This document discusses synchronous and asynchronous time division multiplexing (TDM). It explains that synchronous TDM uses preassigned, fixed time slots that can result in wasted bandwidth. Asynchronous TDM allows dynamic allocation of time slots, reducing waste by filling frames only as needed. It also describes how telephone companies implement digital signal services like DS-1 and DS-3 through a hierarchy of T carrier lines like T-1 and T-3 that precisely match the data rates of the digital services.

1. Data Communications & Networking
Lecture-14
Course Instructor : Sehrish Rafiq
Department Of Computer Science
University Of Peshawar

2. Lecture overview
Types of TDM
Synchronous TDM/Interleaving
Asynchronous TDM/Statistical TDM
Bit stuffing or Padding

3. Synchronous TDM/Interleaving
 TDM can be visualized as two fast rotating switches, one
on the multiplexing side and the other on the
demultiplexing side.
 The switches are synchronized and rotate at the same
speed.
 On the multiplexing side, as the switch opens in front of a
connection, that connection has the opportunity to send a
unit on to the path .
 This process is called interleaving.
 On the demultiplexing side, as the switch opens in front of
a connection that connection has the opportunity to
receive a unit from the path.

4. Synchronous TDM/Interleaving

5. Synchronization in TDM
 The implementation of TDM is not as easy as that of FDM.
 If the multiplexer and the demultiplexer are out of
synchronization, a bit belonging to one channel may be received
by the wrong channel.
 For this reason one or more synchronization bits are usually added
to the beginning of each frame.
 These bits are called framing bits.

6. Synchronization in TDM cont…
These bits follow a pattern from frame to frame, that allows
the demultiplexer to synchronize with the incoming stream
so that it can separate the time slots accurately.
In most cases this synchronization information consists of 1
bit per frame, alternating between 0 and 1.

7. Framing bits

8. Example 8
We have four sources, each creating 250 characters per second.
If the interleaved unit is a character and 1 synchronizing bit is
added to each frame,
find
(1)the data rate of each source,
(2) the duration of each character in each source,
(3) the frame rate,
(4) the duration of each frame,
(5) the number of bits in each frame, and
(6) the data rate of the link.

9. Solution
We can answer the questions as follows:
1. The data rate of each source is 250x8=2000 bps = 2Kbps.
2. The duration of a character is 1/250 s, or 4 ms.
3. The link needs to send 250 frames per second.
4. The duration of each frame is 1/250 s, or 4 ms.
5. Each frame is 4 x 8 + 1 = 33 bits.
6. The data rate of the link is 250 x 33, or 8250 bps.

10. Different data rates in TDM
 It is possible to multiplex data from devices of different data rates.
 If device B is two times faster than other devices than each device
could use one slot while device B will use two slots.
 The number of slots in each frame and the input lines to which
they are assigned remain fixed throughout a given system but
devices of different data rates may control different numbers of
those slots.

11. What should we do for this technique
to work?
Each time slot length is fixed.
The requirement is that the different data rates must be
integer multiples of each other.
For example we can accommodate a device five times faster
than the others by allocating it five slots.

12. Bit stuffing/Padding/Pulse
stuffing
 However we cannot accommodate a device that is 5 n half times
faster because we cannot introduce one half of a time slot to a
frame.
 When the speeds are not integer multiples of each other, they can
be made to behave as if they were by a technique called bit
stuffing/bit padding/pulse stuffing.
 In bit padding,the multiplexer adds extra bits to a device’s source
stream to force the speed relationships among the various devices
in to integer multiples of each other.

13. Limitations of synchronous TDM /interleaving
Synchronous TDM does not guarantee that the capacity of
the link is fully used.
It is more likely that only a portion of the time slots is in use
at a given instant.
Because the time slots are preassigned and fixed whenever
the connected device is not transmitting, the corresponding
slot is empty and that much of the path is wasted.

14. Asynchronous TDM/ Statistical TDM
 Asynchronous TDM/ Statistical TDM is designed to avoid the
waste in synchronous TDM.
 The term asynchronous means flexible not fixed here.
 In asynchronous system if we have n input lines,the frame contains
a fixed number of atleast n time slots.
 In asynchronous system,if we have n lines, the frame contains no
more than m slots with m less than n.
 In this way asynchronous TDM supports the same number of lines
as synchronous with a lower capicity link.
 Or given the same link asynchronous TDM can support more
devices than synchronous TDM.

15. Asynchronous TDM/ Statistical TDM
The number of slots m in asynchronous TDM frame is based
on a statistical analysis of the number of input lines that are
likely to be transmitting at any given time.
Rather than being preassigned each slot is available to any of
the attached input devices that has data to send.
The multiplexer scans the input lines accepts portions of data
until a frame is filled.
Then it sends the frame across the link.

16. Asynchronous TDM/ Statistical TDM
If there are not enough data to fill all the slots in a frame,the
frame is only partially filled.
Thus full link capacity may not be used 100 percent of the
time.
But the ability to allocate time slots dynamically,coupled
with lower ratio of time slots to input lines greatly reduces
the likely hood and degree of waste.

17. Synchronous and asynchronous TDM

18. Digital Signal(DS) Service
Telephone companies implement TDM through a hierarchy
of digital signals called digital signal(DS) service.

19. DS Hierarchy

20. T Lines
 DS-0,DS-1 and so on are the names of services.
 To implement those services, the telephone companies use T
lines(T1-T4).
 These are lines with capacities precisely attached to the data rates
of the DS-1 to DS-4 services.
Rate
Service Line Voice Channels
(Mbps)
DS-1 T-1 1.544 24
DS-2 T-2 6.312 96
DS-3 T-3 44.736 672
DS-4 T-4 274.176 4032

22. Thanks!!!