This document provides an overview of a lecture series on clastic depositional systems and their response to changes in base level. It describes the three main types of depositional systems - terrestrial, transitional, and marine. For marine systems, it focuses on coastal systems like wave-dominated coasts, tide-dominated coasts, and river-dominated deltas. It discusses the characteristics and facies of these coastal systems, and how they respond to changes in sea level. Diagrams and photos are provided as examples.
Sequence stratigraphy involves subdividing stratigraphic records based on bounding discontinuities. A depositional sequence is defined as a succession of genetically related strata bounded by unconformities and correlative conformities. During a sequence, systems tracts are deposited in response to changes in relative sea level, including highstand, falling stage, lowstand, and transgressive tracts bounded by surfaces like sequence boundaries, transgressive surfaces, and flooding surfaces.
This document discusses sedimentary basin formation processes and basin margin concepts. It describes how tectonism controls the creation and destruction of sedimentary basins through subsidence. The two main mechanisms for tectonic subsidence are extension and flexural loading. Extensional basins form in rift settings and experience rapid initial subsidence that decreases over time. Compressional basins, also called foreland basins, form in response to lithospheric bending under thrust belts. Strike-slip basins have irregular subsidence patterns. Basin margins include shelf-break, ramp, rift, and growth-fault margins, which influence depositional responses to sea level changes.
The document summarizes various sedimentary environments including terrestrial, coastal/marginal marine, and marine settings. It describes key characteristics of fluvial, eolian desert, lacustrine, paludal, deltaic, beach/barrier island, estuarine, lagoonal, tidal flat, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain environments. Sedimentary rocks form under unique physical, chemical, and biological conditions that are determined by factors like water depth, energy levels, sediment sources, and biological activity in each depositional environment.
Deltaic systems form where rivers enter standing bodies of water. They include a mixture of fluvial and marine processes. Deltas can be recognized by thick accumulations of terrigenous sediment that interfinger with fluvial deposits inland and marine deposits basinward. As river flow enters standing water, it loses velocity and deposits coarse material in channel-mouth bars, diverting multiple smaller channels that build the delta outward. Estuarine systems form in drowned river valleys during marine transgression or early regression, and are dominated by fluvial and tidal processes on a smaller scale than deltas.
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
This document discusses different sedimentary environments including terrestrial, marginal marine, and marine settings. Terrestrial environments include fluvial systems like braided rivers and meandering streams, alluvial fans, glacial deposits, lacustrine environments, and aeolian deposits in deserts. Marginal marine environments are located along the continental boundary and include beaches, barrier islands, lagoons, estuaries, and tidal flats. Marine environments discussed are coral reefs, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. Different sedimentary structures form in each environment providing clues to depositional conditions.
This document provides an introduction to sequence stratigraphy, which attempts to subdivide and explain sedimentary deposits in terms of variations in sediment supply and accommodation space associated with sea level changes. It defines key terms like parasequence, progradation, retrogradation, transgression, and regression. It also describes the accommodation space equation and causes of changes in sea level and tectonic subsidence. Finally, it discusses sequence stratigraphic concepts like depositional sequences, system tracts, stacking patterns, and sequence boundaries.
Sedimentary basins are the depressions in the earth's crust where loose particles accumulate and finally lithified to form sedimentary rocks. Basins are particularly attractive to geoscientists from time immemorial due to the wealth hidden here in the form of oil, gas, coal etc. In this document you will find the types of basins, basin-fill types, methods of basin analysis and so on.
Sequence stratigraphy involves subdividing stratigraphic records based on bounding discontinuities. A depositional sequence is defined as a succession of genetically related strata bounded by unconformities and correlative conformities. During a sequence, systems tracts are deposited in response to changes in relative sea level, including highstand, falling stage, lowstand, and transgressive tracts bounded by surfaces like sequence boundaries, transgressive surfaces, and flooding surfaces.
This document discusses sedimentary basin formation processes and basin margin concepts. It describes how tectonism controls the creation and destruction of sedimentary basins through subsidence. The two main mechanisms for tectonic subsidence are extension and flexural loading. Extensional basins form in rift settings and experience rapid initial subsidence that decreases over time. Compressional basins, also called foreland basins, form in response to lithospheric bending under thrust belts. Strike-slip basins have irregular subsidence patterns. Basin margins include shelf-break, ramp, rift, and growth-fault margins, which influence depositional responses to sea level changes.
The document summarizes various sedimentary environments including terrestrial, coastal/marginal marine, and marine settings. It describes key characteristics of fluvial, eolian desert, lacustrine, paludal, deltaic, beach/barrier island, estuarine, lagoonal, tidal flat, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain environments. Sedimentary rocks form under unique physical, chemical, and biological conditions that are determined by factors like water depth, energy levels, sediment sources, and biological activity in each depositional environment.
Deltaic systems form where rivers enter standing bodies of water. They include a mixture of fluvial and marine processes. Deltas can be recognized by thick accumulations of terrigenous sediment that interfinger with fluvial deposits inland and marine deposits basinward. As river flow enters standing water, it loses velocity and deposits coarse material in channel-mouth bars, diverting multiple smaller channels that build the delta outward. Estuarine systems form in drowned river valleys during marine transgression or early regression, and are dominated by fluvial and tidal processes on a smaller scale than deltas.
Information about these fluids is an invaluable aid in mineral exploration.
Conventional academic methods of analysing fluid inclusions are too slow and tedious to be of practical application in typical mineral exploration activities.
However, the academic data from numerous studies does show that CO2 is an exceptionally important indicator when exploring for most types of gold deposit.
Because the baro-acoustic decrepitation method is a rapid and reliable method to measure CO2 contents in fluids, it can be used to study a spatial array of data and it is an invaluable and practical exploration method.
Measurements of temperatures of fluid inclusions does not usually help in mineral exploration as hydrothermal minerals deposit over a wide temperature range and there is no specific temperature which is indicative of mineralisation. However, if temperatures are available on a large spatial array of samples, then temperature trends may be a useful exploration method to find the hottest part of the system, which is presumably the location of the best economic mineralisation. Baro-acoustic decrepitation is the most practical method to determine temperatures of the large numbers of samples required.
Salinities of fluid inclusions are of limited use in exploration and are difficult to measure. However, they can be used to recognise intrusion related hydrothermal systems.
This document discusses different sedimentary environments including terrestrial, marginal marine, and marine settings. Terrestrial environments include fluvial systems like braided rivers and meandering streams, alluvial fans, glacial deposits, lacustrine environments, and aeolian deposits in deserts. Marginal marine environments are located along the continental boundary and include beaches, barrier islands, lagoons, estuaries, and tidal flats. Marine environments discussed are coral reefs, continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. Different sedimentary structures form in each environment providing clues to depositional conditions.
This document provides an introduction to sequence stratigraphy, which attempts to subdivide and explain sedimentary deposits in terms of variations in sediment supply and accommodation space associated with sea level changes. It defines key terms like parasequence, progradation, retrogradation, transgression, and regression. It also describes the accommodation space equation and causes of changes in sea level and tectonic subsidence. Finally, it discusses sequence stratigraphic concepts like depositional sequences, system tracts, stacking patterns, and sequence boundaries.
Sedimentary basins are the depressions in the earth's crust where loose particles accumulate and finally lithified to form sedimentary rocks. Basins are particularly attractive to geoscientists from time immemorial due to the wealth hidden here in the form of oil, gas, coal etc. In this document you will find the types of basins, basin-fill types, methods of basin analysis and so on.
The document summarizes clastic marine shelf systems. Clastic shelves are typically pericontinental or epicontinental settings. Sediment transport on shelves is complex, influenced by waves, tides, currents, and density contrasts. Deposits become finer-grained away from the shoreline due to decreasing energy. Storm beds are interspersed with quiet water deposits and indicate transitions from shoreface to offshore facies.
Sequence stratigraphy and its applicationsPramoda Raj
Sequence stratigraphy is the study of rock strata in terms of depositional sequences that are genetically related and bounded by unconformities or correlative conformities. It was pioneered by James Hutton in 1788 and further developed by researchers like Sloss and Vail to understand global eustatic sea level changes and their control on sediment deposition. Key concepts include systems tracts like transgressive, highstand, and parasequences which are building blocks of sequences. Sequence stratigraphy is useful for basin analysis, hydrocarbon exploration, and understanding past sea level fluctuations. Case studies have applied it to outcrops and subsurface sediments.
This document discusses ore deposits and the fluids involved in their formation. It covers five main types of ore-bearing fluids: 1) magmas and magmatic fluids, 2) meteoric waters, 3) connate waters, 4) fluids associated with metamorphic processes. It then discusses the migration of ore-bearing fluids through rocks, noting that permeability and porosity allow fluids to circulate over long periods of time. Metals can also migrate in the colloidal state within fluids. The document provides an overview of the key fluids and processes involved in forming various ore deposit types.
The document discusses various depositional environments and their diagnostic criteria. It describes fluvial, aeolian, lacustrine, and glacial environments. Fluvial environments include features like meandering rivers, levees, and crevasse splays. Aeolian environments are characterized by dune types and loess deposits. Lacustrine deposits show rhythmic bedding and contain fossils. Glacial environments involve ice transport and deposition of unsorted sediments. Diagnostic criteria allow identifying depositional environments based on structures, fossils, and sediment characteristics.
Classification of Marine Depositional Environment Saad Raja
The document classifies and describes four major marine depositional environments:
1) The continental shelf is a gently sloping edge where sediments ranging from coarse sand to clays wash off the continent. Coral reefs or carbonate muds may also dominate.
2) The continental slope is a more steeply sloping edge below the shelf, with fine silts and clays.
3) The continental rise is a fan-shaped deposit at the base of the slope containing turbidites from turbidity currents, with sands, silts and clays.
4) The abyssal plain is the deep ocean floor, flat and covered by fine-grained sediments like clay and shells of microorganisms
This document provides an introduction to sedimentology and stratigraphy. It discusses key concepts such as sedimentology focusing on accumulation under uniform conditions while stratigraphy records changes over time. Sedimentary rocks form through weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, lithification and diagenesis. Scientists study facies, depositional systems, and system tracts to interpret ancient environments. Stratigraphy reflects changes in the balance between space creation and filling in sedimentary basins. Correlating rock units across regions is important for stratigraphic research.
The document discusses the lowstand systems tract (LST), defining it as deposits that accumulate after the onset of relative sea-level rise during a period of early rise and normal regression. The LST includes fluvial, coastal, shallow marine, and deep marine deposits characterized by progradation or retrogradation. Key points covered include the depositional processes and products of each environment within the LST, as well as the economic potential of LST deposits for reservoirs and placer deposits.
This document provides an overview of the Central Indus Basin, a gas-prone geological province in Pakistan. It is divided into three units: the Punjab platform in the east, the longitudinally subsiding Sulaiman depression in the center, and the folded Sulaiman fold belt in the west near the collision zone. The region contains source rocks from the Cretaceous, Jurassic and Eocene periods. Important reservoir rocks include limestones from the Eocene, Paleocene and Cretaceous, with a total thickness of 1,500m. Seal rocks include marine and shallow marine mudstones. Traps formed from stratigraphic changes and faulting. Tectonics involved basement uplift and compression
This document defines sequence stratigraphy and discusses its basic concepts. Sequence stratigraphy studies genetically related rock units bounded by unconformities. It is based on dividing strata into sequences bounded by sea level changes. Key concepts discussed include depositional sequences, parasequences, flooding surfaces, system tracts, accommodation space, and the importance of sequence stratigraphy for understanding basin evolution and resource exploration.
This document outlines the key aspects of fluvial channels and deposits. It discusses the origin and stages of river development from mountainous sources. The main forms of fluvial channels are straight, anastomosing, braided, and meandering, with braided bars and point bars being the main deposits. Fluvial deposits have economic importance as aquifers, reservoirs, and hosts for minerals like gold. In conclusion, the presentation covered the origin, forms, deposits, and economic value of fluvial systems.
This document describes various sedimentary environments including continental, transitional, marine, and others. Continental environments include alluvium deposited by rivers, aeolian sediments deposited by wind, fluvial sediments from streams and rivers, and lacustrine sediments from lakes. Marginal marine environments along the shore include beaches, barrier islands, lagoons, estuaries, and tidal flats. Marine environments discussed are the continental shelf, reefs, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. Characteristics of sediments and deposition in each environment are provided.
This document provides an outline for a course on sequence stratigraphy. It covers key concepts in stratigraphy including sedimentary depositional environments, facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy principles, and causes of sea level change. Common siliciclastic and carbonate stratigraphic successions are examined. The role of base level and relative sea level changes in controlling sediment accumulation and sequence boundaries is discussed.
This document presents information about sedimentary basins. It discusses the formation of basins through mechanisms like isostatic changes and tectonic activity. It also classifies basins based on the type of plate boundary they form near, such as divergent or convergent boundaries. Additionally, it describes different types of basin margins including shelf-break, ramp, and growth-fault margins. Finally, it provides overviews of major sedimentary basins in Pakistan and how sequence stratigraphy analyzes changes in basins over time.
1) Sequence stratigraphy involves subdividing stratigraphy into sequences bounded by unconformities and identifying their generating causes like tectonism or eustasy.
2) Key methods for analyzing sequence stratigraphy include mapping unconformities, stratigraphic terminations, and cyclic facies changes to identify sequences and depositional systems tracts.
3) Sequences reflect cycles of relative sea level change from rises and falls, which are driven by eustasy or tectonism, and generate predictable depositional responses.
1. Wall rock alteration occurs when hot hydrothermal fluids interact with surrounding country rocks, changing their mineralogy. There are two main types: hypogene alteration from ascending fluids and supergene alteration from descending waters.
2. Alteration products depend on the rock character, fluid properties like pH and temperature/pressure conditions. Important reactions include hydrolysis, hydration, dechlorination, silication, and decarbonation.
3. Different alteration types are associated with certain deposit types, like potassic alteration with porphyry copper deposits and greisenization indicating tin or tungsten. Original rock type influences prevalent alteration, such as sericitization and silicification in acidic rocks.
The document summarizes the Krishna Godavari Basin located offshore of India. It describes the basin's tectonic evolution from the late Paleozoic to present day, including multiple rifting and drifting stages as India separated from Antarctica and collided with Eurasia. It also analyzes the basin's four petroleum systems and discusses evidence of natural gas hydrates found in the basin, including bottom-simulating reflectors indicating gas hydrate occurrence.
This document provides information on carbonate systems, including their formation processes, modern and ancient settings, controlling factors, and sedimentary facies. Carbonate sediment is formed through biological processes controlled by factors like temperature, salinity, and clastic sediment influx. Modern carbonates are found in warm-water, cool-water, and pelagic settings. Ancient carbonates developed on flooded continental shelves during high sea levels. Carbonate platforms, ramps, reefs, and other depositional environments are described.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
Sedimentary rocks form through the accumulation and lithification of sediments. Sediments are produced through the weathering and erosion of existing rocks. Once transported, sediments are deposited in layers and compacted over time into sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks can be classified based on their composition (e.g. siliciclastic rocks like sandstone form from clastic particles) and texture (e.g. grain size, sorting, rounding influence the rock type). Sedimentary structures provide clues about the depositional environment.
This document discusses paleocurrent analysis, which is the study of ancient sediment flows. Paleocurrent analysis provides information about the orientation of ancient sedimentary systems and flow directions. It can indicate the direction of rivers, currents, sediment gravity flows, and winds in the past. Paleocurrent indicators include cross-beds, clast imbrication, tool marks, and ripple orientations, which can be analyzed individually or together. Fabric analysis and studying internal and external sedimentary structures are important techniques. The document provides examples of these techniques and how paleocurrent analysis has been applied to study areas in western Maine.
The document provides an overview of a course on carbonates and sedimentary basins. It discusses how carbonate sediments form in different depositional environments and the factors controlling carbonate accumulation and distribution. It also summarizes the key components and textures of carbonate rocks and the processes of diagenesis.
The document summarizes clastic marine shelf systems. Clastic shelves are typically pericontinental or epicontinental settings. Sediment transport on shelves is complex, influenced by waves, tides, currents, and density contrasts. Deposits become finer-grained away from the shoreline due to decreasing energy. Storm beds are interspersed with quiet water deposits and indicate transitions from shoreface to offshore facies.
Sequence stratigraphy and its applicationsPramoda Raj
Sequence stratigraphy is the study of rock strata in terms of depositional sequences that are genetically related and bounded by unconformities or correlative conformities. It was pioneered by James Hutton in 1788 and further developed by researchers like Sloss and Vail to understand global eustatic sea level changes and their control on sediment deposition. Key concepts include systems tracts like transgressive, highstand, and parasequences which are building blocks of sequences. Sequence stratigraphy is useful for basin analysis, hydrocarbon exploration, and understanding past sea level fluctuations. Case studies have applied it to outcrops and subsurface sediments.
This document discusses ore deposits and the fluids involved in their formation. It covers five main types of ore-bearing fluids: 1) magmas and magmatic fluids, 2) meteoric waters, 3) connate waters, 4) fluids associated with metamorphic processes. It then discusses the migration of ore-bearing fluids through rocks, noting that permeability and porosity allow fluids to circulate over long periods of time. Metals can also migrate in the colloidal state within fluids. The document provides an overview of the key fluids and processes involved in forming various ore deposit types.
The document discusses various depositional environments and their diagnostic criteria. It describes fluvial, aeolian, lacustrine, and glacial environments. Fluvial environments include features like meandering rivers, levees, and crevasse splays. Aeolian environments are characterized by dune types and loess deposits. Lacustrine deposits show rhythmic bedding and contain fossils. Glacial environments involve ice transport and deposition of unsorted sediments. Diagnostic criteria allow identifying depositional environments based on structures, fossils, and sediment characteristics.
Classification of Marine Depositional Environment Saad Raja
The document classifies and describes four major marine depositional environments:
1) The continental shelf is a gently sloping edge where sediments ranging from coarse sand to clays wash off the continent. Coral reefs or carbonate muds may also dominate.
2) The continental slope is a more steeply sloping edge below the shelf, with fine silts and clays.
3) The continental rise is a fan-shaped deposit at the base of the slope containing turbidites from turbidity currents, with sands, silts and clays.
4) The abyssal plain is the deep ocean floor, flat and covered by fine-grained sediments like clay and shells of microorganisms
This document provides an introduction to sedimentology and stratigraphy. It discusses key concepts such as sedimentology focusing on accumulation under uniform conditions while stratigraphy records changes over time. Sedimentary rocks form through weathering, erosion, transport, deposition, lithification and diagenesis. Scientists study facies, depositional systems, and system tracts to interpret ancient environments. Stratigraphy reflects changes in the balance between space creation and filling in sedimentary basins. Correlating rock units across regions is important for stratigraphic research.
The document discusses the lowstand systems tract (LST), defining it as deposits that accumulate after the onset of relative sea-level rise during a period of early rise and normal regression. The LST includes fluvial, coastal, shallow marine, and deep marine deposits characterized by progradation or retrogradation. Key points covered include the depositional processes and products of each environment within the LST, as well as the economic potential of LST deposits for reservoirs and placer deposits.
This document provides an overview of the Central Indus Basin, a gas-prone geological province in Pakistan. It is divided into three units: the Punjab platform in the east, the longitudinally subsiding Sulaiman depression in the center, and the folded Sulaiman fold belt in the west near the collision zone. The region contains source rocks from the Cretaceous, Jurassic and Eocene periods. Important reservoir rocks include limestones from the Eocene, Paleocene and Cretaceous, with a total thickness of 1,500m. Seal rocks include marine and shallow marine mudstones. Traps formed from stratigraphic changes and faulting. Tectonics involved basement uplift and compression
This document defines sequence stratigraphy and discusses its basic concepts. Sequence stratigraphy studies genetically related rock units bounded by unconformities. It is based on dividing strata into sequences bounded by sea level changes. Key concepts discussed include depositional sequences, parasequences, flooding surfaces, system tracts, accommodation space, and the importance of sequence stratigraphy for understanding basin evolution and resource exploration.
This document outlines the key aspects of fluvial channels and deposits. It discusses the origin and stages of river development from mountainous sources. The main forms of fluvial channels are straight, anastomosing, braided, and meandering, with braided bars and point bars being the main deposits. Fluvial deposits have economic importance as aquifers, reservoirs, and hosts for minerals like gold. In conclusion, the presentation covered the origin, forms, deposits, and economic value of fluvial systems.
This document describes various sedimentary environments including continental, transitional, marine, and others. Continental environments include alluvium deposited by rivers, aeolian sediments deposited by wind, fluvial sediments from streams and rivers, and lacustrine sediments from lakes. Marginal marine environments along the shore include beaches, barrier islands, lagoons, estuaries, and tidal flats. Marine environments discussed are the continental shelf, reefs, continental slope, continental rise, and abyssal plain. Characteristics of sediments and deposition in each environment are provided.
This document provides an outline for a course on sequence stratigraphy. It covers key concepts in stratigraphy including sedimentary depositional environments, facies analysis, sequence stratigraphy principles, and causes of sea level change. Common siliciclastic and carbonate stratigraphic successions are examined. The role of base level and relative sea level changes in controlling sediment accumulation and sequence boundaries is discussed.
This document presents information about sedimentary basins. It discusses the formation of basins through mechanisms like isostatic changes and tectonic activity. It also classifies basins based on the type of plate boundary they form near, such as divergent or convergent boundaries. Additionally, it describes different types of basin margins including shelf-break, ramp, and growth-fault margins. Finally, it provides overviews of major sedimentary basins in Pakistan and how sequence stratigraphy analyzes changes in basins over time.
1) Sequence stratigraphy involves subdividing stratigraphy into sequences bounded by unconformities and identifying their generating causes like tectonism or eustasy.
2) Key methods for analyzing sequence stratigraphy include mapping unconformities, stratigraphic terminations, and cyclic facies changes to identify sequences and depositional systems tracts.
3) Sequences reflect cycles of relative sea level change from rises and falls, which are driven by eustasy or tectonism, and generate predictable depositional responses.
1. Wall rock alteration occurs when hot hydrothermal fluids interact with surrounding country rocks, changing their mineralogy. There are two main types: hypogene alteration from ascending fluids and supergene alteration from descending waters.
2. Alteration products depend on the rock character, fluid properties like pH and temperature/pressure conditions. Important reactions include hydrolysis, hydration, dechlorination, silication, and decarbonation.
3. Different alteration types are associated with certain deposit types, like potassic alteration with porphyry copper deposits and greisenization indicating tin or tungsten. Original rock type influences prevalent alteration, such as sericitization and silicification in acidic rocks.
The document summarizes the Krishna Godavari Basin located offshore of India. It describes the basin's tectonic evolution from the late Paleozoic to present day, including multiple rifting and drifting stages as India separated from Antarctica and collided with Eurasia. It also analyzes the basin's four petroleum systems and discusses evidence of natural gas hydrates found in the basin, including bottom-simulating reflectors indicating gas hydrate occurrence.
This document provides information on carbonate systems, including their formation processes, modern and ancient settings, controlling factors, and sedimentary facies. Carbonate sediment is formed through biological processes controlled by factors like temperature, salinity, and clastic sediment influx. Modern carbonates are found in warm-water, cool-water, and pelagic settings. Ancient carbonates developed on flooded continental shelves during high sea levels. Carbonate platforms, ramps, reefs, and other depositional environments are described.
Komattite
Named after the Komati River in South Africa.
first described by Morris and Richard (twins) for ultramafic units in the Barberton Greenstone belt of South Africa.
Mostly of komatiite are Archean age
distributed in the Archaean shield areas.
Also a few are Proterozoic and Phanerozoic.
In all ages komatiites are highly magnesium.
Mostly a volcanic rock; occasionally intrusive.
Mafic rocks were identified as extrusive because of their volcanic textures and structures, and they seem to have been accepted as a normal component of Archean volcanic successions, Abitibi in Canada.
The ultramafic rocks were interpreted as intrusive which are founded as sills and dykes, Barberton in South Africa.
Spinifex texture-typical of Komatiites:
Sedimentary rocks form through the accumulation and lithification of sediments. Sediments are produced through the weathering and erosion of existing rocks. Once transported, sediments are deposited in layers and compacted over time into sedimentary rock. Sedimentary rocks can be classified based on their composition (e.g. siliciclastic rocks like sandstone form from clastic particles) and texture (e.g. grain size, sorting, rounding influence the rock type). Sedimentary structures provide clues about the depositional environment.
This document discusses paleocurrent analysis, which is the study of ancient sediment flows. Paleocurrent analysis provides information about the orientation of ancient sedimentary systems and flow directions. It can indicate the direction of rivers, currents, sediment gravity flows, and winds in the past. Paleocurrent indicators include cross-beds, clast imbrication, tool marks, and ripple orientations, which can be analyzed individually or together. Fabric analysis and studying internal and external sedimentary structures are important techniques. The document provides examples of these techniques and how paleocurrent analysis has been applied to study areas in western Maine.
The document provides an overview of a course on carbonates and sedimentary basins. It discusses how carbonate sediments form in different depositional environments and the factors controlling carbonate accumulation and distribution. It also summarizes the key components and textures of carbonate rocks and the processes of diagenesis.
Sedimentary facies refer to rock or sediment bodies that are distinguished by their composition, texture, structures and other features related to the depositional environment. Key aspects of facies include grain size, sorting, fossils and bedding. Individual facies represent specific depositional conditions. Multiple genetically-related facies comprise a facies association representing a depositional system. Facies successions occur at different scales from individual systems to basin-scale sequences reflecting changes in sea level over time.
The document summarizes carbonate rock classification systems. It describes the Dunham and Folk classification schemes which are based on composition and textures. The Dunham scheme categorizes rocks as mudstone, wackestone, packstone, or grainstone depending on whether allochems or matrix is dominant. The Folk scheme additionally considers allochem types. Both aim to capture depositional environments but Dunham focuses on grain abundance while Folk considers all components. The document also discusses carbonate components, textures, porosity types and dolomitization.
This document summarizes various depositional environments including aeolian, fluvial, shallow marine/shoreline, deltaic, deep marine, and carbonates. For each environment, it describes the typical facies/depositional areas, geometries, trends, and potential reservoir and seal facies. The environments represent both clastic and carbonate depositional systems across continental, transitional, and marine settings.
This document discusses various primary sedimentary structures that form as a result of mechanical processes during sediment deposition. It describes bedforms such as ripples and dunes that form under different flow regimes. It also discusses cross-bedding and other structures including graded bedding, soft-sediment deformation, and bedding-plane markings. Various sedimentary environments and the structures associated with them are outlined, such as turbidites and hummocky cross-stratification.
What is an ore?, Ore deposit environments, Formation of Mineral Deposits, Endogenous (Internal) processes, Exogenous (Surficial) processes, Types of Sedimentary Rocks, Mineral Deposits Associated with Sedimentary Process, physical processes of ore deposit formation in the surficial realm, Erosion, weathering , transportation, sorting, Precipitation, Depositional Environments, Deposits formed by Weathering, Deposits formed by Sediment, Resources from the Sedimentary Environments
1) Stratigraphy is the chronological study of sedimentary rocks to understand the history of the Earth. It reveals details of past climate, geography, evolution, and more.
2) The principles of stratigraphy include lithology, order of superposition, and fossil content. Lithology is the study of rock compositions and minerals. Order of superposition means younger rocks are deposited above older rocks. Fossils provide information about past life.
3) The geological time scale divides Earth's history into eras, periods, and epochs to correlate rock formations worldwide. It allows reconstruction of the planet's environmental changes over time.
The document discusses Kendall's tau rank correlation coefficient. It defines tau as a statistic that measures the ordinal association between two measured quantities. An example is shown calculating tau between students' grades and IQ scores. Tau is computed by taking the difference between the number of concordant and discordant pairs, divided by the total number of possible pairs. A value of tau near 1 indicates strong agreement between the rankings, near -1 indicates strong disagreement, and near 0 indicates independence between the variables.
The document discusses different landforms created by glacial deposition including erratics, drumlins, and boulder clay. Erratics are large boulders carried and deposited by glacial ice in areas of different bedrock. Drumlins are smooth, elongated hills formed parallel to the direction of glacial ice movement, typically 30-40 meters high and 300-400 meters long, consisting of stones and clay deposited as the glacier's load became too heavy. Most deposition occurs at the upstream end forming the drumlin's blunt end, with the rest of the deposited material molded by the moving ice into a tapered downstream end.
Here is a 4 mark labelled sketch of an esker:
[SKETCH OF AN ESKER]:
- Sinuous ridge
- Coarse gravel and sand
- Stratified layers
- 5-20m high
Eskers form through the process of subglacial deposition:
Meltwater flows through tunnels beneath the glacier. As it flows, it deposits material in the tunnel. Coarser material is deposited first, creating layers. As the glacier melts away, it leaves behind the sinuous ridge of stratified sand and gravel - the esker. The tunnel walls confined the meltwater flow and pressure, allowing transport and deposition of material.
Fluvioglacial processes involve meltwater streams from glaciers depositing sorted sediments. Features like eskers, kames, and kame terraces are formed through deposition in ice tunnels, depressions, and against valley walls. As glaciers retreat, landforms like outwash plains, kettle holes, and deltas are left behind. Meltwater streams carry and sort sediments by grain size as they flow, depositing the heaviest materials like gravel first.
This document describes various glacial and periglacial landforms formed by glacial erosion and deposition. Cirques are round hollows formed by glacial erosion in mountain regions. Arêtes are knife-edged ridges formed between two cirques, and pyramidal peaks form where three or more cirques meet. Glacial erosion can also form U-shaped valleys called troughs. Deposition by glaciers forms landforms like till, moraines, drumlins and erratics. Periglacial processes in cold regions without glaciers form patterned ground, ice wedges, pingos and other landforms through freeze-thaw action.
This document provides data from judges' ratings of essays and colors of packaging. It calculates the coefficient of concordance (W) for the data and tests the significance.
For the essay data, W is calculated to be 0.62, indicating a moderate agreement among judges.
For the packaging color data, the null hypothesis of no significant agreement is tested against the alternative of significant agreement using a chi-squared test. The calculated chi-squared value of 21.7 exceeds the critical value of 14.07, so the null hypothesis is rejected. This indicates a considerable and significant agreement among judges in ranking the package colors.
This document discusses geological principles for determining the relative ages of rocks including the law of superposition, cross cutting relationships, and whether a rock containing fragments of another rock is younger or older. It also mentions key terms related to structural geology including limb, axial trace, and hinge which can provide clues about the relative ages of rocks.
This document discusses different types of glacial landforms formed by the deposition of debris (moraine) transported and deposited by glaciers. It describes erratics as large rocks transported far from their source, moraines as ridges of glacial debris including terminal, lateral, and recessional moraines, and drumlins as streamlined hills that indicate the direction of past ice flow. Drumlins are proposed to form through subglacial deformation as the glacier becomes overloaded with debris and moulds it into characteristic elongated shapes aligned with ice movement.
This document outlines the FracaFlow workflow for modeling fractured reservoirs. It involves characterizing fractures from static and dynamic data, building a discrete fracture network model consistent with the conceptual model, calibrating the model using well test and production data, and upscaling the fracture network to reservoir grid blocks for simulation. The goal is to generate a fractured reservoir model with a high level of confidence that accurately captures the geology and fluid behavior.
La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un impacto significativo en la economía mundial. Muchos países experimentaron fuertes caídas en el PIB y aumentos en el desempleo debido a los cierres generalizados y las restricciones a los viajes. Aunque las vacunas han permitido la reapertura de muchas economías, los efectos a largo plazo de la pandemia en sectores como el turismo y los viajes aún no están claros.
This document describes various landforms created by glacial erosion and deposition. It defines cirques, corries, and cwms as hollows on mountainsides deepened and widened by corrie glaciers. Arêtes are knife-edged ridges between corries, while pyramidal peaks form when multiple corries erode a central horn-shaped area. Glacial troughs or U-shaped valleys have hanging valleys, truncated spurs, and misfit streams. Features of glacial deposition include till, moraines, drumlins, eskers, kames, kettles, and outwash plains.
The document summarizes the structure and dynamics of the Earth. It describes how the Earth is composed of layers with different densities, including the crust, mantle, and core. It explains that the lithosphere is divided into tectonic plates that move over the asthenosphere due to convection currents in the mantle. There are three main types of plate boundaries - divergent where new crust forms, convergent where plates collide and one is subducted, and transform where plates slide past each other. Plate tectonics involves the creation of oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges and recycling of crust through subduction.
Tectonic Basin and its classification:
Dickinson's Classification
Kingston Classification
Ingersoll's Classification
Bally and Snelson's Classification
Raul Calderon conducted a field assignment along California's Central Coast to analyze and document geological history and species evolution. The Central Coast region extends from Santa Cruz to San Luis Obispo County, containing the Salinas River which drained ancient Lake Corcoran. Sedimentary rocks in the region include mudstone, siltstone, and rhyolite igneous boulders deposited over time. Uplift of mountain ranges along the coast since the Miocene altered the shoreline geometry and exposed sedimentary layers exhibiting the law of original horizontality and angular unconformities showing periods of erosion.
The Earth's crust is broken into large tectonic plates that are constantly moving. When the plates collide, converge, or crash into each other at convergent boundaries, it causes geologic activity like earthquakes and volcanoes. As plates move apart at divergent boundaries, new crust is formed through sea floor spreading. Plates also slide past each other at transform boundaries. Together, the movement and interactions of tectonic plates explains continental drift, mountain building, and other geologic phenomena.
The document summarizes the geology of the Cuyamaca Mountains in Southern California. It discusses the geological history including the formation of granitic rocks from volcanic activity in the Mesozoic era. It describes common plant and animal species found in the area such as chamise plants and California ground squirrels. Samples of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks from the mountains are presented and analyzed. Principles of relative dating, including the law of superposition and unconformities, are explained with examples from the Cuyamaca Mountains.
The document discusses sedimentary facies and their relationship to sea level changes. It defines sedimentary facies as aspects of rock units defined by their composition, texture, and fossil content that indicate the environment of deposition. There are two main types of facies - lithofacies defined by composition and texture, and biofacies defined by fossil content. Sedimentary facies change laterally and vertically according to sea level changes - during transgression facies shift onshore and during regression facies shift offshore. Vertical sequences of facies represent once laterally continuous environments (Walther's Law). Major causes of sea level change include continental glaciation, plate tectonics, and local geological changes.
Lake Berryessa is located in Napa County, California and was formed by sediment deposition from the erosion of volcanic rocks. The sedimentary layers at Lake Berryessa are estimated to be 13 km thick and represent 80 million years of erosion. The mountain ranges surrounding the lake formed 150-130 million years ago. Great Egrets and Blue Oak trees are commonly seen in the area and have adapted over millions of years to the local environment. Sedimentary rocks like limestone and conglomerate can be seen around the lake and provide evidence of the geological history through principles of relative dating.
Sedimentary facies represent the original depositional environment and can be used to interpret changes in sea level. There are two main types of facies - lithofacies which describe rock characteristics, and biofacies which describe fossil content. During a transgression, facies shift onshore as sea level rises. During a regression, facies shift offshore as sea level falls. A vertical succession of facies represents environments that were once laterally continuous according to Walther's Law. Global sea level changes are caused by continental glaciation and plate tectonics, while local changes involve vertical land movement or sediment supply.
Sedimentary facies represent the original depositional environment and can be used to interpret changes in sea level. There are two main types of facies - lithofacies which describe rock characteristics, and biofacies which describe fossil composition. During a transgression, facies shift onshore as sea level rises. During a regression, facies shift offshore as sea level falls. A vertical succession of facies represents environments that were once laterally continuous according to Walther's Law. Global sea level changes are caused by continental glaciation and plate tectonics, while local changes involve vertical land movement or sediment supply.
Study of plate tectonics of the earth, or plate movement, Jahangir Alam
a) Wegener’s Evidence (Continental Drift)
b) History of Plate Tectonics
c) Breakup and Appearence of Pangea
WHAT IS A PLATE?
Major continental and oceanic plates include:
Types of Earth’s Crust:
Plate tectonics (from the Late Latin tectonicus) is a scientific theory which describes the large scale motions of Earth's lithosphere.
THE DYNAMIC EARTH:
The earth is a dynamic planet, continuously changing both externally and internally. The earth’s surface is constantly being changed by endo-genetic processes resulting in volcanism and tectonism, and exogenetic processes such as erosion and deposition. These processes have been active throughout geological history. The processes that change the surface feature are normally very slow (erosion and deposition) except some catastrophic changes that occur instantaneously as in the case of volcanism or earthquakes. The interior of the earth is also in motion. Deeper inside the earth, the liquid core probably flows at a geologically rapid rate of a few tenths of mm/s. Several hypotheses attempted to explain the dynamism of the earth.
+ Horizontal movement hypothesis
+ Continental drift, displacement hypothesis
Development of the plate tectonic theory.
Plate tectonic theory arose out of the hypothesis of continental drift proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. He suggested that the present continents once formed a single land mass that drifted apart, thus releasing the continents from the Earth's core and likening them to "icebergs" of low density granite floating on a sea of denser basalt.
Seafloor Spreading
The first evidence that the lithospheric plates did move came with the discovery of variable magnetic field direction in rocks of differing ages.
After attending this lesson, the user would be able to understand the basic characteristics of the submarine canyons, their origin, and their distribution in various major oceans of the world.
Detailed information about the morphological conditions, sedimentology and marine life of the submarine canyons will also be understood.
Francisco Rosas Manzo Field Lab Assingmentjrosas_83
This document summarizes a geology student's field assignment collecting and identifying rock samples in Kings Canyon National Park. The student identified samples of granite, basalt, sandstone, conglomerate, and weathered sandstone. They also discussed faults, weathering, mass wasting, erosion, sedimentary environments including continental, marine, and transitional, and the practical uses of geology such as bridges. The student enjoyed the assignment but had difficulty with rock identification from photographs alone.
This document summarizes the geology of Montana De Oro State Park along California's central coast. The park contains tilted sedimentary rock layers from 5-10 million years ago, including the Miguelito Shale formed from ocean sediments. Features include an angular unconformity showing a change in the tilt of layers over time, and limestone containing fossil shells. Native Americans once used rock residue as face paint. The document also describes the habitat and fossils of the California Quail found in the park's coastal sagebrush areas.
The document discusses the history of theories of plate tectonics. It describes how early theories viewed the Earth's crust as rigid and unmoving, but accumulating evidence from seafloor mapping, core sampling, and studies across scientific disciplines demonstrated that the crust is made up of mobile tectonic plates that move and interact along boundaries. The modern theory of plate tectonics explains continental drift, mountain building, volcanism and earthquakes based on the dynamics of divergent, convergent, and transform plate boundaries.
Plate Tectonics
Chapter 19
Plate TectonicsPlate tectonics - Earth’s surface composed thick plates that moveIntense geologic activity is concentrated at plate boundariesCombination of continental drift and seafloor spreading hypotheses proposed in late 1960s
Review: Three Types of Plate Boundaries
But how do we
know that plates
move at all ?
Transform Convergent Divergent
(strike-slip) (subduction) (spreading)
Early Case for Continental DriftPuzzle-piece fit of coastlines of Africa and South America has long been known
In early 1900s, Alfred Wegner noted South America, Africa, India, Antarctica, and Australia have almost identical rocks and fossils
Early Case for Continental DriftGlossopteris (plant), Lystrosaurus and Cynognathus (animals) fossils found on all five continents Mesosaurus (reptile) fossils found in Brazil and South Africa only
Glaciers Most of the Earth's ice is found in Antarctic continental glacier. Where are some other continental glaciers ?
FIGURE 10.5 Iceberg calving at Wrangell-St. Elias National Park, Alaska. Calving occurs when huge blocks of ice break off at the edge of a glacier that has moved to a shoreline. [Tom Bean.]
Glacial striations on a rock from stones grinding at the base of a heavy ice sheet leave these shiny linear marks on the bedrock below.
FIGURE 10.18 Glacial striations on bedrock in Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska. Striations are evidence of the direction of ice movement and are especially important clues for reconstructing the movement of continental glaciers. [Carr Clifton.]
Glacial Characteristics Glaciers flow downhill as a solid mass that creates channels, and walls made of ground up rock debris known as a merraine.
Erosional LandscapesErosional landforms produced by valley glaciers include: U-shaped valleys Hanging valleysSmaller tributary glacial valleys left stranded above more quickly eroded central valleys
Early Case for Continental DriftWegner reassembled continents into the supercontinent Pangaea
Late Paleozoic glaciation patterns on southern continents best explained by their reconstruction into (Pangaea) Gondwanaland
Early Case for Continental DriftCoal beds of North America and Europe indicate Laurasia super continent
Continental Drift hypothesis initially rejected Wegener could not come up with viable driving force continents should not be able to “plow through” sea floor rocks
The Earth's Magnetic Field
Can Give Us Clues
Paleomagnetism and Continental Drift RevivedStudies of rock magnetism allowed determination of magnetic pole locations (close to geographic poles) Paleomagnetism uses mineral magnetic alignment and dip angle to determine the distance to the magnetic pole when rocks formedSteeper dip angles indicate rocks formed closer .
This document summarizes key concepts related to orogenesis including folding, faulting, and volcanism. It describes three main types of faulting - normal, reverse/thrust, and transform/strike-slip. Examples of related landforms like horsts and grabens formed by normal faulting are provided. Transform faults like the San Andreas are described as forming shallow linear valleys with little volcanism. The earthquake cycle and seismic wave types are summarized. Historic earthquakes in California like the 1857 Fort Tejon and 1906 San Francisco quakes are overviewed. Finally, the document classifies volcanoes and provides examples of explosive composite cones and effusive shield volcanoes formed at hot spots.
The document provides a summary of the geology tour given by Mike Stoever of the Washington D.C. area. It discusses the major geological processes that led to the formation of the area, including plate tectonics, erosion and deposition, a meteorite impact, and sea level changes. It then describes the four main geological provinces that make up the D.C. area, and highlights several important geological features, such as the Fall Line, Teddy Roosevelt Island, and Great Falls Park.
The San Andreas Fault runs nearly the length of California and is classified as a strike-slip fault, causing side-to-side movement between tectonic plates that has resulted in many earthquakes. Chemical and physical weathering change and break down rocks through chemical reactions and plant growth, respectively. Mass wasting such as rockslides transport loose rock and soil downslope due to gravity. Erosion by water widens creeks and rivers over time by carrying away eroded material. Marine, transitional, and continental sedimentary environments deposit sediments from moving water in oceans, shorelines, and streams/rivers. Geology informs practical applications like bridges, canals, and oil extraction.
The Grand Canyon was formed over 5 million years by the Colorado River carving through layered sedimentary rock. Erosion and weathering by the river and other natural forces caused the canyon to gradually deepen over millennia as the rock layers were exposed. Today, the 277 mile long canyon reveals nearly 40 distinct rock layers that range in age from over 2 billion years old at the bottom of the canyon to about 200 million years at the rim.
This document summarizes a student's assignment to observe and document geological features in Orange County, California. The student observed and described three rock types: gneiss, slate rock, and basalt. Gneiss is a metamorphic rock formed from high pressure and heat. Slate is a metamorphic rock formed from volcanic ash. Basalt is an igneous rock with fissures. The student also observed local vegetation and birds. Finally, the student documented the geological principle of lateral continuity, which states that sedimentary layers initially extend in all directions.
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
OpenID AuthZEN Interop Read Out - AuthorizationDavid Brossard
During Identiverse 2024 and EIC 2024, members of the OpenID AuthZEN WG got together and demoed their authorization endpoints conforming to the AuthZEN API
Unlock the Future of Search with MongoDB Atlas_ Vector Search Unleashed.pdfMalak Abu Hammad
Discover how MongoDB Atlas and vector search technology can revolutionize your application's search capabilities. This comprehensive presentation covers:
* What is Vector Search?
* Importance and benefits of vector search
* Practical use cases across various industries
* Step-by-step implementation guide
* Live demos with code snippets
* Enhancing LLM capabilities with vector search
* Best practices and optimization strategies
Perfect for developers, AI enthusiasts, and tech leaders. Learn how to leverage MongoDB Atlas to deliver highly relevant, context-aware search results, transforming your data retrieval process. Stay ahead in tech innovation and maximize the potential of your applications.
#MongoDB #VectorSearch #AI #SemanticSearch #TechInnovation #DataScience #LLM #MachineLearning #SearchTechnology
Building Production Ready Search Pipelines with Spark and MilvusZilliz
Spark is the widely used ETL tool for processing, indexing and ingesting data to serving stack for search. Milvus is the production-ready open-source vector database. In this talk we will show how to use Spark to process unstructured data to extract vector representations, and push the vectors to Milvus vector database for search serving.
Digital Marketing Trends in 2024 | Guide for Staying AheadWask
https://www.wask.co/ebooks/digital-marketing-trends-in-2024
Feeling lost in the digital marketing whirlwind of 2024? Technology is changing, consumer habits are evolving, and staying ahead of the curve feels like a never-ending pursuit. This e-book is your compass. Dive into actionable insights to handle the complexities of modern marketing. From hyper-personalization to the power of user-generated content, learn how to build long-term relationships with your audience and unlock the secrets to success in the ever-shifting digital landscape.
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAUpanagenda
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Driving Business Innovation: Latest Generative AI Advancements & Success StorySafe Software
Are you ready to revolutionize how you handle data? Join us for a webinar where we’ll bring you up to speed with the latest advancements in Generative AI technology and discover how leveraging FME with tools from giants like Google Gemini, Amazon, and Microsoft OpenAI can supercharge your workflow efficiency.
During the hour, we’ll take you through:
Guest Speaker Segment with Hannah Barrington: Dive into the world of dynamic real estate marketing with Hannah, the Marketing Manager at Workspace Group. Hear firsthand how their team generates engaging descriptions for thousands of office units by integrating diverse data sources—from PDF floorplans to web pages—using FME transformers, like OpenAIVisionConnector and AnthropicVisionConnector. This use case will show you how GenAI can streamline content creation for marketing across the board.
Ollama Use Case: Learn how Scenario Specialist Dmitri Bagh has utilized Ollama within FME to input data, create custom models, and enhance security protocols. This segment will include demos to illustrate the full capabilities of FME in AI-driven processes.
Custom AI Models: Discover how to leverage FME to build personalized AI models using your data. Whether it’s populating a model with local data for added security or integrating public AI tools, find out how FME facilitates a versatile and secure approach to AI.
We’ll wrap up with a live Q&A session where you can engage with our experts on your specific use cases, and learn more about optimizing your data workflows with AI.
This webinar is ideal for professionals seeking to harness the power of AI within their data management systems while ensuring high levels of customization and security. Whether you're a novice or an expert, gain actionable insights and strategies to elevate your data processes. Join us to see how FME and AI can revolutionize how you work with data!
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdfTosin Akinosho
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte WebinarZilliz
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
For the full video of this presentation, please visit: https://www.edge-ai-vision.com/2024/06/building-and-scaling-ai-applications-with-the-nx-ai-manager-a-presentation-from-network-optix/
Robin van Emden, Senior Director of Data Science at Network Optix, presents the “Building and Scaling AI Applications with the Nx AI Manager,” tutorial at the May 2024 Embedded Vision Summit.
In this presentation, van Emden covers the basics of scaling edge AI solutions using the Nx tool kit. He emphasizes the process of developing AI models and deploying them globally. He also showcases the conversion of AI models and the creation of effective edge AI pipelines, with a focus on pre-processing, model conversion, selecting the appropriate inference engine for the target hardware and post-processing.
van Emden shows how Nx can simplify the developer’s life and facilitate a rapid transition from concept to production-ready applications.He provides valuable insights into developing scalable and efficient edge AI solutions, with a strong focus on practical implementation.
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoptionTatiana Kojar
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Project Management Semester Long Project - Acuityjpupo2018
Acuity is an innovative learning app designed to transform the way you engage with knowledge. Powered by AI technology, Acuity takes complex topics and distills them into concise, interactive summaries that are easy to read & understand. Whether you're exploring the depths of quantum mechanics or seeking insight into historical events, Acuity provides the key information you need without the burden of lengthy texts.
1. Clastic Hierarchies and Eustasy
Spring 2005
Professor Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
kendall@sc.edu
777.2410
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
3. Lecture Series Overview
Sequence stratigraphy & stratigraphic surfaces
Basics: Ideal ‘sequence’ of Vail et al 1977 &
associated terminology
Clastic system response to changing sea level and
rates of sedimentation - with movie
Carbonate systems response to changing sea
level and rates of sedimentation - with movie
Exercises – Sequence stratigraphy of carbonates
and clastics from chronostratigraphy, seismic,
outcrop and well log character
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
4. Sedimentary rocks are the
product of the generation,
transport, deposition, and
diagenesis of detritus and
solutes derived from pre-existing
rocks.
5. Sedimentary rocks are the
product of the creation, transport,
deposition, and diagenesis of
detritus and solutes derived from
pre-existing rocks.
7. Depositional Systems
depositional system: assemblage of multiple process-related
sedimentary facies assemblages, commonly identified by the
geography in which deposition occurs.
EX: nearshore depositional system, deep marine depositional system,
glacial depositional system, fluvial depositional system
NB depositional systems are:
modern features
used to interpret ancient sedimentary successions
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
8. Types of Depositional Systems
marine ocean, sea
transitional part land, part ocean
terrestrial land
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
15. Characteristics of Clastic System
Critical stratigraphic signals of
system?
Geomorphologic & tectonic setting
Dominant sedimentary processes
Facies
Subdividing surfaces
Lithology
Sedimentary structures
Geometries – Confined versus open
Fauna & flora
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
16. Types of Depositional Systems
marine ocean, sea
terrestrial land
transitional part land, part ocean
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
17. Types of Depositional Systems
marine ocean, sea
transitional part land, part ocean
terrestrial land
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
18. Marine Depositional Systems
shallow/nearshore
tide-dominated
wave-dominated
reef
shelf/platform
carbonate
clastic
deep marine
deep sea fans
pelagic
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
19. Marine Depositional Systems
wave-dominated coasts
tide-dominated coasts
fluvial-dominated coasts (deltas)
carbonate reefs
clastic shelves & platforms
carbonate shelves & platforms
deepwater fans
pelagic abyssal plains
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
20. Coastal Depositional Systems
Form proximal to shorelines
Geographically narrow, geologically important
Fluid flow transport and deposition
Surface waves
Tidal waves (not tsunami!)
Fluvial input
Grain-size decreases with deeper water
Onshore, offshore & longshore sediment transport
important
Net sediment input (often from rivers) often leads to
progradational geometries
Important for tracking sea-level changes
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
25. Marine Depositional Systems
wave-dominated coasts
tide-dominated coasts
fluvial-dominated coasts (deltas)
carbonate reefs
clastic shelves & platforms
carbonate shelves & platforms
deepwater fans
pelagic abyssal plains
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
26. Waves & Wave Periods
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
27. Characteristics of Beach Systems
Sediments coarsen upward from marine shales
Linear sand bodies parallel to basin margin, serrated margins landward
Formed by a mix of waves and tidal currents
Facies
Subdivided erosion surfaces formed during
– Dropping in base level
Local channels
– Rising in base level
Wells sorted and rounded pure quartz arenites common
Sedimentary structures
–
–
–
Offshore hummocky wavy bedding
Nearshore cut and fill
Gently seaward dipping thin parallel beds
Geometries
– Confined incised channels
– Open linear sheets parallel to shore
Fauna & flora
– Marine fauna at base of units
– Terrestrial flora at crest of units
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
28. Vertical stacking of shore line sediments
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
53. Delta Mouth Bar - Kentucky
Note Incised Surface Of Reworked Bar
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
54. Tidal, Storm or Tsunami Channel
Note Incised Surface Beneath Channel
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
55.
56. Characteristics of Sequence Boundary
(SB) from well logs, core & outcrop
Defined by erosion or incision of underlying flooding
surfaces (mfs and TS)
Inferred from interruption in the lateral continuity of
these surfaces
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
57. Characteristics of Sequence Boundary
(SB) from well logs, core & outcrop
Defined by erosion or incision of underlying flooding
surfaces (mfs and TS)
Inferred from interruption in the lateral continuity of
these surfaces
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
58. Beach Ridges: St. Phillips Island, SC
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
59. Progradation & Transgressive Architectures
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
Kraft & John, 1979
67. Characteristics of Estuary Systems
Sediments coarsen upward from marine shales
Sand bodies perpendicular to basin margin, narrow landward
Formed by a mix of tidal currents and occasional storm waves
Facies
Subdivided erosion surfaces formed during
– Dropping in base level
Local channels
– Rising in base level
Wells sorted and rounded pure quartz arenites common
Sedimentary structures
–
–
–
Offshore hummocky wavy bedding
Nearshore cut and fill
Gently seaward dipping thin parallel beds
Geometries
– Confined incised channels
– Open linear sheets perpendicular and occasionally parallel to shore
Fauna & flora
– Marine fauna at base of units
– Terrestrial flora at crest of units
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
71. Marine Depositional Systems
Wave-dominated coasts
Tide-dominated coasts
Fluvial-dominated coasts (deltas)
Carbonate reefs
Clastic shelves & platforms
Carbonate shelves & platforms
Deepwater fans
Pelagic abyssal plains
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
72. Deltaic Depositional Systems
Form where rivers with large drainages meet standing
water bodies (~basins)
Very large sediment flux
Fluid & gravity flow transport and deposition
Surface waves
Tidal waves (not tsunami!)
Fluvial input
Turbidity currents & sub-aqueous debris flows
Net sediment input often leads to progradational
geometries
Delta types depend on tidal range, wave climate, and
composition and depths of water in river and basin
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
73. Characteristics of Deltaic Systems
Sediments coarsen upward from marine shales
Sand bodies form tongues perpendicular to basin margin
Formed by a mix of fluvial input, tidal currents and storm waves
Facies
Subdivided erosion surfaces formed during
– Dropping in base level
Local channels
– Rising in base level
Poorly sorted and irregular litharenites common
Sedimentary structures
–
–
–
Offshore laminated to hummocky wavy bedding
Nearshore cut and fill
Gently seaward dipping thin parallel beds
Geometries
– Confined incised channels
– Open linear sheets perpendicular and occasionally parallel to shore
Fauna & flora
– Marine fauna at base of units
– Terrestrial flora at crest of units
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
81. Amazon Delta - Brazil
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
82. Nile Delta - Egypt
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
83. Delta Types
River-dominated
Small tidal range, weak storms and large
sediment flux build delta out into basin
Tide-dominated
Large tidal ranges dominate transport,
deposition & geomorphology
Wave-dominated
Strong and repeated storms rework delta
sediment
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
84. Delta Processes
Depositional patterns and geomorphology
depend on the relative dominance of three
competing processes at river mouths:
Inertia
– River water
– Basin water
Friction
– Water vs. substrate
– Water vs. water
Buoyancy
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
85. Delta Processes
Relative influence of inertia, friction & buoyancy is a
function of:
Density contrasts
Homopycnal flow – equal density water bodies mix
Hyperpycnal flow – higher density sinks below ocean (Yellow)
Hypopycnal flow – lower density floats on ocean (Mississippi)
Concentration, grain size and suspended vs. bedload
ratio
Water depths
Mouth
Basin
Water discharge
Water inflow velocity
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
86. Delta Processes
Inertia-dominated deltas
deep water, steep slopes, high river flow velocity
moderate sediment transport, large flow expansion
Friction-dominated deltas
shallow water, low slopes,
proximal sediment transport, large bars, limited flow
expansion
hyperpycnal flow possible
Buoyancy-dominated deltas
deep water, hypopycnal flow, large suspended load
distant sediment transport, flow rafting plumes
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
110. Types of Depositional Systems
marine ocean, sea
terrestrial land
transitional part land, part ocean
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
111. Marine Depositional Systems
wave-dominated coasts
tide-dominated coasts
fluvial-dominated coasts (deltas)
carbonate reefs
clastic shelves & platforms
carbonate shelves & platforms
deepwater fans
pelagic abyssal plains
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
114. Characteristics of Deepwater Systems
Sediments fine upward from marine fans
Sand bodies form lobes perpendicular to basin margin
Formed by a mix of fluvial input, and turbidite currents
Facies
Subdivided erosion surfaces formed during
– Migrating fan lobe fill
– Dropping in base level
Local channels
– Rising in base level
Poor to well sorted litharenites common
Sedimentary structures
– Fining upward cycles that coarsen up as depo-center of lobes migrate
– Up dip channel cut and fill
– Gently seaward dipping thin parallel lobate sheets
Geometries
– Confined incised channels
– Open lobate sheets perpendicular and occasionally parallel to shore
Fauna & flora
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
– Restricted Marine fauna often in over bank shales
115. Deep Sea Fan Depositional Systems
Form in the moderate to deep ocean, down-dip of
submarine canyons and often deltas
Large sediment flux, high sedimentation rate, large
area
Gravity flow transport and deposition
turbidity currents
subaqueous debris flows
suspension fall-out
Lobes and lobe-switching important
Both coarse and fine grained sediment
Often well-sorted and normally graded
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
116. Bengal Fan & Ganges-Brahmaputra Delta
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
117. Submarine Canyons and Deep Sea Fans
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
141. Delaware Mountains – Basin Fans
Deepwater Channel
Cha n
nel S
a n ds
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
Kendall Photo
142. Brushy Canyon Group - Base of Slope
Permian Basin
Channel Fill
Turbidites
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
Kendall Photo
143. Brushy Canyon Group - Base of Slope Permian Basin
Margin of submarine fan channel incised
into "overbank". Channel fill with
amalgamation as well as flowage & injection
of sand into the surrounding strata of the
channel walls.
Kendall Photo
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
U.S. Highway 62-180 south of Guadalupe Pass
144. Pelagic Depositional Systems
Form in the open ocean or open (large) lakes and seas
Small sediment flux, very low sedimentation rate
Suspended load current transport
Surface waves
Tidal waves (not tsunami!)
Fluvial input
Turbidity currents & sub-aqueous debris flows
Suspension fall-out deposition
Fine-grained (clay, mud and silt) deposition
Carbonates
Siliciclastic mudstones
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
158. Types of Depositional Systems
marine ocean, sea
transitional part land, part ocean
terrestrial land
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
161. Alluvial Fan System Characteristics
Sediments fine upward within fan lobes
Sand bodies form lobes perpendicular to basin margin
Formed by a mix of fluvial input, and mass sediment movement
Facies
Subdivided erosion surfaces formed during
– Migrating fan lobe fill
– Dropping in base level
Local channels
– Rising in base level
Poor to well sorted litharenite boulders, gravels and sands common
Sedimentary structures
– Fining upward cycles that coarsen up as depo-center of lobes progrdes
– Up dip channel cut and fill
– Gently seaward dipping thin parallel lobate sheets
Geometries
– Confined incised channels
– Open lobate sheets perpendicular and occasionally parallel to Mt front
Fauna & flora
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
– Terrestrial flora can be common in over bank lobes
162. Alluvial Fan Depositional Systems
Form upon exit of drainage basin from a mountain front
Mix of sediment gravity flow & fluid flow depositional
processes
Debris flows
Hyperconcentrated flows
Fluvial channels
Sheetfloods
Lobe-switching processes produce cone
Radial sediment dispersal
Decreasing grain size downslope
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
170. Alluvial and Fluvial Fans
‘Stream-dominated’ Alluvial Fans D = ~10 Km; S = 5-15º
‘Gravity-flow’ Alluvial Fans D = ~10 Km; S = 5-15º
Talus Cones D < 1 Km; S = 10-30º
Fluvial Megafans D = 50 -100s Km; S < 1º
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
180. Fluvial System Characteristics
Sediments fine upward within channel fill
Sand bodies fine distally from channels
Formed by a mix of fluvial bedload, and fine suspended sediment
Facies
Subdivided erosion surfaces formed during
– Migrating channel fill
– Dropping in base level
Local channels
– Rising in base level
Poor to well sorted litharenite gravels, sands and shales common
Sedimentary structures
– Fining upward cycles that fill channels
– Up dip channel cut and fill
– Gently dipping thin parallel lobate sheets perpendicular to channels
Geometries
– Confined incised channels
– Open lobate sheets perpendicular and occasionally parallel to channels
Fauna & flora
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
– Terrestrial flora can be common in over bank sediments
181. Fluvial Depositional Systems
Dominant conduit from regions of sediment
production (mountains) to sediment storage
(oceans, basins)
Characterized by channel pattern
Meandering
Braided
Anastomozing
Characterized by sediment load
Bedload
Suspended load
Mixed load
Unidirectional sediment dispersal
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
210. Past Glacial Periods
Pre-Cambrian at end of Neoproterozoic eon
End of the Ordovician
Late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian]
through Permian
Pleistocene
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
212. The Snowball Earth
During last ice age max, 21,000 years ago, North
America & Europe covered by glaciers over 2
kilometers thick, sea level dropped 120 meters.
Global chill : land & sea ice covered 30 %t of Earth,
more than at other times in last 500 million years
Near end of Neoproterozoic eon (1000-543 million
years ago), glaciation immediately preceded first
appearance of recognizable animal life some 600
million years ago
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
213. Paul Hoffman & Daniel Schrag - Snowball Earth
Sun abruptly cooled or Earth tilted on its axis or
experienced an orbital blip that reduced solar
warmth or carbon dioxide increased?
ice sheets covered continents & seas froze
almost to equator, events that occurred at least
twice between 800 million & 550 million years
ago
Each glacial period lasted millions of years &
ended under extreme greenhouse conditions.
Climate shocks triggered evolution of
multicellular animal life, & challenge long-held
assumptions regarding the limits of global
change
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
217. Glacial System Characteristics
Signal extremes in local climate & sea level position
Stratigraphic markers of glacial events
Source of tillite (pebbles & larger fragments supported in
fine-grained matrix ) deposited from glaciers.
Massive tillite inferred deposited below ice sheets or dropping
from marine supported ice in submarine setting
Banded tillite may be deposited by ice sheets
Laminites common in lakes (Varve), Loess dust on land
Supraglacial & pro-glacial deposits with stratified
conglomerates & sandstone
U Shaped valleys & glacial striae
Mountain glaciation could be source of much downslope
fluvial sediment
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
218. Simplified Glacial Systems signals
Sediment signal a mix of:
Glacial carried & dumped in moraines
Water born fluvial sediment
Lacustrian varves
Aeolian loess
Erosion:
U-shaped valleys
Eroded rock surface
– Grooved
– Plucked
– Striated
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
Base level: changes in sea level.
219. Glacial Setting
Currently forms 10% of earths’s surface, Pleistocene
reached 30%, but in Pre Cambrian could have
reached 100%
Develop where all of annual snow doesn’t melt away
in warm seasons
Polar regions
Heavy winter snowfall e.g. Washington State
High elevations e.g. even equator
85% in Antarctica
10% in Greenland “Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
221. Glacial Erosion
Under glacier
Abrasion & plucking
Bedrock polished & striated
Rock flour washes out of glacier
Polishing and rounding
–
“Sheep Rocks”
Striations- scratches & grooves on rock
Above glacier
Frost wedging takes place
Erosion by glaciers steepens slopes
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
222. Roche Moutone – Ice Sheet Plucking
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
224. Glacial Sediments
Facies of continental glacial settings
Grounded Ice Facies
Glaciofluvial facies
Glacial lacustrine facies
– Facies of proglacial lakes
– Facies of periglacial lakes
Cold-climate periglacial facies
Facies of marine glacial settings
Proximal facies
Continental Shelf facies
Deepwater facies
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
225. Glacial Deposition
Till
Unsorted debris in fine matrix
Erratic
Moraine- body of till
Lateral Moraine
Medial Moraine- where tributaries join
End moraine–
–
Terminal
Recessional
Ground moraine
Drumlin
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
234. Glacial Sediments
Facies of continental glacial settings
Grounded Ice Facies
Glaciofluvial facies
Glacial lacustrine facies
– Facies of proglacial lakes
– Facies of periglacial lakes
Cold-climate periglacial facies
Facies of marine glacial settings
Proximal facies
Continental Shelf facies
Deepwater facies
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
235. Glacial Systems - Conclusions
Signal extremes in local climate & sea level position
Stratigraphic markers of glacial events
Source of tillite (pebbles & larger fragments supported in
fine-grained matrix ) deposited from glaciers.
Massive tillite inferred deposited below ice sheets or dropping
from marine supported ice in submarine setting
Banded tillite may be deposited by ice sheets
Laminites common in lakes (Varve), Loess dust on land
Supraglacial & pro-glacial deposits with stratified
conglomerates & sandstone
U Shaped valleys & glacial striae
Mountain glaciation could be source of much downslope
fluvial sediment
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
236. Simplified Conclusions Glacial Systems
Sediment signal a mix of:
Glacial carried & dumped moraines
Water born fluvial sediment
Lacustrian varves
Aeolian loess
Erosion:
U-shaped valleys
Eroded rock surface
– Grooved
– Plucked
– Striated
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
Base level: changes in sea level.
239. Aeolian System – Desert & Coast
Distribution of Aeolian systems – Holocene &
Ancient
Deserts: Transport & Depositional Sytems
Wind & Fluvial Action
Deposits of Modern Deserts
Dunes
Interdunes
Sheet Sands
Aeolian Systems
Bounding Surfaces
Ancient Deposits
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
240. Simplified Desert Systems signals
Sediment signal a mix of:
Aeolian sediment – dunes and sheets
Water born intermittent fluvial sediment
Playas and lakes
Aeolian loess
Erosion:
Water table “Stokes Surfaces” marks limit
Incised valleys
Gravel remnants
Rock pavements
Ventifacts
Base level: changes in ground water level.
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
241. Desert
Region with low precipitation
Usually less than 25 cm rain per year
Distribution
Most related to descending air
Belts at 30 degrees North & South latitude
Rain shadow of mountains
Great distance from oceans
Tropical coasts beside cold ocean currents
Polar desserts
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
246. Deserts – Dune Factories
Common characteristics: Lack of through-flowing streams
Internal drainage
Local base levels
Desert thunderstorms
Flash floods
–
Mudflows
Dominated by water transportation
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
247. Deserts – Depositional Systems
Dunes fed by water transported
sediment
Margin rimmed by incised seasonal streams
(Wadiis or Arroyo)
In turn flanked by alluvial fans and rock
pavements or bajada
Intermittent drainage supplying sediment
Dunes
Playas
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
249. Alluvial fans – Death
Valley
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
250. Salt Pan & Alluvial Fans – Death Valley
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
251. Sediment Source - Deserts & Coasts
Abundant sediment supply (sand, silt)
Favorable wind regimes
Grain transport in wind
Transport populations & resultant deposits
i. Traction (deflation pavements)
ii. Saltation (sand dunes)
iii. Suspension (loess)
III. Subenvironments of eolian dune systems
Dominated by water transportation
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
252. Wind Erosion and Transportation
Sand
Moves along ground- saltation
Sandstorms
Sandblasting up to 1 meter
–
Ventifact
Deflation
Blowout
Dust storms
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
254. Brice Canyon - Utah
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
255. Arches National Park – Utah
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
256. Wind Erosion and Transportation
Dust storms
Sand
Moves along ground- saltation
Sandstorms
Sandblasting up to 1 meter
–
Ventifact
Deflation
Blowout
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
258. Wind Action
Strong in desert because:
Low humidity
Great temperature ranges
More effective because of lack of
vegetation
Effective erosion in deserts because
sediment is dry
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
259. Wind Erosion and Transportation
Sand
Moves along ground- saltation
Sandstorms
Sandblasting up to 1 meter
–
Ventifact
Deflation
Blowout
Dust storms
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
262. Wind Erosion and Transportation
Sand
Moves along ground- saltation
Sandstorms
Sandblasting up to 1 meter
–
Ventifact
Deflation
Blowout
Dust storms
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
263. Red Sea Dust Storm
RedSeaDustStorm
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
264. North Africa - Sea Dust Storm
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
265. Wind Erosion and Transportation
Dust storms
Wind-blown dust accumulates in the deep
ocean floor at a rate of 0.6 x 1014 g/year.
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
278. Hierarchies exhibited by aeolian
and associated sediments
Grains
Ripples
Dunes
Interdune unconfined sheets
Confined bodies of wadii channel fills
Playa unconfined sheets of heterogenous
chemical, wind and water transported
clastic sediments
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
279. Mechanisms of Aeolian Transportation
Rolling: 2-4 mm
Surface creep
20-25% of sand moves by grains shifted by
impacting saltating grains < 2 mm
Suspension: fine sand, silt, clay
Grains 0.1 mm are most easily moved by
wind; mostly > 2 m above the ground
surface
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
293. Some characteristics of deserts
Stream channels normally dry
covered with sand & gravel
Narrow canyons with vertical walls
Resistance of rocks to weathering
Desert topography typically steep and angular
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
294. Aeolian Sediment - Critical Character
Aeolian sediments evidenced by x-bedding with
high angle (30-34 degrees)
Horizontal thin laminae common locally
Sand rounded and frosted
Quartz coated by iron oxide suggests hot arid
and/or seasonally humid climate (exceptions)
Well Sorted: often unimodal but if bimodal two
populations present
Silt and clay minimal
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
295. Aeolian Sediment - Critical Character
Small & large scale cross bedding, with multiple
orientations within horizontal bedding
Grains in laminae well sorted, especially finer
sizes, sharp differences in size between lamina
Size ranges from silt (60 mu) to coarse & (2mm)
Max size transported by wind 1 cm but rare grains
over 5 mm
Larger grains (0.5 - 1.mm) often well rounded
Sands free of clay and clay drapes rare
Uncemented sands have frosted surfaces
Mica usually absent
Rules of thumb - Glennie1970
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
296. Aeolian sediment interpretation
Analyse sedimentology & internal architecture
with outcrop, cores and downhole imaging
Identify & seperate single aggradational units
bounded by regional deflation surfaces (deepscoured to flat surfaces)
Genetic models from cyclic recurrence in facies
Aggradation characterises near- continuous
accumulation
Internal facies evolution related to differences in
sediment budget & moving water table
Palaeosols provide evidence of climate change
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
297. Conclusions - Desert Systems - Simplified
Sediment signal a mix of:
Aeolian sediment – dunes and sheets
Water born intermittent fluvial sediment
Playas and lakes
Aeolian loess
Erosion:
Water table “Stokes Surfaces” marks limit
Incised valleys
Gravel remnants
Rock pavements
Ventifacts
Base level: changes in ground water level.
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
300. Lacustrian Systems
Critical characteristics of
system?
Geomorphologic & tectonic setting
Dominant sedimentary processes
Facies
Subdividing surfaces
Lithology
Sedimentary structures
Geometries – Confined versus open
Fauna & flora
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
301. Lake Systems – Simplified Signals
Sediment signal a mix of:
Lake Center –sheets and incised & unconfined turbidite cycles
Margins marked by alluvial fans & fluvial sediment
Reducing setting that favors organic preservation
Signal cycles in order from:
– Clastics & organics
– Limestone & organics
– Evaporites & organics
Base level: changes in ground water level
Origin of large lakes:
Continental break up
Continental collision
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Sags on craton
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
302. Significance of Lake Systems
Signal extremes in local climate & geochemistry
Stratigraphic markers (Organics trap radioactive minerals)
Major source of hydrocarbons along Atlantic Margins
Major source of oil shale & gas in western USA & Canada
Major source of
Trona (Hydrated Sodium Bicarbonate Carbonate)
Borax (Hydrated Sodium Borate)
Sulfohalite (Na6ClF(SO4)2)
Hanksite (Sodium Potassium Sulfate Carbonate Chloride)
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
303. Lake Geomorphologic & Tectonic Setting
Temporary features forming 1% of earths’s land surface, filling:-
Major rifted, & faulted (Break-up) continental terrains – E. Africa
Major final fill of foreland basin – Caspian & Aral
Continental sags – Victoria, Kenya, Uganda, and Eyre
Glacial features including:
Moraine damming and/or ice scouring – Great Lakes
Ice damming
Landslides or mass movements
Volcanic activity including:
Lava damming
Crater explosion and collapse – Crater Lake
Deflation by wind scour or damming by wind blown sand - Fayum
Fluvial activity including
Oxbow lakes
Levee lakes,
Delta & barrier island entrapment
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
307. Lake Tanganyika
Lake levels have varied historical and earlier
Fossil and living stromatolites abundant around
the margins of Lake Tanganyika, Africa provides a
source of paleolimnologic and paleoclimatic
information for the late Holocene
late Holocene carbonates suggests that the
surface elevation of the lake has remained near
the outlet level, with only occasional periods of
closure
In past the lake draw down encouraged
evaporites
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
311. I so
la t
Be
lt o ed lin
d r a f i n te e a r
ina rio
ge r
Restricted
Entrances
To Sea
Organic Rich Lake Fill
Regional
Drainage
Away
From Margin
Arid Tropics Air System
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Wide Envelope of St. C. Kendall
Christopher G. surrounding continents
313. Lakes flanking Major Mountain Chains
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Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
314. Caspian and the Arral Sea
Bodies of fresh to saline water trapped on
craton behind major mountain chains
Tend to act as traps to clastics, carbonates
and evaporitic sediments
Climatic change is recorded in the record
of the sediment fill
Water draw down encourages evaporites
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
318. Great Lakes
Bodies of fresh water trapped on glacially
scoured depressions on craton behind
glacial moraines
Act as traps to clastic sediments
Climatic change is recorded in record of
sediment fill
Water draw down encourages precipitates
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
321. Ice Dammed Lake – Alaska
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Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
322. Lake Response to Stratification
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Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
323. Lake Sedimentary facies
Sedimentary signal like that of a foreshortened
Marine setting
Narrow shores with beaches and deltas
Finer sediments and turbidites fill the lake center
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
324. Lake Sedimentary facies
Presence of freshwater fossils
Lake sediments commonly better sorted than fluvial and periglacial
sediments
May (or may not) display a tendency toward fining upward and
inward towards the basin center
Lake sediments are predominantly fine grained sediments either
siliciclastic muds but may be carbonate sediments and evaporates
Typical sequence may produced as the lake dries up with a
coarsening upward sequence from laminated shales, marls and
limestones to rippled and cross-bedded sandstone and possibly
conglomerates
Lake sediment fill often shows cyclic alternation of laminae
Varves produced by seasonal variations in sediment supply and
lake circulation which changes the chemistry of the lakes
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
325. Lacustrian sedimentary geometries
Shore marked by linear beaches
Coarse to fine slope
Deeper water lake laminae and turbidites
Eclectic clastic and evaporitic sedments
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall
336. Conclusions - Lake Systems
Sediment signal a mix of:
Lake Center –sheets and incised & unconfined turbidite cycles
Margins marked by alluvial fans & fluvial sediment
Reducing setting that favors organic preservation
Signal cycles in order from:
– Clastics & organics
– Limestone & organics
– Evaporites & organics
Base level: changes in ground water level
Origin of large lakes:
Continental break up
Continental collision
“Clastic Hierarchies”
Sags on craton
Christopher G. St. C. Kendall