Lecture 21
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This document provides an overview of CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and checksum techniques for error detection in data transmission. It describes how CRC works by appending redundant bits to the data such that the resulting data is divisible by a predetermined binary number. It also explains how checksums are generated by dividing the data into sections, adding the sections using one's complement arithmetic, and sending the complement of the sum along with the data. The document compares the performance of CRC and checksums, noting that CRC can detect all odd-length burst errors while checksums are susceptible to some even-length errors.
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Check sum
This presentation discusses checksums, which are an error-detecting technique used at the network and transport layers. The document provides the following information:
- Checksums work by dividing a message into bits, generating an extra "checksum" bits unit, and comparing the checksum at the destination to detect errors.
- An example is provided where numbers are summed and the checksum is the sum, which is compared at the destination to validate the message.
- A second example uses ones' complement, where numbers are represented with a set number of bits and extra bits are added for numbers larger than that size.
- Diagrams show the procedure and flow of checksum calculation and comparison to detect errors in transmitted data.
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Error Detection and Correction - Data link Layer
Networks must be able to transfer data from one device to another with acceptable
accuracy. For most applications, a system must guarantee that the data received are
identical to the data transmitted. Any time data are transmitted from one node to the
next, they can become corrupted in passage. Many factors can alter one or more bits of
a message. Some applications require a mechanism for detecting and correcting errors.
Some applications can tolerate a small level of error. For example, random errors
in audio or video transmissions may be tolerable, but when we transfer text, we expect
a very high level of accuracy.
At the data-link layer, if a frame is corrupted between the two nodes, it needs to be
corrected before it continues its journey to other nodes. However, most link-layer protocols
simply discard the frame and let the upper-layer protocols handle the retransmission
of the frame. Some multimedia applications, however, try to correct the corrupted frame.
This chapter is divided into five sections.
❑ The first section introduces types of errors, the concept of redundancy, and distinguishes
between error detection and correction.
❑ The second section discusses block coding. It shows how error can be detected
using block coding and also introduces the concept of Hamming distance.
❑ The third section discusses cyclic codes. It discusses a subset of cyclic code, CRC,
that is very common in the data-link layer. The section shows how CRC can be
easily implemented in hardware and represented by polynomials.
❑ The fourth section discusses checksums. It shows how a checksum is calculated for
a set of data words. It also gives some other approaches to traditional checksum.
❑ The fifth section discusses forward error correction. It shows how Hamming distance
can also be used for this purpose. The section also describes cheaper methods
to achieve the same goal, such as XORing of packets, interleaving chunks, or
compounding high and low resolutions packets.
Error control
This document discusses different types of errors that can occur during data transmission and various error detection and correction techniques. It describes single-bit errors where one bit is changed and burst errors where multiple consecutive bits are changed. It then explains techniques like two-dimensional parity, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks which add redundant bits to detect errors by checking for discrepancies between transmitted and received data. The document provides examples of how internet checksums and cyclic redundancy checks work to detect errors.
Data Link Layer| Error Detection
The sender initializes the checksum to 0 and adds all data items and the checksum. However, 36 cannot be expressed in 4 bits. The extra two bits are wrapped and added with the sum to create the wrapped sum value 6. The sum is then complemented, resulting in the checksum value 9 (15 − 6 = 9).
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- Checksums work by dividing a message into bits, generating an extra "checksum" bits unit, and comparing the checksum at the destination to detect errors.
- An example is provided where numbers are summed and the checksum is the sum, which is compared at the destination to validate the message.
- A second example uses ones' complement, where numbers are represented with a set number of bits and extra bits are added for numbers larger than that size.
- Diagrams show the procedure and flow of checksum calculation and comparison to detect errors in transmitted data.
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This document provides information about error detection and correction techniques used in computer networks. It discusses different types of errors that can occur like single-bit and burst errors. It explains that redundancy is needed to detect or correct errors by adding extra bits. Detection techniques discussed include parity checks, checksumming, and cyclic redundancy checks. Parity checks can only detect odd number of errors. Cyclic redundancy checks use polynomial arithmetic to generate a checksum. Forward error correction allows detection and correction of errors by adding redundant bits to distinguish different error possibilities. Hamming code is an example of an error correcting code that can detect and correct single bit errors.
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Error Detection and Correction - Data link Layer
Networks must be able to transfer data from one device to another with acceptable
accuracy. For most applications, a system must guarantee that the data received are
identical to the data transmitted. Any time data are transmitted from one node to the
next, they can become corrupted in passage. Many factors can alter one or more bits of
a message. Some applications require a mechanism for detecting and correcting errors.
Some applications can tolerate a small level of error. For example, random errors
in audio or video transmissions may be tolerable, but when we transfer text, we expect
a very high level of accuracy.
At the data-link layer, if a frame is corrupted between the two nodes, it needs to be
corrected before it continues its journey to other nodes. However, most link-layer protocols
simply discard the frame and let the upper-layer protocols handle the retransmission
of the frame. Some multimedia applications, however, try to correct the corrupted frame.
This chapter is divided into five sections.
❑ The first section introduces types of errors, the concept of redundancy, and distinguishes
between error detection and correction.
❑ The second section discusses block coding. It shows how error can be detected
using block coding and also introduces the concept of Hamming distance.
❑ The third section discusses cyclic codes. It discusses a subset of cyclic code, CRC,
that is very common in the data-link layer. The section shows how CRC can be
easily implemented in hardware and represented by polynomials.
❑ The fourth section discusses checksums. It shows how a checksum is calculated for
a set of data words. It also gives some other approaches to traditional checksum.
❑ The fifth section discusses forward error correction. It shows how Hamming distance
can also be used for this purpose. The section also describes cheaper methods
to achieve the same goal, such as XORing of packets, interleaving chunks, or
compounding high and low resolutions packets.
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This document discusses different types of errors that can occur during data transmission and various error detection and correction techniques. It describes single-bit errors where one bit is changed and burst errors where multiple consecutive bits are changed. It then explains techniques like two-dimensional parity, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks which add redundant bits to detect errors by checking for discrepancies between transmitted and received data. The document provides examples of how internet checksums and cyclic redundancy checks work to detect errors.
Data Link Layer| Error Detection
The sender initializes the checksum to 0 and adds all data items and the checksum. However, 36 cannot be expressed in 4 bits. The extra two bits are wrapped and added with the sum to create the wrapped sum value 6. The sum is then complemented, resulting in the checksum value 9 (15 − 6 = 9).
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This document provides information about error correction and detection. It discusses different types of errors like single bit errors and burst errors. It then explains various error detection techniques like vertical redundancy check (VRC), longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Finally, it discusses error correction techniques like Hamming code that can detect and correct single bit errors using redundant bits placed in specific positions within a data unit.
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Este documento describe las operaciones binarias básicas como suma, resta, multiplicación y división utilizando números binarios. Explica que la suma y resta binaria siguen reglas simples como sumar cada columna y propagar los acarreos. La multiplicación binaria se realiza de forma similar a la decimal mediante la suma repetida. La división binaria implica restar repetidamente el divisor del dividendo hasta que este quede en cero.
05 directnets errors
The document discusses error detection techniques used in direct link networks, focusing on cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs) and internet checksum algorithms. It provides an overview of CRCs, describing how they make use of polynomial arithmetic modulo 2 to generate a redundant checksum that is sent along with messages. The document also gives examples of how CRCs can be used to detect errors by dividing the received polynomial by the generator polynomial and checking if the remainder is zero. Finally, it compares error detection, which requires retransmissions, to error correction, which has overhead on all messages.
Checksum explaination
Checksum is one smallest part of Error Correction and Detection, It detects the error. Data Communication & Networking.
Cyclic redundancy check
Cyclic Redundancy Codes (CRCs) provide a first line of defense against data corruption in many networks. Unfortunately, many commonly used CRC polynomials provide significantly less error detection capability than they might. An exhaustive exploration reveals that most previously published CRC polynomials are either inferior to alternatives or are only good choices for particular message lengths.
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Communication and Networks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Communication and Networks
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Skr+3200+chapter+3+(kweh)
This document discusses computer network error detection and correction. It begins by defining single-bit errors and burst errors. It then explains three common error detection techniques: parity check, cyclic redundancy check (CRC), and checksum. Parity check uses a redundant bit to make the total number of 1s even or odd. CRC performs binary division to generate redundant bits. Checksum adds data bits and compares the sum. For error correction, it describes Hamming codes, which add redundant bits in specific positions to detect and correct single-bit errors.
III_UNIT_ErrorCorrecting.pptx
This document provides an overview of data link layer concepts including error control, flow control, error detection, error correction, and elementary data link protocols. It discusses the purposes and examples of error control using ARQ, flow control to prevent receiver overload, and various error detection techniques like parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs). Error correction codes are also introduced for detecting and correcting errors using additional redundant bits. Common data link protocols like stop-and-wait and sliding window protocols are listed for discussion in the course.
Computer Networks Module II
Error detection and correction
Data link control and protocols
Point-to-Point access (PPP)
Multiple Access
Local Area Networks: Ethernet
Wireless LANS
Virtual Circuit Switching: Frame Relay and ATM
Data link layar
The document discusses various functions and protocols of the data link layer, including:
1. Framing of data, error detection using checksums, and flow control to prevent faster senders from overwhelming slower receivers.
2. Common data link layer protocols like stop-and-wait and sliding window protocols using go-back-N and selective repeat to allow multiple frames to be transmitted.
3. Error detection techniques like parity bits, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks to detect errors in transmitted frames.
Data link layar
The document discusses various functions and protocols of the data link layer, including:
1. Framing of data, error detection using checksums, and flow control to prevent faster senders from overwhelming slower receivers.
2. Common data link layer protocols like stop-and-wait and sliding window protocols using go-back-N and selective repeat to allow multiple frames to be transmitted.
3. Error detection techniques like parity bits, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks to detect errors in transmitted frames.
B0210714
IOSR journal of VLSI and Signal Processing (IOSRJVSP) is an open access journal that publishes articles which contribute new results in all areas of VLSI Design & Signal Processing. The goal of this journal is to bring together researchers and practitioners from academia and industry to focus on advanced VLSI Design & Signal Processing concepts and establishing new collaborations in these areas.
computer networks Error Detection Methods.pdf
- Errors can be single bit or burst, affecting multiple bits. Three common redundancy check methods are vertical redundancy check (VRC), longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), and cyclic redundancy check (CRC).
- VRC adds a parity bit to the data unit to detect single bit and odd-length burst errors. LRC organizes data into a table and calculates a parity bit for each column. CRC performs binary division of the data unit using a predetermined divisor and appends the remainder as redundant bits.
- CRC can detect all burst errors affecting an odd number of bits and has a very high probability of detecting longer bursts. It is the most powerful detection method using a generator to create redundant bits appended to the data and
Error Control In Network Layer
This presentation is about controlling error in network layer made during the transmission of data.
It's tells the way by which we can control and correct the noisy code
5-LEC- 5.pptxTransport Layer. Transport Layer Protocols
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Error detection.
The document discusses error detection and correction techniques. It explains that bit errors can occur during data transmission due to noise. Various error detection strategies are described, including parity schemes, checksum, and CRC. Parity schemes like even and odd parity can detect some errors but not all. Checksum adds up data words and transmits the sum. CRC generates a polynomial for data and divisor, allowing it to detect more error types than checksum. For error correction, Hamming codes are discussed which can detect and correct single bit errors by using redundant parity bits and calculating separate parities.
07 Data Link LayerError Control.pdf
This document discusses error control techniques used at the data link layer. It describes different types of errors that can occur during transmission such as single bit errors and burst errors. It then explains various error detection techniques like parity checks, checksum, and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Parity checks can detect single bit errors but not burst errors affecting an even number of bits. Checksum and CRC are more robust techniques that can detect most errors. The document also introduces error correcting codes using Hamming codes that can not only detect errors but also correct them by adding redundant bits to determine the position of the erroneous bit.
Ch3 datalink
The document summarizes key concepts relating to the data link layer, including:
1) The data link layer provides services to the network layer such as framing data and error control. It regulates data flow and deals with transmission errors.
2) Framing involves delimiting frames with flags or escape sequences to handle bit stuffing. Error detection uses techniques like CRC checksums while error correction uses codes like Hamming codes.
3) Stop-and-wait protocols were improved with sliding window protocols using sequence numbers and acknowledgments to allow pipelining and handle lost frames more efficiently through techniques like selective repeat.
Ch 10
This document discusses error detection and correction techniques used at the data link layer. It covers parity checks, cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), checksums, and Hamming codes. Parity checks, CRC, and checksums are used for error detection, while Hamming codes can detect and correct errors. The document provides examples of how these techniques work and compares their abilities to detect single-bit and burst errors.
Error detection and correction
Error coding uses mathematical formulas to encode data bits into longer code words for transmission. This allows errors caused by environmental interference to be detected and sometimes corrected at the destination. There are two main types of error coding: error-detecting codes and error-correcting codes. Error-detecting codes add enough redundancy to allow errors to be detected but not corrected, while error-correcting codes add more redundancy to allow errors to be corrected. Common error-detecting coding techniques include parity checks, checksums, and cyclic redundancy checks (CRCs). These techniques use additional redundant bits appended to the data to facilitate error detection. CRC is particularly powerful as it can detect all single-bit errors and many burst errors.
Error control 20
Error control mechanisms are needed to detect and correct errors that occur during data transmission. There are several types of errors that can occur including single-bit errors and burst errors. Forward error control adds additional data to detect and correct errors, while backward error control only detects errors and relies on retransmission for correction. Error detection methods include vertical redundancy check (parity check), longitudinal redundancy check, cyclic redundancy check, and checksum. Convolutional codes use a continuous flow of source bits that are encoded by convolving each bit based on the current and previous bits in the sequence.
Error detection techniques
Made by me, svit student. error detection techniques in the MCWC subject. Parity check, CRC, and checksums techniques.
Cyclic Redundancy Check in Computers Network
1) Cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is a method for detecting errors in digital data during transmission over unreliable communication channels. It works by using a generator polynomial to generate a checksum that is appended to the transmitted data.
2) At the sender, the data bits are divided by the generator polynomial to calculate a remainder which becomes the CRC checksum. This checksum is appended to the data before transmission.
3) At the receiver, the received data and checksum are divided again by the same generator polynomial. If the remainder is zero, then no errors were detected in the received data. A non-zero remainder indicates errors were detected.
Error.pdf
The document discusses various types of errors that can occur during data transmission and different error detection and correction techniques. It defines transmission errors as errors caused when data is corrupted during network transmission. The main types of transmission errors are bit errors, multiple bit errors, and burst errors. Error detection techniques discussed include vertical redundancy check (VRC/parity check), longitudinal redundancy check (LRC), checksum, and cyclic redundancy check (CRC). Forward error correction techniques like Hamming codes are also summarized that allow detecting and correcting errors without retransmission.
COMPUTER NETWORKS UNIT 2
The document summarizes key aspects of the data link layer:
- It is responsible for frame transmission and error detection/correction between directly connected hosts.
- It has two sublayers: logical link control for flow/error control and media access control for media access.
- Functions include framing, addressing, synchronization, error detection/correction, and flow control. Common error detection techniques are parity checks and cyclic redundancy checks.
computer Networks Error Detection and Correction.ppt
This document discusses error detection and correction in data transmission. It covers the following key points:
- There are two main types of errors: single-bit errors and burst errors. Burst errors are more common in serial transmission.
- Error detection verifies data accuracy without having the original message. It uses redundancy like vertical and longitudinal redundancy checks. Cyclic redundancy checks use polynomial division to detect errors.
- Error correction automatically fixes certain errors. Single-bit error correction reverses the value of the altered bit. Hamming codes use additional redundant bits to detect and correct single-bit errors.
Similar to Lecture 21 (20)
5-LEC- 5.pptxTransport Layer. Transport Layer Protocols
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Lecture 21
- 1. DATA COMMUNICATIONS & NETWORKING LECTURE- 21 Course Instructor : Sehrish Rafiq Department Of Computer Science University Of Peshawar
- 2. LECTURE OVERVIEW CRC Performance of CRC Checksum Performance of Checksum
- 4. CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK The third and the most powerful technique is CRC. CRC is based on binary division. In CRC a sequence of redundant bits called the CRC or CRC remainder is appended to the end of a data unit. So that the resulting data unit becomes exactly divisible by a second, predetermined binary number. At the destination, the incoming data unit is divided by the same number.
- 5. CYCLIC REDUNDANCY CHECK If at this step there is no remainder the data unit is assumed to be intact and is accepted. A remainder indicates that the data unit has been damaged in transit and therefore must be rejected.
- 6. REDUNDANCY BITS The redundancy bits used by CRC are derived by dividing the data unit by a predetermined divisor,the remainder is the CRC. To be valid, a CRC must have two qualities. It must have exactly one less bit than the divisor. Appending it to the end of the data string must make the resulting bit sequence exactly divisible by the divisor.
- 7. CRC GENERATOR & CHECKER
- 8. BINARY DIVISION IN A CRC GENERATOR
- 9. BINARY DIVISION IN CRC CHECKER
- 10. HOW IT WORKS??? At the Transmitter: Step 1: A string of n 0’s is appended to the data unit. The number n is 1 less than the number of bits in the predetermined divisor which is n+1 bits. Step 2: The newly elongated data unit is divided by the divisor using a process called binary division. The remainder resulting from this division is the CRC. Step 3: The CRC derived in step 2 replaces the appended 0’s at the end of the data unit.
- 11. HOW IT WORKS??? At the receiver: The data unit arrives at the receiver data first followed by the CRC. Step 1: The receiver treats the whole string as a unit and divides it by the same divisor that was used to find the CRC remainder. Result: If the string arrives without error ,the CRC checker yields a remainder of 0 and the data unit passes. If the string has been changed in transit ,the division yields a non zero remainder and the string passes.
- 12. THE CRC DIVISOR The divisor in the CRC generator is most often represented not as a string of 1’s and 0’s but as an algebraic polynomial. A polynomial should be selected to have at least the following properties: It should not be divisible by x. It should be divisible by x+1. E.g.
- 13. A POLYNOMIAL REPRESENTING A DIVISOR
- 14. STANDARD POLYNOMIALS Name Polynomial Application CRC-8CRC-8 x8 + x2 + x + 1 ATM header CRC-10CRC-10 x10 + x9 + x5 + x4 + x2 + 1 ATM AAL ITU-16ITU-16 x16 + x12 + x5 + 1 HDLC ITU-32ITU-32 x32 + x26 + x23 + x22 + x16 + x12 + x11 + x10 + x8 + x7 + x5 + x4 + x2 + x + 1 LANs
- 15. PERFORMANCE OF CRC CRC can detect all burst errors that effect an odd number of bits. CRC can detect all burst errors of length less than or equal to the degree of polynomial. CRC can detect with a very high probability ,burst errors of length greater than the degree of polynomial.
- 16. CHECKSUM The checksum is also based on the concept of redundancy.
- 17. CHECKSUM GENERATOR The sender follows these steps: Step 1: The unit is divided in to k sections, each of n bits. Step 2: All sections are added using one’s complement to get the sum in such a way that the total is also n bits long. Step 3: The sum is then complemented and becomes the checksum. Step 4: The checksum is sent with the data.
- 18. CHECKSUM CHECKER The sender follows these steps: Step 1: The unit is divided in to k sections, each of n bits. Step 2: All sections are added using one’s complement to get the sum in such a way that the total is also n bits long. Step 3: The sum is then complemented. Step 4: If the result is zero, the data are accepted, otherwise they are rejected.
- 19. CHECKSUM
- 20. DATA UNIT AND CHECKSUM
- 21. Example 1Example 1 Suppose the following block of 16 bits is to be sent using a checksum of 8 bits. 10101001 00111001 The numbers are added using one’s complement 10101001 00111001 ------------ Sum 11100010 Checksum 00011101 The pattern sent is 10101001 00111001 00011101
- 22. EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED… Now suppose the receiver receives the pattern sent and there is no error. 10101001 00111001 00011101 When the receiver adds the three sections, it will get all 1s, which, after complementing, is all 0s and shows that there is no error. 10101001 00111001 00011101 Sum 11111111 Complement 00000000 means that the pattern is OK.
- 23. EXAMPLE 1 CONTINUED… Now suppose there is a burst error of length 5 that affects 4 bits. 10101111 11111001 00011101 When the receiver adds the three sections, it gets 10101111 11111001 00011101 Partial Sum 1 11000101 Carry 1 Sum 11000110 Complement 00111001 the pattern is corrupted.
- 24. PERFORMANCE OF CHECKSUM The checksum detects all errors involving an odd number of bits as well as most errors involving an even number of bits. However if one or more bits of a segment are damaged and the corresponding bit or bits of opposite value in a second segment are also damaged,the sums of those columns will not change and the receiver will not detect a problem. Checksum retains all carriers, so although two 0s becoming 1 would not alter the value of their own column,it would change the value of the next higher column.
- 25. THANKS!!!