Lecture 19
•Download as PPT, PDF•
0 likes•1,196 views
The document discusses the data link layer, which is responsible for carrying packets between network hops. It handles tasks like framing/packetizing data, addressing, error control, flow control, and media access control. Error detection and correction are important functions, as single bit errors or burst errors can occur during transmission and corrupt data. The data link layer ensures the integrity of packets as they travel over a local area network or wide area network between nodes.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Lecture 06
This lecture discusses the functions of the various layers in the OSI model including the network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer. It provides details on the responsibilities and services provided by each layer, such as logical addressing and routing at the network layer, segmentation and reassembly at the transport layer, dialog control and synchronization at the session layer, translation and encryption at the presentation layer, and various services like mail and file transfer at the application layer. It also compares the TCP/IP protocol suite to the OSI model.
Data Communications and Networking Lecture 16
This document discusses communication between devices and circuit switching. It explains that a better solution than direct connections between all devices is to use switching, where switches can create temporary connections between devices. It describes two types of circuit switching: space division switching and time division switching. Space division switching uses either a cross-bar switch or a multistage switch to connect inputs to outputs. A multistage switch overcomes limitations of a cross-bar switch by combining multiple smaller cross-bar switches in stages.
Ch 18 intro to network layer - section 1
The network layer is responsible for host-to-host delivery of data packets. It provides packetizing, routing, and forwarding services. Packetizing involves encapsulating the transport layer payload with a network header at the source host and decapsulating it at the destination host. Routing determines the best path between source and destination hosts using routing protocols. Forwarding involves routers inspecting packet headers and sending packets to the next network along the path.
Types of Networks,Network Design Issues,Design Tools
This document discusses computer networks and network design. It begins by defining what a computer network is and describing different types of networks like LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN, CAN, and HAN. It then discusses some key issues in network design such as data transfer rules, packet sequencing, data size, addressing, error control, and matching send/receive rates. Finally, it introduces network design tools that can analyze network performance, predict traffic loads, and model different scenarios to help optimize network design. Common tools from vendors like Analytical Engine, Compuware, NetCracker, and Opnet are listed.
Ch 18 intro to network layer - section 3
The document discusses network layer performance and congestion control. It covers key network layer performance metrics like delay, throughput and packet loss. It then discusses various sources of delay like transmission, propagation, processing and queuing delays. It also discusses throughput and packet loss. The second half of the document focuses on congestion control techniques including open-loop methods like retransmission policies and closed-loop methods like backpressure and explicit signaling.
Introduction to switching & circuit switching
The document discusses circuit switching in data communication networks, describing circuit switching as a method of establishing a dedicated connection between devices using switches, which involves three phases of connection setup, data transfer, and connection teardown. Examples of circuit switched networks are provided, including the public switched telephone network and cellular data networks, and different types of switches used for circuit switching like crossbar and multistage switches are explained.
Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer
The main goal of this layer is providing reliability to the layers above it.
3.1 DLL Design Issues
What are the services provided by DLL?
3.2 Error Detection and Correction
Adding redundancy in order to find and correct errors.
3.3 DLL Protocols
xxx
3.4 Sliding Window Protocols
xxx
3.5 Protocol Specification and Verification
xxx.
3.6 Examples
Ch 20 UNICAST ROUTING SECTION 2
The document discusses different routing algorithms:
- Distance-vector routing uses the Bellman-Ford equation to find the least cost path between nodes. It has a problem with slow propagation of cost increases.
- Link-state routing uses a link-state database containing the state of all links to build least-cost trees using the Dijkstra algorithm. Nodes flood their link state packets to build this database.
- Path-vector routing allows the source to control the path by imposing policies, rather than always choosing the least-cost path like distance-vector and link-state routing. This avoids security and privacy issues.
Recommended
Lecture 06
This lecture discusses the functions of the various layers in the OSI model including the network layer, transport layer, session layer, presentation layer, and application layer. It provides details on the responsibilities and services provided by each layer, such as logical addressing and routing at the network layer, segmentation and reassembly at the transport layer, dialog control and synchronization at the session layer, translation and encryption at the presentation layer, and various services like mail and file transfer at the application layer. It also compares the TCP/IP protocol suite to the OSI model.
Data Communications and Networking Lecture 16
This document discusses communication between devices and circuit switching. It explains that a better solution than direct connections between all devices is to use switching, where switches can create temporary connections between devices. It describes two types of circuit switching: space division switching and time division switching. Space division switching uses either a cross-bar switch or a multistage switch to connect inputs to outputs. A multistage switch overcomes limitations of a cross-bar switch by combining multiple smaller cross-bar switches in stages.
Ch 18 intro to network layer - section 1
The network layer is responsible for host-to-host delivery of data packets. It provides packetizing, routing, and forwarding services. Packetizing involves encapsulating the transport layer payload with a network header at the source host and decapsulating it at the destination host. Routing determines the best path between source and destination hosts using routing protocols. Forwarding involves routers inspecting packet headers and sending packets to the next network along the path.
Types of Networks,Network Design Issues,Design Tools
This document discusses computer networks and network design. It begins by defining what a computer network is and describing different types of networks like LAN, WAN, MAN, PAN, CAN, and HAN. It then discusses some key issues in network design such as data transfer rules, packet sequencing, data size, addressing, error control, and matching send/receive rates. Finally, it introduces network design tools that can analyze network performance, predict traffic loads, and model different scenarios to help optimize network design. Common tools from vendors like Analytical Engine, Compuware, NetCracker, and Opnet are listed.
Ch 18 intro to network layer - section 3
The document discusses network layer performance and congestion control. It covers key network layer performance metrics like delay, throughput and packet loss. It then discusses various sources of delay like transmission, propagation, processing and queuing delays. It also discusses throughput and packet loss. The second half of the document focuses on congestion control techniques including open-loop methods like retransmission policies and closed-loop methods like backpressure and explicit signaling.
Introduction to switching & circuit switching
The document discusses circuit switching in data communication networks, describing circuit switching as a method of establishing a dedicated connection between devices using switches, which involves three phases of connection setup, data transfer, and connection teardown. Examples of circuit switched networks are provided, including the public switched telephone network and cellular data networks, and different types of switches used for circuit switching like crossbar and multistage switches are explained.
Data Link Layer
Data Link Layer
The main goal of this layer is providing reliability to the layers above it.
3.1 DLL Design Issues
What are the services provided by DLL?
3.2 Error Detection and Correction
Adding redundancy in order to find and correct errors.
3.3 DLL Protocols
xxx
3.4 Sliding Window Protocols
xxx
3.5 Protocol Specification and Verification
xxx.
3.6 Examples
Ch 20 UNICAST ROUTING SECTION 2
The document discusses different routing algorithms:
- Distance-vector routing uses the Bellman-Ford equation to find the least cost path between nodes. It has a problem with slow propagation of cost increases.
- Link-state routing uses a link-state database containing the state of all links to build least-cost trees using the Dijkstra algorithm. Nodes flood their link state packets to build this database.
- Path-vector routing allows the source to control the path by imposing policies, rather than always choosing the least-cost path like distance-vector and link-state routing. This avoids security and privacy issues.
Framing in data link layer
This presentation is about framing in data link layer.
it defines the way by which we can frame the data link layer
Dcn ppt by roma
The data link layer is the second layer in the OSI model. It receives data from the network layer, applies addressing information, and provides error control, flow control and access control. It has two sublayers - the logical link control and media access control. It offers three types of services to the network layer: unacknowledged connectionless, acknowledged connectionless, and acknowledged connection-oriented. Common functions of the data link layer include framing data, error control using checksums, and flow control using protocols like stop-and-wait and sliding window. The media access control sublayer determines how nodes access shared broadcast networks.
Switching Concepts presentation
This document discusses different networking devices and concepts for connecting devices in a local area network (LAN). It describes bridges, switches, routers, hubs, and repeaters. Bridges segment networks at layer 2, switches create virtual circuits to maximize bandwidth, and routers route traffic between layer 3 networks. The document also covers half and full duplex transmissions, collision domains, broadcast domains, and how devices such as hubs, switches, and routers handle sending and receiving Ethernet frames. It discusses using VLANs to create separate broadcast domains within a switch and needing routers to pass traffic between VLANs.
Chap 8 switching
Circuit-switched networks establish a dedicated connection between devices before communication can occur. This involves a connection setup phase, data transfer phase, and connection teardown phase. While circuit switching guarantees bandwidth for the connection, it is inefficient because resources are allocated for the entire duration even if no data is being sent. It also has longer delays than packet-switched networks due to the setup and teardown phases. Packet-switched networks break messages into packets that are transmitted independently and may take different routes to the destination, providing more efficient use of network resources but less reliability than circuit switching.
11 circuit-packet
Circuit switching and packet switching are two methods for transferring data across networks. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations by reserving bandwidth for the duration of the call. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently across the network and reassembled at the destination. It allows for more efficient use of bandwidth by allowing packets from multiple messages to share transmission resources.
Switching Techniques
There are two main switching techniques used in communications networks: circuit switching and packet switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations for the duration of the connection. Packet switching transmits data in small packets that are routed individually through the network on a non-dedicated basis, allowing for more efficient use of bandwidth. The telephone system uses circuit switching while the internet uses packet switching, which is more suitable for data traffic since it allows for variable bandwidth and priority routing.
Packet Switching
This document defines packet switching and discusses several packet switching technologies. It begins by defining packet switching as dividing messages into packets that can follow different routes to the destination, where they are then recompiled. It then discusses three main packet switching technologies: TCP/IP, X.25, and Frame Relay. It provides details on each technology and notes that Frame Relay was implemented in Malaysia and replaced X.25 for connections within wide area networks.
Cn 317 1
1. A hub is a hardware device that allows multiple devices to connect to a single computer port, such as a USB hub connecting multiple USB devices. A switch directs data packets within a local area network between connected devices.
2. A router connects different networks and forwards data packets to their intended IP addresses, allowing multiple devices to share an internet connection.
3. A network interface controller (NIC) is a hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.
Design issues for the layers
This document discusses several key design issues that occur across multiple layers in computer networks, including addressing, error control, flow control, multiplexing, and routing. Addressing refers to the need for each layer to identify senders and receivers. Error control handles imperfect physical circuits using error detection and correction codes agreed upon by both ends. Flow control deals with assembling and reassembling messages as they are transmitted. Routing selects a path when multiple options exist between source and destination. Multiplexing and demultiplexing improve network systems by combining and separating multiple communication signals.
Final several design issues at network layer
1) In a connectionless datagram subnet, packets are routed independently without establishing a connection. Routers break messages into packets that are forwarded based on internal routing tables.
2) In a connection-oriented virtual circuit subnet, a connection path must be established before packets can be sent. Each packet carries an identifier of its virtual circuit. Routers replace circuit identifiers to avoid conflicts at downstream routers.
3) Both approaches were compared, noting that connectionless datagrams require no setup but have independent routing, while virtual circuits require setup but can forward all packets along the same pre-established path.
Dcn data link_layer
The document discusses different types of transmission media used in data communication networks, including guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable, as well as unguided or wireless media. It describes the key characteristics of each medium, such as how they transmit signals, their bandwidth capabilities, and advantages and disadvantages. The document also covers switching methods used in networks, including circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching, explaining how circuit-switched networks establish dedicated connections between nodes using time- or frequency-division multiplexing.
10 Circuit Packet
This document summarizes circuit switching and packet switching approaches in computer networks. It discusses how circuit switching establishes a dedicated path but wastes bandwidth when no data is being sent. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently and can make more efficient use of bandwidth. The document also describes protocols like X.25 that were used for packet switched networks and Frame Relay, which was designed to reduce overhead and improve performance compared to X.25.
Network Layer,Computer Networks
The document discusses the network layer in computer networking. It describes how the network layer is responsible for routing packets from their source to destination. It covers different routing algorithms like distance vector routing and link state routing. It also compares connectionless and connection-oriented services, as well as datagram and virtual circuit subnets. Key aspects of routing algorithms like optimality, stability, and fairness are defined.
Switching techniques
Circuit switching establishes a dedicated electrical path between source and destination before data transmission, but it wastes bandwidth if no data is being sent and has high initial delays. Store-and-forward switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently between nodes, allowing more efficient use of bandwidth. Packet switching is commonly used as it offers better delay characteristics than message switching and requires less buffer storage than transmitting full messages.
Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, Virtual Circuit Networks and Datagram Ne...
This Slide includes the description about Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, Virtual Circuit Networks and Datagram Networks
Swiching
1. The document discusses different types of switched networks including circuit-switched, datagram, and virtual circuit networks. It describes the key characteristics of each type.
2. Circuit switching uses dedicated paths between nodes and has three phases: setup, data transfer, and teardown. Datagram networks treat each packet independently and route using destination addresses in packet headers. Virtual circuit networks combine aspects of circuit and datagram switching.
3. The structures of switches used in different networks are examined, including crossbar switches for circuit switching and various designs for packet switches like Banyan networks.
Introduction to Data-Link Layer
The document introduces the data-link layer, which provides node-to-node communication between devices connected by a link. It describes the services of framing, flow control, error control and congestion control. Links can be either point-to-point between two devices or broadcast where a link is shared. The data-link layer has two sublayers: the data-link control layer and the media access control layer. It also discusses three types of link-layer addresses - unicast, multicast and broadcast - and introduces the Address Resolution Protocol used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses.
Computer network transmission channel & topology
This Presentation Consist:
Transmission Media & its Classification
Topology & it's various classifications
Switching Techniques (Lecture #2 ET3003 Sem1 2014/2015)
The slides discuss the techniques used to switch (transfer) information in a networks. Circuit switching, datagram packet switching, and virtual circuits packet switching, are disscused
Circuit and packet_switching
Packet switching and circuit switching are two different technologies for sending messages over networks. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that can take different routes to the destination, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection for the duration of the call. Each approach has advantages - packet switching uses bandwidth efficiently but can experience delays, while circuit switching guarantees quality but is inefficient. Modern networks are shifting more towards packet switching as it allows for easier scaling.
Lecture 24
This document summarizes Go-Back-N ARQ and Selective Repeat ARQ protocols. It discusses the key aspects of each protocol including how they handle sequence numbers, sliding windows, control variables, timers, acknowledgements, and dealing with damaged or lost frames. Selective Repeat ARQ is more efficient for noisy links as it only resends the damaged frame rather than multiple frames like Go-Back-N ARQ. The document provides details on the operation of each protocol and differences in how they handle the receiver window size and control variables.
Lecture 18
The document discusses telephone networks and their components. It notes that telephone networks use circuit switching and were originally analog systems. The major components are local loops connecting subscribers to exchanges, trunks connecting exchanges, and switching offices. Local loops use twisted pair cables, while trunks can use fiber optics or satellites. Switching offices contain switches connecting local loops and trunks to allow calls. The US was divided into LATAs in 1984 for regulating local and long-distance services within and between regions. Intralata calls are handled by local carriers within a LATA, while interlata calls pass between LATAs using long-distance carriers.
More Related Content
What's hot
Framing in data link layer
This presentation is about framing in data link layer.
it defines the way by which we can frame the data link layer
Dcn ppt by roma
The data link layer is the second layer in the OSI model. It receives data from the network layer, applies addressing information, and provides error control, flow control and access control. It has two sublayers - the logical link control and media access control. It offers three types of services to the network layer: unacknowledged connectionless, acknowledged connectionless, and acknowledged connection-oriented. Common functions of the data link layer include framing data, error control using checksums, and flow control using protocols like stop-and-wait and sliding window. The media access control sublayer determines how nodes access shared broadcast networks.
Switching Concepts presentation
This document discusses different networking devices and concepts for connecting devices in a local area network (LAN). It describes bridges, switches, routers, hubs, and repeaters. Bridges segment networks at layer 2, switches create virtual circuits to maximize bandwidth, and routers route traffic between layer 3 networks. The document also covers half and full duplex transmissions, collision domains, broadcast domains, and how devices such as hubs, switches, and routers handle sending and receiving Ethernet frames. It discusses using VLANs to create separate broadcast domains within a switch and needing routers to pass traffic between VLANs.
Chap 8 switching
Circuit-switched networks establish a dedicated connection between devices before communication can occur. This involves a connection setup phase, data transfer phase, and connection teardown phase. While circuit switching guarantees bandwidth for the connection, it is inefficient because resources are allocated for the entire duration even if no data is being sent. It also has longer delays than packet-switched networks due to the setup and teardown phases. Packet-switched networks break messages into packets that are transmitted independently and may take different routes to the destination, providing more efficient use of network resources but less reliability than circuit switching.
11 circuit-packet
Circuit switching and packet switching are two methods for transferring data across networks. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations by reserving bandwidth for the duration of the call. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently across the network and reassembled at the destination. It allows for more efficient use of bandwidth by allowing packets from multiple messages to share transmission resources.
Switching Techniques
There are two main switching techniques used in communications networks: circuit switching and packet switching. Circuit switching establishes a dedicated communication path between two stations for the duration of the connection. Packet switching transmits data in small packets that are routed individually through the network on a non-dedicated basis, allowing for more efficient use of bandwidth. The telephone system uses circuit switching while the internet uses packet switching, which is more suitable for data traffic since it allows for variable bandwidth and priority routing.
Packet Switching
This document defines packet switching and discusses several packet switching technologies. It begins by defining packet switching as dividing messages into packets that can follow different routes to the destination, where they are then recompiled. It then discusses three main packet switching technologies: TCP/IP, X.25, and Frame Relay. It provides details on each technology and notes that Frame Relay was implemented in Malaysia and replaced X.25 for connections within wide area networks.
Cn 317 1
1. A hub is a hardware device that allows multiple devices to connect to a single computer port, such as a USB hub connecting multiple USB devices. A switch directs data packets within a local area network between connected devices.
2. A router connects different networks and forwards data packets to their intended IP addresses, allowing multiple devices to share an internet connection.
3. A network interface controller (NIC) is a hardware component that connects a computer to a computer network.
Design issues for the layers
This document discusses several key design issues that occur across multiple layers in computer networks, including addressing, error control, flow control, multiplexing, and routing. Addressing refers to the need for each layer to identify senders and receivers. Error control handles imperfect physical circuits using error detection and correction codes agreed upon by both ends. Flow control deals with assembling and reassembling messages as they are transmitted. Routing selects a path when multiple options exist between source and destination. Multiplexing and demultiplexing improve network systems by combining and separating multiple communication signals.
Final several design issues at network layer
1) In a connectionless datagram subnet, packets are routed independently without establishing a connection. Routers break messages into packets that are forwarded based on internal routing tables.
2) In a connection-oriented virtual circuit subnet, a connection path must be established before packets can be sent. Each packet carries an identifier of its virtual circuit. Routers replace circuit identifiers to avoid conflicts at downstream routers.
3) Both approaches were compared, noting that connectionless datagrams require no setup but have independent routing, while virtual circuits require setup but can forward all packets along the same pre-established path.
Dcn data link_layer
The document discusses different types of transmission media used in data communication networks, including guided media like twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable, as well as unguided or wireless media. It describes the key characteristics of each medium, such as how they transmit signals, their bandwidth capabilities, and advantages and disadvantages. The document also covers switching methods used in networks, including circuit switching, packet switching, and message switching, explaining how circuit-switched networks establish dedicated connections between nodes using time- or frequency-division multiplexing.
10 Circuit Packet
This document summarizes circuit switching and packet switching approaches in computer networks. It discusses how circuit switching establishes a dedicated path but wastes bandwidth when no data is being sent. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently and can make more efficient use of bandwidth. The document also describes protocols like X.25 that were used for packet switched networks and Frame Relay, which was designed to reduce overhead and improve performance compared to X.25.
Network Layer,Computer Networks
The document discusses the network layer in computer networking. It describes how the network layer is responsible for routing packets from their source to destination. It covers different routing algorithms like distance vector routing and link state routing. It also compares connectionless and connection-oriented services, as well as datagram and virtual circuit subnets. Key aspects of routing algorithms like optimality, stability, and fairness are defined.
Switching techniques
Circuit switching establishes a dedicated electrical path between source and destination before data transmission, but it wastes bandwidth if no data is being sent and has high initial delays. Store-and-forward switching breaks messages into packets that are transmitted independently between nodes, allowing more efficient use of bandwidth. Packet switching is commonly used as it offers better delay characteristics than message switching and requires less buffer storage than transmitting full messages.
Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, Virtual Circuit Networks and Datagram Ne...
This Slide includes the description about Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, Virtual Circuit Networks and Datagram Networks
Swiching
1. The document discusses different types of switched networks including circuit-switched, datagram, and virtual circuit networks. It describes the key characteristics of each type.
2. Circuit switching uses dedicated paths between nodes and has three phases: setup, data transfer, and teardown. Datagram networks treat each packet independently and route using destination addresses in packet headers. Virtual circuit networks combine aspects of circuit and datagram switching.
3. The structures of switches used in different networks are examined, including crossbar switches for circuit switching and various designs for packet switches like Banyan networks.
Introduction to Data-Link Layer
The document introduces the data-link layer, which provides node-to-node communication between devices connected by a link. It describes the services of framing, flow control, error control and congestion control. Links can be either point-to-point between two devices or broadcast where a link is shared. The data-link layer has two sublayers: the data-link control layer and the media access control layer. It also discusses three types of link-layer addresses - unicast, multicast and broadcast - and introduces the Address Resolution Protocol used to map IP addresses to MAC addresses.
Computer network transmission channel & topology
This Presentation Consist:
Transmission Media & its Classification
Topology & it's various classifications
Switching Techniques (Lecture #2 ET3003 Sem1 2014/2015)
The slides discuss the techniques used to switch (transfer) information in a networks. Circuit switching, datagram packet switching, and virtual circuits packet switching, are disscused
Circuit and packet_switching
Packet switching and circuit switching are two different technologies for sending messages over networks. Packet switching breaks messages into packets that can take different routes to the destination, while circuit switching establishes a dedicated connection for the duration of the call. Each approach has advantages - packet switching uses bandwidth efficiently but can experience delays, while circuit switching guarantees quality but is inefficient. Modern networks are shifting more towards packet switching as it allows for easier scaling.
What's hot (20)
Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, Virtual Circuit Networks and Datagram Ne...
Circuit Switching, Packet Switching, Virtual Circuit Networks and Datagram Ne...
Switching Techniques (Lecture #2 ET3003 Sem1 2014/2015)
Switching Techniques (Lecture #2 ET3003 Sem1 2014/2015)
Viewers also liked
Lecture 24
This document summarizes Go-Back-N ARQ and Selective Repeat ARQ protocols. It discusses the key aspects of each protocol including how they handle sequence numbers, sliding windows, control variables, timers, acknowledgements, and dealing with damaged or lost frames. Selective Repeat ARQ is more efficient for noisy links as it only resends the damaged frame rather than multiple frames like Go-Back-N ARQ. The document provides details on the operation of each protocol and differences in how they handle the receiver window size and control variables.
Lecture 18
The document discusses telephone networks and their components. It notes that telephone networks use circuit switching and were originally analog systems. The major components are local loops connecting subscribers to exchanges, trunks connecting exchanges, and switching offices. Local loops use twisted pair cables, while trunks can use fiber optics or satellites. Switching offices contain switches connecting local loops and trunks to allow calls. The US was divided into LATAs in 1984 for regulating local and long-distance services within and between regions. Intralata calls are handled by local carriers within a LATA, while interlata calls pass between LATAs using long-distance carriers.
Lecture 03
This document discusses different network topologies including mesh, star, tree, ring, and bus. It provides details on each topology such as how the devices connect, advantages and disadvantages of each, and examples. The key points made are that topology refers to how devices are interconnected in a network, the five basic topologies are mesh, star, tree, ring and bus, and choosing a topology depends on factors like how the linked devices relate to each other and the needs of the specific network.
Lecture 12
This document provides an overview of different types of links/channels and analog-to-analog modulation techniques. It discusses low-pass channels that have frequencies between 0 and f1, and band-pass channels between f1 and f2. It also describes amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM). For AM, it notes the carrier amplitude varies while frequency and phase remain constant. For FM, the carrier frequency varies while amplitude and phase remain constant. It provides examples of bandwidth needs for radio stations using AM and FM.
Lecture 13
This document discusses frequency division multiplexing (FDM), an analog technique for multiplexing signals over a single communication link. FDM divides the bandwidth of the link into non-overlapping frequency bands, with each band carrying a separate signal. At the transmitting end, signals from different sources are modulated onto carrier frequencies before being combined into a composite signal. At the receiving end, the signals are demodulated by filtering each frequency band to recover the original signals. Examples show how FDM can be used to multiplex voice channels, data channels, and cellular phone signals. Common applications of FDM include radio, television broadcasting, and first-generation cellular systems.
Lecture 07
This document summarizes a lecture on data communications and networking. It discusses different types of signals including digital signals, which are discrete, and analog signals, which are continuous. Periodic signals repeat in a consistent pattern, while aperiodic signals do not. Simple analog signals like sine waves are characterized by amplitude, frequency, and phase. Composite signals contain multiple frequencies. Digital signals have a bit rate and bit interval. The document also covers network terminology, transmission impairments like attenuation and distortion, and noise.
Lecture 21
This document provides an overview of CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) and checksum techniques for error detection in data transmission. It describes how CRC works by appending redundant bits to the data such that the resulting data is divisible by a predetermined binary number. It also explains how checksums are generated by dividing the data into sections, adding the sections using one's complement arithmetic, and sending the complement of the sum along with the data. The document compares the performance of CRC and checksums, noting that CRC can detect all odd-length burst errors while checksums are susceptible to some even-length errors.
Lecture 17
This lecture discusses different types of switching techniques used in data communication networks, including blocking, time-division switching, space division switching, and their combinations. It describes Time-Slot Interchange (TSI) switches and TDM buses as two methods for implementing time-division switching. The lecture compares the advantages and disadvantages of space division switching, which is instantaneous but requires many crosspoints, and time division switching, which introduces delays but needs no crosspoints. It notes that combining space and time-division switching in multistage switches can optimize networks both physically and temporally.
Lecture 11
This document provides an overview of digital-to-analog modulation techniques used in data communications including: Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK), Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), Phase Shift Keying (PSK), and Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM). It defines these techniques, discusses their advantages and limitations, and provides examples of calculating bit rates and bandwidth requirements. Key points covered include how digital data is modulated onto an analog carrier signal, the relationship between bit rate and baud rate, and how more advanced modulations like QAM combine aspects of ASK and PSK.
Data communication - Lecture-01
This is my first lecture about data communication and its importance,the components of a datacommunication and networks and distributed processing.
Powerpoint for data communication
A computer network allows multiple computers to be interconnected via transmission paths like telephone lines. Data communication is the exchange of digital data between two devices via a transmission medium like wires. There are two types of data communication: local, for communicating devices in the same building, and remote, for devices farther apart. A data communication system must effectively deliver data to the correct destination, do so accurately, and deliver it in a timely manner. The five basic components of data communication are: the message being communicated, the sender, the receiver, the transmission medium connecting them, and the communication protocols governing the exchange.
Data communication (simple explanation)
The document discusses various aspects of data communication. It explains how modems convert digital data to analog signals to transmit over standard telephone lines, and how different digital connections like ISDN, DSL, and cable modems transmit data at higher speeds. It also describes wireless communication technologies like WiFi, WiMAX, and how they enable local and wide area networking using radio waves. Diagrams provide simple illustrations of data communication systems using these various modes of transmission.
Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Communication and Networks
This document provides an introduction to data communications and networks. It discusses key topics such as data representation, data flow, characteristics of data communication like delivery and accuracy. It describes different network types including LAN, WAN, MAN. Network topologies like star, bus, ring and hybrid are explained. Protocols define rules for communication regarding what, how and when to communicate. Standards are agreed upon rules and are developed by standards organizations.
Lecture 14
This document summarizes a lecture on WDM and TDM. It discusses how WDM uses fiber optic cables to transmit multiple optical signals simultaneously at different wavelengths. TDM allows multiple connections to share bandwidth by dividing the data flow into time slots and transmitting one unit from each connection in sequence. Applications of WDM include SONET networks, while TDM guarantees bandwidth for connections by making the data rate of transmission line equal to the sum of individual connection rates. Examples are provided to illustrate how frame rate, duration, and data rates are calculated for TDM systems.
Lecture 23
This document summarizes key concepts around data link control, flow control, and error control from a lecture on data communications and networking. It discusses how flow control coordinates data transmission and reception to prevent overwhelm, and how error control detects and retransmits damaged or lost frames using techniques like stop-and-wait ARQ. The stop-and-wait ARQ method is explained, covering normal operation as well as how lost, damaged, and delayed frames and acknowledgements are handled.
Lecture 15
This document discusses synchronous and asynchronous time division multiplexing (TDM). It explains that synchronous TDM uses preassigned, fixed time slots that can result in wasted bandwidth. Asynchronous TDM allows dynamic allocation of time slots, reducing waste by filling frames only as needed. It also describes how telephone companies implement digital signal services like DS-1 and DS-3 through a hierarchy of T carrier lines like T-1 and T-3 that precisely match the data rates of the digital services.
Lecture 22
The document discusses error correction techniques for data communication and networking. It describes two main error correction methods: error correction by retransmission, which has the receiver request retransmission of data if an error is detected; and forward error correction, which uses error-correcting codes to automatically correct certain errors. The document then focuses on Hamming codes, explaining how they use redundancy bits to detect and correct errors in binary data. Specific aspects of Hamming codes like bit arrangements and calculations are provided, along with an example of how they can correct burst errors.
Lecture 10
This document discusses different modes of data transmission including parallel, serial, synchronous, and asynchronous transmission. It provides details on:
1) Parallel transmission involves sending multiple bits simultaneously over separate wires, while serial transmission sends one bit at a time over a single wire.
2) Asynchronous transmission uses start and stop bits to delineate individual bytes since there is no external clock synchronization.
3) Synchronous transmission frames multiple bytes together and relies on an external clock for synchronization between transmitter and receiver.
Lecture 20
This document discusses error detection methods for data transmission. It covers parity checks, which add redundant bits to detect errors. Simple parity check can detect single-bit errors and odd-length burst errors by making the number of 1s in each data unit even or odd. Two-dimensional parity check arranges bits in a table, calculates parity for each row and column, and sends this frame. It can detect burst errors up to the length of redundant bits with very high probability. The lecture provides examples to illustrate how parity checks work to detect errors.
RTOS APPLICATIONS
This class notes deals with various RTOS Applications which is useful for M.Tech( Embedded systems ) course of all Indian Universities.
Viewers also liked (20)
Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Communication and Networks
Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Communication and Networks
Similar to Lecture 19
CN UNIT II.pptx
This document provides an overview of data link layer and media access control. It discusses key concepts such as framing, flow control, error control, addressing, and common data link layer protocols. Specific topics covered include HDLC, PPP, Ethernet, wireless LAN standards, and media access control protocols for shared media like CSMA/CD.
CN R16 -UNIT-3.pdf
The document summarizes key concepts about the data link layer:
1. The data link layer encapsulates network layer packets into frames, adding header and trailer fields. It provides error control, flow control, and reliable delivery of frames between adjacent network nodes.
2. The data link layer must provide a well-defined interface to the network layer, handle transmission errors, and regulate frame flow between senders and receivers.
3. Common data link layer services include unacknowledged connectionless, acknowledged connectionless, and acknowledged connection-oriented with setup and teardown of connections.
OSI Model.It was created in 1983 by osi.
The document provides an overview of data communication standards and protocols. It discusses that standards ensure interconnectivity and interoperability between networking components. The OSI model is presented which divides communication protocols into 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application. Key functions of each layer are defined such as framing at the data link layer, logical addressing at the network layer, and error control mechanisms at the transport layer. Common standard bodies that define communication protocols are also listed.
Computer Network Unit-1 ppt
This document provides an overview of computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses protocols and standards including the elements of a protocol: syntax, semantics, and timing. It describes the OSI model and TCP/IP model in detail, explaining each layer and its functions. It also discusses different types of transmission media like coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, and wireless transmission. Coaxial cable uses a central conductor surrounded by insulation and an outer conductor. Fiber optic cable uses total internal reflection to guide light through the core. Wireless transmission uses electromagnetic waves propagated through ground, sky, or line-of-sight methods using antennas.
Networking and Data Communications
The document discusses several IEEE 802 network standards including 802.1 for network management, 802.2 for the data link layer, 802.3 for Ethernet, 802.4 for token bus networks, 802.5 for token ring networks, and 802.6 for metropolitan area networks. It also covers the OSI model and its seven layers, common network topologies, the TCP/IP model, and other networking concepts such as encapsulation, addressing, and types of data transmission.
Network software
The document discusses network software and protocols. It defines network software as software used for design, implementation, operation and monitoring of computer networks. It notes that traditionally networks were hardware-based but with software-defined networking, software is separated from hardware. It then discusses protocol hierarchies, design issues for network layers, connection-oriented and connectionless services, service primitives, and the relationship between services and protocols.
Osi model detail description
The document discusses the OSI model, which defines 7 layers of network communication - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It describes the functions of each layer, with a focus on the physical and data link layers. The physical layer deals with transmitting raw bits and electrical signaling. The data link layer handles framing, addressing, error checking, and flow control to deliver error-free frames between nodes.
Learning Guide of Determine Best Fit Topology LO 2.pptx
1. The document discusses data transmission modes, including simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex modes.
2. It also covers topics like parallel and serial transmission, synchronous and asynchronous transmission, and circuit switching and packet switching for transferring data.
3. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model breaks network communication into seven layers to standardize how different devices connect and exchange information.
Serial And Parallel Data Transmission By ZAK
Serial transmission sends data one bit at a time over a single transmission line, making it simple but slow. Parallel transmission sends multiple bits simultaneously over multiple lines, making it faster but less reliable and requiring more complex hardware. Modern devices primarily use serial transmission due to its ability to achieve high speeds without issues like crosstalk that affect parallel transmission. Error detection methods like parity bits allow receivers to detect errors by checking for an expected ratio of 1s and 0s in transmitted data.
Osi(1)
The OSI Reference Model describes a 7-layer network architecture developed by ISO to standardize network communication globally. It defines separate protocols for each layer to define tasks and responsibilities. The physical layer is responsible for sending bits between systems by defining encoding, transmission rates, and hardware details. The data link layer provides error checking, frame creation, and hardware addressing. The network layer establishes logical connections between systems, performs routing, handles addressing, and switches packets between networks.
seven layer OSI model
The International Standards Organization (ISO) developed the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model. It divides network communication into seven layers. ... Layers 5-7, called the the upper layers, contain application-level data
#imannjeet #mannjeet mn
Class notes 1
Data communication involves the exchange of data between two devices via transmission medium such as wire cables. It is considered local communication if the devices are in close proximity like the same building.
The document then discusses the components of a data communication system including the message, sender, receiver, medium, protocols and characteristics of effective data communication.
It also covers topics like data transmission modes, data communication, digital modulation techniques, OSI model layers, TCP/IP model layers, and transmission impairments.
TCP/IP Protocols With All Layer Description
TCP/IP have 5 layers, whereas OSI model have 7 layers in its Model. TCP/IP is known for the secured connection and comunication. I have explained all functions and definitions of layers in TCP/IP Model
High performance communication networkss
This document discusses network elements and principal network elements. It describes links, which transfer data between two points, and switches, which transfer data between incoming and outgoing links. Links include optical fiber, copper, and wireless connections. The network can be modeled as a graph with edges representing links and nodes representing switches and user locations. Queuing models represent switches with input and output buffers that store data temporarily. Network performance depends on characteristics of the elements as well as traffic patterns and control policies that determine queuing delays and data losses.
Introduction to Computer Networks
This document provides an overview of chapter 1 of a computer networks course. It introduces key topics that will be covered, including network hardware, network software, reference models (OSI and TCP/IP), example networks (Novell Netware, ARPANET, NSFNET, Internet), and example data communication services. It discusses concepts like layers, protocols, interfaces, services, and connection-oriented vs connectionless networks at a high level.
OSI Model
The open system interconnection model, better known as the OSI Model, is a network map that was originally developed as a universal standard for creating networks. But instead of serving as a model with agreed-upon protocols that would be used worldwide, the OSI model has become a teaching tool that shows how different tasks within a network should be handled in order to promote error-free data transmission.
computer network basics
The document provides information about computer networks and networking concepts. It discusses what a network is and examples like the Internet. It then covers topics such as the uses of networks for communication, accessing resources, centralizing data, transferring files, and more. The document also discusses different types of networks categorized by size, connectivity, and design. Additionally, it covers networking protocols, data transmission methods, network architectures, and models like OSI and TCP/IP.
Notes on Class 3
This document contains class notes on data communication and the OSI model. It discusses the seven layers of the OSI model including the physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation and application layers. It also covers analog and digital signals, frequency, phase, and wavelength. The notes were submitted by Md. Zillur Rahman for the course Data Communication at City University.
The Osi Model
The OSI model was developed by ISO to establish a common way for different networks and systems to communicate. It is a 7 layer model where each layer has a specific function. The physical layer deals with transmitting raw bits of data and the application layer deals with processes and programs. The layers in between ensure data is packaged and transmitted reliably and efficiently between applications on different systems. The OSI model provides a standard framework for designing network protocols and allows systems from different vendors to communicate through the use of common protocols at each layer.
CN chapter1.ppt
The document provides an overview of computer networking concepts including recommended textbooks, basics of networking terminology and principles, network hardware, protocols and layering, network addressing, and applications of computer networks. It discusses key topics like transmission technologies, local and wide area networks, wireless networks, protocol hierarchies, network services, and the OSI and TCP network models. The goal is to teach students the fundamentals of how networks work rather than specific configuration skills.
Similar to Lecture 19 (20)
Learning Guide of Determine Best Fit Topology LO 2.pptx
Learning Guide of Determine Best Fit Topology LO 2.pptx
More from Sehrish Rafiq
Introduction to Computers Lecture # 14
This document discusses different network topologies including mesh, star, tree, ring, and bus. It provides details on how each topology connects devices and the advantages and disadvantages of each. Mesh topology has every device directly connected to every other device. Star topology connects all devices to a central hub. Tree topology is a variation of star where secondary hubs are connected to a central hub. Ring topology connects devices in a continuous loop. Bus topology uses a single backbone cable to connect all devices. Hybrid topologies combine two or more topologies.
Introduction to Computers Lecture # 13
This document provides an overview of a lecture on data communication and computer networks. It defines key concepts like data communication, components of a communication system, transmission modes (simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex), characteristics of networks, types of networks (LAN, MAN, WAN), applications of networks, and a brief history of the Internet and World Wide Web. The document is presented as part of a lecture on introduction to computer networks.
Introduction to Computers Lecture # 12
Problem Solving
Algorithm
Flow Chart
Programming
Computer Languages
Low Level Languages
High Level Languages
Introduction to Computers Lecture # 11
This document provides an overview of different types of software, including system software and application software. It defines software and describes system software such as operating systems, device drivers, firmware, translators, and utility software. It also defines application software and describes types including commercial software, customized software, and freeware. Specific examples are provided for each type of software discussed.
Introduction to Computers Lecture # 10
This document provides an overview of secondary storage devices, including magnetic storage devices like magnetic tapes, hard disks, and floppy disks. It also discusses optical storage devices such as compact discs, digital versatile discs, and Blu-ray discs. Finally, it covers flash drives. The document describes the basic components and features of these various storage technologies and how they work to store digital data.
Introduction to Computers Lecture # 9
This document provides an overview of different types of computer memory including cache memory, RAM, and ROM. It discusses the levels of cache memory (levels 1, 2, and 3) and how they work together. It describes the two main types of RAM - SRAM and DRAM - and explains the differences between them. It also outlines the three main types of ROM - PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM - and how their data can be programmed and erased.
Introduction to Computers Lecture # 8
This lecture discusses computer memory and its hierarchy. It begins by defining primary memory, which includes registers, cache memory, RAM, and ROM. It then describes the different types of registers in detail, including general purpose registers like the accumulator, base, counter, and data registers, as well as special purpose registers like the instruction register, memory address register, and memory buffer register.
Introduction to Computers Lecture # 7
This lecture is about the hardcopy devices and devices that are input & output devices at the same time.
Introduction to computers Lecture # 4
This document discusses the applications of computers in various fields. It outlines how computers are now essential in offices, banks, industries, education, training, engineering, stores, healthcare, law enforcement, transportation and at home. Computers are used for tasks like word processing, data management, design/simulation, record keeping, communications and more. The document provides examples of how computers are utilized specifically in offices, banks, industries, education, engineering, stores, law, policing, airlines and the arts.
Introduction to Computers Lecture # 5
The document provides an overview of computer hardware and input devices. It discusses the basic components of a computer system including the input, processing, storage and output units. It then describes various commonly used input devices such as keyboards, mice, scanners, microphones, webcams and touchscreens. Specific input devices like optical mark readers, bar code readers and digitizers are also explained along with their uses.
Introduction to Computers Lecture # 3
This lecture include the following topics:
Types of computer w.r.t working principal, Types of computers w.r.t size cost and speed,Types of computers w.r.t purpose
Introduction to Computers Lecture # 2
This lecture includes the following topics:- Human Vs.Computer, History of Computer, Generations of Computer.
Introduction to Computers Lecture # 1
This is the first lecture belonging to the course "Introduction to computers". It covers the following topics:- Computer Definition,Electronic Data Processing, Data and Information definitions,Types of data, Characteristics of computer.
More from Sehrish Rafiq (13)
Recently uploaded
June Patch Tuesday
Ivanti’s Patch Tuesday breakdown goes beyond patching your applications and brings you the intelligence and guidance needed to prioritize where to focus your attention first. Catch early analysis on our Ivanti blog, then join industry expert Chris Goettl for the Patch Tuesday Webinar Event. There we’ll do a deep dive into each of the bulletins and give guidance on the risks associated with the newly-identified vulnerabilities.
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-und-domino-lizenzkostenreduzierung-in-der-welt-von-dlau/
DLAU und die Lizenzen nach dem CCB- und CCX-Modell sind für viele in der HCL-Community seit letztem Jahr ein heißes Thema. Als Notes- oder Domino-Kunde haben Sie vielleicht mit unerwartet hohen Benutzerzahlen und Lizenzgebühren zu kämpfen. Sie fragen sich vielleicht, wie diese neue Art der Lizenzierung funktioniert und welchen Nutzen sie Ihnen bringt. Vor allem wollen Sie sicherlich Ihr Budget einhalten und Kosten sparen, wo immer möglich. Das verstehen wir und wir möchten Ihnen dabei helfen!
Wir erklären Ihnen, wie Sie häufige Konfigurationsprobleme lösen können, die dazu führen können, dass mehr Benutzer gezählt werden als nötig, und wie Sie überflüssige oder ungenutzte Konten identifizieren und entfernen können, um Geld zu sparen. Es gibt auch einige Ansätze, die zu unnötigen Ausgaben führen können, z. B. wenn ein Personendokument anstelle eines Mail-Ins für geteilte Mailboxen verwendet wird. Wir zeigen Ihnen solche Fälle und deren Lösungen. Und natürlich erklären wir Ihnen das neue Lizenzmodell.
Nehmen Sie an diesem Webinar teil, bei dem HCL-Ambassador Marc Thomas und Gastredner Franz Walder Ihnen diese neue Welt näherbringen. Es vermittelt Ihnen die Tools und das Know-how, um den Überblick zu bewahren. Sie werden in der Lage sein, Ihre Kosten durch eine optimierte Domino-Konfiguration zu reduzieren und auch in Zukunft gering zu halten.
Diese Themen werden behandelt
- Reduzierung der Lizenzkosten durch Auffinden und Beheben von Fehlkonfigurationen und überflüssigen Konten
- Wie funktionieren CCB- und CCX-Lizenzen wirklich?
- Verstehen des DLAU-Tools und wie man es am besten nutzt
- Tipps für häufige Problembereiche, wie z. B. Team-Postfächer, Funktions-/Testbenutzer usw.
- Praxisbeispiele und Best Practices zum sofortigen Umsetzen
System Design Case Study: Building a Scalable E-Commerce Platform - Hiike
This case study explores designing a scalable e-commerce platform, covering key requirements, system components, and best practices.
Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
Consult the full report at https://www.oecd.org/digital/oecd-artificial-intelligence-review-of-germany-609808d6-en.htm
Fueling AI with Great Data with Airbyte Webinar
This talk will focus on how to collect data from a variety of sources, leveraging this data for RAG and other GenAI use cases, and finally charting your course to productionalization.
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
Have you ever been confused by the myriad of choices offered by AWS for hosting a website or an API?
Lambda, Elastic Beanstalk, Lightsail, Amplify, S3 (and more!) can each host websites + APIs. But which one should we choose?
Which one is cheapest? Which one is fastest? Which one will scale to meet our needs?
Join me in this session as we dive into each AWS hosting service to determine which one is best for your scenario and explain why!
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-Efficiency
Freshworks creates AI-boosted business software that helps employees work more efficiently and effectively. Managing data across multiple RDBMS and NoSQL databases was already a challenge at their current scale. To prepare for 10X growth, they knew it was time to rethink their database strategy. Learn how they architected a solution that would simplify scaling while keeping costs under control.
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3
Free A4 downloadable and printable Cyber Security, Social Engineering Safety and security Training Posters . Promote security awareness in the home or workplace. Lock them Out From training providers datahops.com
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Webinar Recording: https://www.panagenda.com/webinars/hcl-notes-and-domino-license-cost-reduction-in-the-world-of-dlau/
The introduction of DLAU and the CCB & CCX licensing model caused quite a stir in the HCL community. As a Notes and Domino customer, you may have faced challenges with unexpected user counts and license costs. You probably have questions on how this new licensing approach works and how to benefit from it. Most importantly, you likely have budget constraints and want to save money where possible. Don’t worry, we can help with all of this!
We’ll show you how to fix common misconfigurations that cause higher-than-expected user counts, and how to identify accounts which you can deactivate to save money. There are also frequent patterns that can cause unnecessary cost, like using a person document instead of a mail-in for shared mailboxes. We’ll provide examples and solutions for those as well. And naturally we’ll explain the new licensing model.
Join HCL Ambassador Marc Thomas in this webinar with a special guest appearance from Franz Walder. It will give you the tools and know-how to stay on top of what is going on with Domino licensing. You will be able lower your cost through an optimized configuration and keep it low going forward.
These topics will be covered
- Reducing license cost by finding and fixing misconfigurations and superfluous accounts
- How do CCB and CCX licenses really work?
- Understanding the DLAU tool and how to best utilize it
- Tips for common problem areas, like team mailboxes, functional/test users, etc
- Practical examples and best practices to implement right away
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...
Skybuffer AI, built on the robust SAP Business Technology Platform (SAP BTP), is the latest and most advanced version of our AI development, reaffirming our commitment to delivering top-tier AI solutions. Skybuffer AI harnesses all the innovative capabilities of the SAP BTP in the AI domain, from Conversational AI to cutting-edge Generative AI and Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG). It also helps SAP customers safeguard their investments into SAP Conversational AI and ensure a seamless, one-click transition to SAP Business AI.
With Skybuffer AI, various AI models can be integrated into a single communication channel such as Microsoft Teams. This integration empowers business users with insights drawn from SAP backend systems, enterprise documents, and the expansive knowledge of Generative AI. And the best part of it is that it is all managed through our intuitive no-code Action Server interface, requiring no extensive coding knowledge and making the advanced AI accessible to more users.
TrustArc Webinar - 2024 Global Privacy Survey
How does your privacy program stack up against your peers? What challenges are privacy teams tackling and prioritizing in 2024?
In the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey, we asked over 1,800 global privacy professionals and business executives to share their perspectives on the current state of privacy inside and outside of their organizations. This year’s report focused on emerging areas of importance for privacy and compliance professionals, including considerations and implications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies, building brand trust, and different approaches for achieving higher privacy competence scores.
See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
This webinar will review:
- The top 10 privacy insights from the fifth annual Global Privacy Benchmarks Survey
- The top challenges for privacy leaders, practitioners, and organizations in 2024
- Key themes to consider in developing and maintaining your privacy program
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providers
Simplify your search for a reliable Python development partner! This list presents the top 10 trusted US providers offering comprehensive Python development services, ensuring your project's success from conception to completion.
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift
Overview
Dive into the world of anomaly detection on edge devices with our comprehensive hands-on tutorial. This SlideShare presentation will guide you through the entire process, from data collection and model training to edge deployment and real-time monitoring. Perfect for those looking to implement robust anomaly detection systems on resource-constrained IoT/edge devices.
Key Topics Covered
1. Introduction to Anomaly Detection
- Understand the fundamentals of anomaly detection and its importance in identifying unusual behavior or failures in systems.
2. Understanding Edge (IoT)
- Learn about edge computing and IoT, and how they enable real-time data processing and decision-making at the source.
3. What is ArgoCD?
- Discover ArgoCD, a declarative, GitOps continuous delivery tool for Kubernetes, and its role in deploying applications on edge devices.
4. Deployment Using ArgoCD for Edge Devices
- Step-by-step guide on deploying anomaly detection models on edge devices using ArgoCD.
5. Introduction to Apache Kafka and S3
- Explore Apache Kafka for real-time data streaming and Amazon S3 for scalable storage solutions.
6. Viewing Kafka Messages in the Data Lake
- Learn how to view and analyze Kafka messages stored in a data lake for better insights.
7. What is Prometheus?
- Get to know Prometheus, an open-source monitoring and alerting toolkit, and its application in monitoring edge devices.
8. Monitoring Application Metrics with Prometheus
- Detailed instructions on setting up Prometheus to monitor the performance and health of your anomaly detection system.
9. What is Camel K?
- Introduction to Camel K, a lightweight integration framework built on Apache Camel, designed for Kubernetes.
10. Configuring Camel K Integrations for Data Pipelines
- Learn how to configure Camel K for seamless data pipeline integrations in your anomaly detection workflow.
11. What is a Jupyter Notebook?
- Overview of Jupyter Notebooks, an open-source web application for creating and sharing documents with live code, equations, visualizations, and narrative text.
12. Jupyter Notebooks with Code Examples
- Hands-on examples and code snippets in Jupyter Notebooks to help you implement and test anomaly detection models.
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024
DeFi represents a paradigm shift in the financial industry. Instead of relying on traditional, centralized institutions like banks, DeFi leverages blockchain technology to create a decentralized network of financial services. This means that financial transactions can occur directly between parties, without intermediaries, using smart contracts on platforms like Ethereum.
In 2024, we are witnessing an explosion of new DeFi projects and protocols, each pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in finance.
In summary, DeFi in 2024 is not just a trend; it’s a revolution that democratizes finance, enhances security and transparency, and fosters continuous innovation. As we proceed through this presentation, we'll explore the various components and services of DeFi in detail, shedding light on how they are transforming the financial landscape.
At Intelisync, we specialize in providing comprehensive DeFi development services tailored to meet the unique needs of our clients. From smart contract development to dApp creation and security audits, we ensure that your DeFi project is built with innovation, security, and scalability in mind. Trust Intelisync to guide you through the intricate landscape of decentralized finance and unlock the full potential of blockchain technology.
Ready to take your DeFi project to the next level? Partner with Intelisync for expert DeFi development services today!
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
GraphRAG for life science domain, where you retriever information from biomedical knowledge graphs using LLMs to increase the accuracy and performance of generated answers
Skybuffer SAM4U tool for SAP license adoption
Manage and optimize your license adoption and consumption with SAM4U, an SAP free customer software asset management tool.
SAM4U, an SAP complimentary software asset management tool for customers, delivers a detailed and well-structured overview of license inventory and usage with a user-friendly interface. We offer a hosted, cost-effective, and performance-optimized SAM4U setup in the Skybuffer Cloud environment. You retain ownership of the system and data, while we manage the ABAP 7.58 infrastructure, ensuring fixed Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and exceptional services through the SAP Fiori interface.
Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing.pdf
Read Taking AI to the Next Level in Manufacturing to gain insights on AI adoption in the manufacturing industry, such as:
1. How quickly AI is being implemented in manufacturing.
2. Which barriers stand in the way of AI adoption.
3. How data quality and governance form the backbone of AI.
4. Organizational processes and structures that may inhibit effective AI adoption.
6. Ideas and approaches to help build your organization's AI strategy.
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...
Predictive maintenance is a proactive approach that anticipates equipment failures before they happen. At the forefront of this innovative strategy is Artificial Intelligence (AI), which brings unprecedented precision and efficiency. AI in predictive maintenance is transforming industries by reducing downtime, minimizing costs, and enhancing productivity.
Astute Business Solutions | Oracle Cloud Partner |
Your goto partner for Oracle Cloud, PeopleSoft, E-Business Suite, and Ellucian Banner. We are a firm specialized in managed services and consulting.
Recently uploaded (20)
WeTestAthens: Postman's AI & Automation Techniques
WeTestAthens: Postman's AI & Automation Techniques
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
HCL Notes und Domino Lizenzkostenreduzierung in der Welt von DLAU
System Design Case Study: Building a Scalable E-Commerce Platform - Hiike
System Design Case Study: Building a Scalable E-Commerce Platform - Hiike
Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
Presentation of the OECD Artificial Intelligence Review of Germany
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
Choosing The Best AWS Service For Your Website + API.pptx
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-Efficiency
Freshworks Rethinks NoSQL for Rapid Scaling & Cost-Efficiency
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3
FREE A4 Cyber Security Awareness Posters-Social Engineering part 3
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
HCL Notes and Domino License Cost Reduction in the World of DLAU
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...
Skybuffer AI: Advanced Conversational and Generative AI Solution on SAP Busin...
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providers
Your One-Stop Shop for Python Success: Top 10 US Python Development Providers
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
Monitoring and Managing Anomaly Detection on OpenShift.pdf
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024
A Comprehensive Guide to DeFi Development Services in 2024
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
GraphRAG for Life Science to increase LLM accuracy
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...
leewayhertz.com-AI in predictive maintenance Use cases technologies benefits ...
Astute Business Solutions | Oracle Cloud Partner |
Astute Business Solutions | Oracle Cloud Partner |
Lecture 19
- 1. Data Communications & Networking Lecture-19 Course Instructor : Sehrish Rafiq Department Of Computer Science University Of Peshawar
- 4. Data Link Layer The data link layer lies between the network layer and the physical layer in the internet model. The data link layer is responsible for carrying a packet from one hop(computer or router) to the next hop. The data link layer has local responsibilty but the network layer has global responsibility. The journey through LAN or a WAN(between two nodes) must preserve the integrity of the packet.
- 5. Data Link Layer If the packet is corrupted during the transmission it must either corrected or retransmitted. Access to LAN or a WAN for the sending of data is also an issue. If several computers or routers are connected to a common medium(link) and more than one want to send data at the same time,which has the righrt to send? What is the access method?
- 6. Duties of Data Link Layer
- 7. Packetizing/ Framing The data link layer is responsible for moving data from one hop to the next hop. The data must pass through a LAN or a WAN,each of which has its own protocols. The packet coming from the upperlayer must therefore be encapsulated by the appropriate packet defined by the data link layer of the underlying LAN or WAN. Different protocols have different names for the packet at the data link layer. Most LANs refer to packet as a frame. The ATM WAN refers to a packet as a cell.
- 8. Addressing We need one addressing mechanism at the data link layer. The data link layer addresses are called physical addresses or MAC addresses. MAC addresses are used to find the address of the next hop in hop-to-hop delivery. The physical addresses used by a LAN is totally different from that used by WAN.
- 9. Error control In data communications errors are inevitable. Using better equipment and more reliable transmission media may reduce the severity or the frequency of occurrence but it can never eliminate errors. Networks must be able to transfer data from one device to another with complete accuracy. In hop to hop delivery error detection and correction is the responsibilty of data link layer.
- 10. Flow control Another responsibility of the data link layer is flow control. In most protocols flow control is a set of procedures that tells the sender how much data can it transmit before it must wait for an acknowledgement from the receiver. The flow of data must not be allowed to overwhelm the receiver. The receiving device must be able to inform the sending device before som limit is reached and request that the transmitting device send fewer frames or stop temporarily.
- 11. Media Access control When computers use a shared medium there must be a method to control access to the medium at any moment. To prevent this conflict or collision on a network there is a need for medium access control method. This method defines the procedure a computer follows when it needs to send a frame or frames.
- 13. Error detection and correction Networks must be able to transfer data from one device to another with complete accuracy. A system that cannot guarantee that data received by one device are identical to the data transmitted by another device is essentially useless. Because any time data are transmitted from one node to next, they can become corrupted in the passage. Reliable systems must have a mechanism for detecting and correcting such errors.
- 14. Types of errors Whenever bits flow from one point to another they are subjected to unpredictable changes because of interference. This interference can change the shape of a signal. Single-Bit Error: Only one bit of a data unit is changed. Burst Error: Multiple bits are changed.
- 15. Single bit error
- 16. Burst error
- 17. Single Bit Error in serial transmission Single-bit errors are the least likely type of error in serial data transmission. Suppose: A sender sends data at 1 Mbps. This means that the bit duration is 1 micro sec. For a single bit error to occur the noise must have a duration of 1 micro sec which is very rare.
- 18. Single bit error in parallel transmission A single bit error can occur if we are sending data using parallel transmission. Suppose: 8 wires are used to send all 8 bits of 1 byte at the same time one of the wires is noisy, one bit can be corrupted in each byte.
- 19. Burst Error The term burst error means that two or more bits in the data unit have changed. The burst error does not necessarily mean that errors occur in consecutive bits. The length of a burst is measured from the first corrupted bit to the last corrupted bit. Some bits in between may not have been corrupted.
- 20. Burst error in serial transmission Burst error is most likely to occur in serial transmission. The duration of noise is normally longer than the duration of one bit. Which means that when noise affects data, it affects a set of bits. The number of bits affected depends on the data rate and duration of noise.
- 21. Have Nice time at home!!!