The document outlines an introductory lecture on computers, covering topics such as the differences between humans and computers, the history of computation, and the various generations of computers. It details the evolution from early devices like the abacus to modern microcomputers, highlighting key inventions and their features across five generations from vacuum tubes to integrated circuits. The lecture emphasizes advancements in speed, size, reliability, and programming ease throughout these generations.

1. Introduction to Computer
Lecture # 2
Course Instructor : Sehrish Rafiq
Govt. Girls Degree College Maneri Swabi
Higher Education Department KP

2. Lecture overview
• Human Vs.Computer
• History of Computer
• Generations of Computer

3. Human Vs. Computer
S . No Human Computer
1.
Perform numeric computations Perform numeric computations at very faster
speed than humans
2. Creative Feeded
3. Remembers or write information
Stores huge amount of Information for long
term as compared to humans
4.
Gets tired and bored of repetitive
activity
Best in performing repetitive operations
5. Common sense based judgment Does not have any sense
6. Best in pattern matching than computers Slow in pattern matching and cognition

4. History of computer
Era Inventor Method /
Device
Structure Features
2400 BC Ancient Chinese Abacus String of beads Calculation
1617 John Napier Napier
Bones
 Mechanical
 Rods made of bones
 Long computations
 Fast
 Accurate
1642 Blaise Pascal Pascaline  Mechanical
 Wheels & Gears
 Addition
 Subtraction
 Carry feature
1694 Gottfried Leibnitz Stepped
Reckoner
 Digital Machine based on
binary numbers
 Multiplication
 Division
1830 Charles
Babbage
Analytical
Engine
 Programmable Computer  Input section(Punched
cards)
 Print Unit
 Control unit( operating
computer)
 Mill unit(Calculations)
 Store( numbers
storage)

5. Historical Devices
Abacus
Pascaline Inner ViewPascaline Outer View
Napier Bones
Stepped Reckoner

6. Historical Devices
Punched card
Punched card writer
Punched card Reader Jacquard loom
Jacquard punched card

7. Continued…
Era Inventor Method / Device Structure Features
1886 William
Burroughs
Adding machine Mechanical in nature Commercial use
1890 Dr. Herman
Hollerith
Electro-Mechanical
Punched Card
Tabulator
 Electro-Mechanical
 Card-Programmed
1930 Bush Differential Analyzer Analog computer -
1944 H. Aiken Mark I  Electro-Mechanical
 Relays instead of
gears
Digital
1946 JW Mauchly & JP
Eckert
ENAIC  Electronic
 Vacuum tubes
 For Military
 Digital
 Tremendous heat
 Large amount of
electricity(150 KW)
 weight>30 tons
 Area :167 sq m
 6 people for
programming

8. Electronic Components
Relay switch
Vacuum Tube
Half Adder
Transistors Integrated Circuit (IC)

9. Historical Devices
ENAIC Computer
Herman’s Punched Card Tabulator Differential Analyzer
Mark-I
Burrough’s Adding
Machine

10. Continued…
Era Inventor Method /
Device
Structure Features
1951 Sperry Rand UNIVAC(
UNIVersal
Automatic
Computer )-I
Elastic Magnetic tape Commercial
1953 MIT Whirl Wind-I  Electrical
 Transistors instead of
vacuum tubes
1965 Digital Equipment
Corporation (DEC)
PDP-8  Minicomputer
 Electrical ICs
1975 MITS Altair 8800 Microcomputer -

11. Historical Devices
UNIVAC-I Whirl Wind-I
1st Mini-Computer Altair 8800

12. Generations of Computer
• Generation in computer science terminology is a step in
technology.
• It provides a framework for the growth of computer
industry.
• It is used to distinguish between various hardware and
software technologies.
• Till today there are five computer generations.

13. Generations of computer
Generation
(Period)
Hardware
Technologies
Software Technologies Characteristics Systems
1st
(1942-1955)
 Vaccume tubes
 Electro-magnetic
relay memory
 Punched cards
 Machine Language
Assembly language
 Stored Program
concept
 Scientific applications
 Bulky in size
 Expensive
 Unreliable
 Limited commercial
production and use
 ENAIC
 EDVAC
 EDSAC
 UNIVAC-I
 IBM 701
2nd
(1955-1964)
 Transistors
 Magnetic core
memory
 Magnetic tapes
 Disks
 Batch OS
 High-Level languages
 Scientific &
commercial
applications
 Faster
 Smaller
 Easier to program
 Difficult commercial
production
 Expensive
 Honeywell-
400
 IBM 7030
 CDC-1604
 UNIVAC
Larc
3rd (1964-
1975)
 ICs with SSI and
MSI
 Larger capacity
magnetic disks
and magnetic
tapes
 Mini computers
 Timesharing OS
 Multiprogramming
 Smaller
 Faster
 Easier and cheaper
to produce
 Easier to upgrade
than previous
generation
 IBM 360/370
 PDP-8
 PDP-11
 CDC-6600

14. Continued…
Generation
(Period)
Hardware Technologies Software Technologies Characteristics Systems
4th
(1975-1980)
 ICs with VLSI
 Larger capacity hard
disks
 Magnetic tapes and
floppy disks
 Personal Computers
 Mainframe computers
 Super computers
 Computer Networks
 GUI based OS for PCs
 Multiprocessing
 UNIX OS with C
 Object Oriented
Languages
 Network based
applications
 Small
 Affordable
 Reliable
 Easy to use
 General purpose
 Easy to upgrade
 IBM PC
 Apple-II
 TRS-80
 VAX-9000
5th
(1980-
present)
 ICs with ULSI
 Larger main memory
 Hard disks with RAID
support
 Optical Disks
 Notebooks
 Laptops
 Powerful server
computers
 Advanced super
computers
 Internet
 Multi-threading
 Distributed OS
 Multimedia applications
 Internet applications
 Portable
 Powerful
 Cheaper
 Reliable
 General purpose
 Commercially
feasible
 Easy to upgrade
 Rapid software
development
 IBM
Notebooks
 Sun
systems
 Dell and hp
Laptops
 Android
Mobiles
 Tablets

15. Enough For Today!!!