This document discusses pharmacology and provides an overview of key concepts including: - Pharmacokinetics, how drugs move through the body via absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. - Bioavailability, which impacts a drug's therapeutic effect and determines how much active drug is absorbed. - Pharmacodynamics, how drugs act on the body through receptor interactions and their effects. - Dose-response relationships and key terms like TD50, ED50, and LD50 that describe doses needed to produce effects. - Drug interactions that can occur through physical/chemical, pharmacokinetic, or pharmacodynamic mechanisms.

1. PENDAHULUAN
FARMAKOLOGI
dr. Dita Hasni, M.Biomed

2. setiap bahan kimia atau zat biologis,
sintetik atau non-sintetik
yang mempengaruhi kondisi biologis
sel didalam makhluk hidup
•Diagnosis
•Pencegahan penyakit
•Pengobatan (treatment)
•Menentukan prognosis

3. Overview

4. Farmakokinetik
Farmakodinamik
Hubungan Dosis-efek Obat
Interaksi Obat
Topik pembahasan

5. Pharmacokinetics
 Movement of drugs in the body
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excretion

6. Drug administration

7. Pharmacokinetics

8. Bioavailabilitas
mempengaruhi daya terapeutik,
aktivitas klinik, dan aktivitas toksik obat.
Kecepatan dan Jumlah
zat aktif obat yang
diserap dari bentuk farmaseutik dan
tersedia di tempat kerja nya.
plasma

9. Time (hour)
10
20
30
40
1 2 3 4
m.s.c
Therapeutic level
Low therapy
Drug toxicity
m.e.c

10. Parameter yang digunakan
untuk menentukan
bioavailabilitas obat
T max
C max
Area dibawah Kurva
(AUC)
waktu yang
diperlukan untuk
mencapai kadar
puncak kadar puncak/tertinggi
obat dalam darah
sesungguhnya
Diperoleh dari
hubungan
konsentrasi obat
dalam plasma
dengan waktu
Memberikan ukuran jumlah
obat yang diserap

12. Grafik kadar obat-waktu pada
berbagai rute pemberian obat

13. Drug Time Course
 Time Course Studies important for
 predicting dosages/dosing intervals
 maintaining therapeutic levels
 determining time to elimination
 Elimination Half-Life
 time required for drug blood levels to be reduced by 50%
 Approx. 6 half-lives to eliminate drug from body
 With repeated regular interval dosing, steady-state
concentration reached in approx. 6 x half-life

14. Pharmacodinamic
The study of the action and effects of
medications on physiologic function

15. How drug act ?
Paul Ehrlich :
Corpora non agunt nisi fixata
A drug will not work
Unless it is bound
Kecuali : - osmotic diuretic
- osmotic purgatives
- antasida
- heavy metal chelating agents

16. Drug-Receptor Interactions
Drug
Receptor
Effect
Drug-Receptor
Complex
Ligand-binding
domain
Effector domain
Pharmacodynamics
• Number of drug’s receptor
• Receptor affinity

17. DOSE EFFECT RELATIONSHIP
The intensity and duration of a drug’s effects
are a function of the drug dose and
drug concentration at the effect site

18. Dose Effect
Effect site
Concentration
Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics
Absorption
Distribution
Metabolism
Excreation
Tissue/organ sensitivity
(receptor status)
DOSE EFFECT RELATIONSHIP

19. TD50 : the dose of the drug that produces
a toxic effect in half the population
ED50: the dose of the drug that produces
a therapeutic or desired response in half the population
LD50: the dose of the drug that produces
a lethal effect in half of animal experiments
Definition of the dose

20. Interaksi Obat
Interaksi fisikokimia
Interaksi farmakokinetik
Interaksi
farmakodinamik

22. TERIMAKASIH