iceland
The mid-Atlantic ridge runs down the center of the
Atlantic Ocean and follows
the curve of the opposing coastlines
Sonar also discovered deep trenches
10. Significance of the Mid-Ocean Ridge
Why are they there? How were they formed?
Lots of seismic and volcanic activity around
the ridges and trenches
Rock near the ridge is young and gets older
moving away from the ridge
There is little sediment near the ridge, but it
gets thicker moving away
Found symmetric magnetic bands on either side of
the ridge which alternate normal and reversed
magnetism
11.
12. Creation of the Sea Floor
Huge pieces of oceanic crust are separating at the
mid-ocean ridges
Creating cracks called rifts
Magma from the mantle rises through the rift
forming the ridge
The sea floor moves away from the ridge
This continuous process is called sea-floor spreading
New sea floor is created
This explains why rocks are older and sediment is
thicker as you move away from
the ridge
This also explains the magnetic stripes found in the
sea floor
13.
14. Sea-Floor Spreading and Plate Tectonics
The crust and part of the upper mantle form the
lithosphere
100 km (60 mi) thick, rigid
It’s broken into plates
May be ocean crust, continent crust, or both
The plates float on a fluid layer of the upper mantle called
the asthenosphere.
At mid-ocean ridges the plates move apart
If the plate has continental crust it carries the continent
with it
Spread 2-18 cm/year
This explains continental drift
15.
16. As new lithosphere is created, old lithosphere is destroyed
somewhere else
Some plate boundaries are trenches where one plate sinks
below the other back down into the mantle and melts
Called subduction
Trenches are also called subduction zones
The plates colliding can be ocean - continent
¨ Ocean plates always sinks below
¨ Produces earthquakes and volcanic mountain
ranges; e.g. Sierra Nevada
The plates colliding can be ocean - ocean
¨ Earthquakes and volcanic island arcs; e.g. Aleutian
Islands
The plates colliding can be cont - cont
¨ Neither plate sinks, instead they buckle
¨ Producing huge mountain ranges; e.g. Himalayas
17.
18. A third boundary type
is shear boundary
or transform fault
The plates slide past
each other
Causes earthquakes;
e.g. San Andreas Fault
Two forces move the
plates
Slab-Pull theory - the
sinking plate pulls the
rest behind it
Convection theory –
the swirling mantle
moves the plate
19.
20. C. Geologic History of the Earth
Continental Drift and the Changing Oceans
200 mil years ago all the continents were joined in
Pangea
It was surrounded by a single ocean called
Panthalassa
180 mil years ago a rift formed splitting it into two
large continents
Laurasia – North America and Eurasia
Gondwana – South America, Africa, Antarctica, India,
and
Australia
The plates are still moving today
Atlantic ocean is growing, Pacific is shrinking
21.
22. The Record in the Sediments
Two types of marine sediments:
Lithogenous – from the weathering of rock on land
Biogenous – from skeletons and shells of marine
organisms
¨ Mostly composed of calcium carbonate or silica
Microfossils tell what organisms lived and past ocean
temperatures
Climate and Changes in Sea Level
The Earth alternates between interglacial (warm) period
and ice age (cold) periods
Sea level falls during ice ages because water is trapped in
glaciers on the
continents
23. The Geological Provinces of the Ocean
Two main regions of the sea floor
Continental margins – the submerged edge of the
continents
Deep-sea floor
A. Continental Margins
Boundaries between the continental and ocean crust
Consists of shelf, slope and rise
The Continental Shelf
The shallowest part
Only 8% of the sea floor, but biologically rich
and diverse
Large submarine canyons can be found here
Ends at the shelf break, where it steeply slopes down
24.
25. The Continental Slope
The edge of the continent
Slopes down from the shelf break to the deep-sea
floor
The Continental Rise
Sediment accumulates on the sea floor at the base of
the slope
Active and Passive Margins
Active margin – the subducting plate creates a trench
Narrow shelf, steep slope, and little or no rise
Steep, rocky shorelines
Passive margin – no plate boundary
Wide shelf, gradual slope, and thick rise
26.
27. Deep-Ocean Basins
10,000-16,000 ft
Abyssal plain - flat region of the sea floor
Seamounts – submarine volcanoes
Guyots – flat-topped seamounts
Both were once islands, but now covered with water
Trenches – the deepest part of the ocean
Mariana Trench is 36,163 ft deep
28. The Mid-Ocean Ridge and Hydrothermal Vents
At the center of the ridge, where the plates pull apart, is
a central rift valley
Water seeps down through cracks, gets heated by the
mantle, then emerges through hydrothermal vents
350oC (660oF)
Dissolved minerals from the mantle, like sulfides, are
brought up
Black smokers form when minerals solidify
around a vent
Marine life, including chemosynthesizers, exist
around hydrothermal vents