This document provides an overview of general pharmacology. It discusses various topics including:
1. Routes of drug administration such as oral, parenteral, topical, inhalation, and transdermal. The advantages and disadvantages of different routes are described.
2. Pharmacokinetics concepts such as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Factors that influence absorption and distribution are outlined.
3. Pharmacodynamics refers to how drugs act on the body through various biochemical interactions and physiological effects. Adverse drug reactions are also discussed briefly.
The document provides an overview of general pharmacology concepts including definitions of pharmacology and drugs. It discusses the objectives of studying pharmacology and defines key terms like receptors, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug sources, nomenclature, dosage forms, and routes of drug administration with a focus on oral, parenteral, and other enteral routes. The document aims to introduce students to the basic concepts and principles of pharmacology.
The document discusses drug nomenclature and pharmacokinetics. It explains that drugs have three categories of names - chemical, non-proprietary, and proprietary. It then describes the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion that make up a drug's pharmacokinetics. Absorption can occur through various routes of administration like oral, sublingual, rectal, and parenteral routes. Distribution and metabolism determine the amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation. Excretion removes the drug from the body.
Mechanism of action of drugs can occur through various pathways including biochemical, physiological, physical, chemical, enzymatic, and receptor-mediated actions. Drugs can act through membrane-bound receptors by binding with varying affinity and efficacy, and can cause effects as agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, or inverse agonists. Factors like dosage, drug potency, efficacy, interactions, tolerance, and individual patient characteristics influence a drug's effects.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness. It occurs when antibodies block or destroy receptors at the neuromuscular junction, preventing signal transmission from nerves to muscles. Common symptoms include drooping eyelids, double vision, difficulty swallowing and breathing. While there is no cure, treatment aims to control symptoms through medications like cholinesterase inhibitors or immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin or thymectomy. Proper nutrition, rest and exercise are also important for management of the condition.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes. Local routes deliver drugs to specific tissues and include topical, intradermal, and intra-articular administration. Systemic routes deliver drugs via enteral routes like oral, sublingual, and rectal, or via parenteral routes like injection (intravenous, intramuscular, etc.), inhalation, and transdermal. The choice of route depends on factors like drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition. Proper technique and precautions are important for safe administration by any route.
This document discusses autonomic neurotransmission and cholinergic drugs. It begins by describing the anatomy and components of the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions. It then focuses on cholinergic neurotransmission, outlining the steps of impulse conduction, transmitter release, transmitter action on post-junctional membranes, post-junctional activity, and termination of transmitter action. Finally, it discusses cholinergic drugs that act as direct parasympathomimetics like choline esters or alkaloids, as well as indirect anticholinesterases that inhibit the termination of cholinergic transmission.
This document provides an overview of general pharmacology. It discusses various topics including:
1. Routes of drug administration such as oral, parenteral, topical, inhalation, and transdermal. The advantages and disadvantages of different routes are described.
2. Pharmacokinetics concepts such as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Factors that influence absorption and distribution are outlined.
3. Pharmacodynamics refers to how drugs act on the body through various biochemical interactions and physiological effects. Adverse drug reactions are also discussed briefly.
The document provides an overview of general pharmacology concepts including definitions of pharmacology and drugs. It discusses the objectives of studying pharmacology and defines key terms like receptors, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug sources, nomenclature, dosage forms, and routes of drug administration with a focus on oral, parenteral, and other enteral routes. The document aims to introduce students to the basic concepts and principles of pharmacology.
The document discusses drug nomenclature and pharmacokinetics. It explains that drugs have three categories of names - chemical, non-proprietary, and proprietary. It then describes the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion that make up a drug's pharmacokinetics. Absorption can occur through various routes of administration like oral, sublingual, rectal, and parenteral routes. Distribution and metabolism determine the amount of drug that reaches the systemic circulation. Excretion removes the drug from the body.
Mechanism of action of drugs can occur through various pathways including biochemical, physiological, physical, chemical, enzymatic, and receptor-mediated actions. Drugs can act through membrane-bound receptors by binding with varying affinity and efficacy, and can cause effects as agonists, antagonists, partial agonists, or inverse agonists. Factors like dosage, drug potency, efficacy, interactions, tolerance, and individual patient characteristics influence a drug's effects.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness. It occurs when antibodies block or destroy receptors at the neuromuscular junction, preventing signal transmission from nerves to muscles. Common symptoms include drooping eyelids, double vision, difficulty swallowing and breathing. While there is no cure, treatment aims to control symptoms through medications like cholinesterase inhibitors or immunosuppressants, plasmapheresis, intravenous immunoglobulin or thymectomy. Proper nutrition, rest and exercise are also important for management of the condition.
The document discusses various routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes. Local routes deliver drugs to specific tissues and include topical, intradermal, and intra-articular administration. Systemic routes deliver drugs via enteral routes like oral, sublingual, and rectal, or via parenteral routes like injection (intravenous, intramuscular, etc.), inhalation, and transdermal. The choice of route depends on factors like drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition. Proper technique and precautions are important for safe administration by any route.
This document discusses autonomic neurotransmission and cholinergic drugs. It begins by describing the anatomy and components of the autonomic nervous system, including the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric divisions. It then focuses on cholinergic neurotransmission, outlining the steps of impulse conduction, transmitter release, transmitter action on post-junctional membranes, post-junctional activity, and termination of transmitter action. Finally, it discusses cholinergic drugs that act as direct parasympathomimetics like choline esters or alkaloids, as well as indirect anticholinesterases that inhibit the termination of cholinergic transmission.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology presented by Prof. Mirza Anwar Baig. It discusses important terms related to pharmacology including routes of drug administration and pharmacokinetics. Key topics covered include the definitions of pharmacology, drugs, pharmacotherapeutics, and clinical pharmacology. Different routes of drug administration like oral, parenteral, rectal and inhalation are described. The document also discusses drug nomenclature, essential drugs concept, orphan drugs, and considerations for selecting routes of drug administration.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology, including the key topics of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug properties, and drug administration. It defines pharmacology and its two main divisions - pharmacokinetics concerning what the body does to drugs, and pharmacodynamics regarding what drugs do to the body. The processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs are described. Factors influencing drug action and effects on receptors are also summarized.
The document discusses adrenergic and anti-adrenergic drugs. It describes the sympathetic nervous system which uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter. Adrenergic drugs can work directly on receptors, indirectly by stimulating norepinephrine release, or through a mixed action. They are used for conditions like shock and hypertension. Anti-adrenergic drugs block sympathetic effects and include alpha blockers, alpha-2 agonists, and beta blockers. Specific drugs like epinephrine, clonidine, and propranolol are discussed along with their mechanisms and indications.
Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and galucomaAshviniGovande
This document provides information about myasthenia gravis (MG) and drugs used to treat it, as well as information about glaucoma and drugs used to treat glaucoma.
MG is an autoimmune disorder causing muscle weakness due to antibodies blocking acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Drugs used to treat MG include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like pyridostigmine to increase acetylcholine levels, immunosuppressants to reduce antibody production, and thymectomy to remove the thymus gland source of antibodies.
Glaucoma involves increased fluid pressure in the eye damaging the optic nerve. The most common type is primary open-angle glaucoma. Drugs
This document provides information about autacoids, which are local hormones that include histamine and serotonin. It focuses on histamine, discussing its sources from mast cells and basophils, mechanisms of release, effects on organ systems, and use of antihistamines to treat allergic reactions. Serotonin is also discussed, including its role in mood, appetite, sleep, and vasoconstriction. The document summarizes the different types of serotonin receptors and their functions.
Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a potent biological mediator involved in platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis. It is synthesized from precursor phospholipids in cell membranes by phospholipase A2 and a PAF-acetyltransferase. PAF exerts its effects by binding to specific receptors on platelets and other cells. It is degraded by PAF acetylhydrolase which hydrolyzes the acetyl group from PAF. Clinical uses of understanding PAF include treating inflammatory disorders and managing allergic reactions through modulation of its mechanisms of action and synthesis pathways.
This document discusses pharmacodynamics, which is the study of what a drug does to the body. It covers drug action, effect, and the various mechanisms of drug action including physical action, chemical action, interactions with regulatory proteins, receptors, and receptor families. It also discusses concepts like dose response curves, drug potency, efficacy, therapeutic index, synergism, and antagonism.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and increases heart rate and blood pressure. The parasympathetic division acts to slow the heart and aid digestion. Most organs receive dual innervation from both divisions to allow dynamic regulation of functions. Neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system uses acetylcholine or norepinephrine/epinephrine as neurotransmitters. Postsynaptic responses are mediated through direct ion channel coupling or via second messenger systems to regulate various cellular processes.
This document summarizes a seminar on sympathomimetic drugs presented by Mohd Fahad and guided by Mohd. Khushtar. It discusses different types of adrenergic drugs including direct, indirect, and mixed acting sympathomimetics. It describes the actions of adrenergic drugs on various organs mediated by alpha and beta receptors. Important drugs are discussed in detail including their uses, doses, preparations, and adverse effects. The document provides an overview of adrenergic pharmacology and the therapeutic uses of sympathomimetic drugs.
This document provides information about antimuscarinic agents. It discusses their classification, sources, examples like atropine and scopolamine, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects. Antimuscarinic agents work by blocking the effects of acetylcholine, especially at muscarinic receptors. They have various applications like as antisecretory agents, to treat peptic ulcer, asthma, and Parkinson's disease. However, common side effects include constipation, blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention and confusion in elderly.
Introduction to CNS Pharmacology, with Anatomy and physiology of CNS, mode of neuro-transmission via action potential and role of major neurotransmitter in the brain with drug design pharmacology of CNS drugs.
This document provides an overview of sedatives and hypnotics. It discusses the stages of normal sleep and classifies sedatives and hypnotics. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are the main classes described. Benzodiazepines have short, intermediate, and long-acting types while barbiturates have ultra-short, short, and long-acting types. The document covers the pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and mechanisms of action of these drug classes and compares their advantages. Treatment for barbiturate poisoning is also summarized.
This document presents information on parasympathomimetics, which are drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. It discusses how parasympathomimetics can directly activate cholinergic receptors through agonists like acetylcholine, muscarine, and pilocarpine. It also describes how anticholinesterase drugs inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, increasing the availability of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. Specific parasympathomimetic drugs discussed include bethanechol, carbachol, pilocarpine, and echothiophate. The document provides details on the mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of these cholinergic drugs.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs, including their origin, properties, effects, and how the body handles them. It has two main divisions: pharmacodynamics, which is the study of how drugs act on the body and their mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics, which is the study of how the body affects drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Some key concepts in pharmacology include drug receptors, agonists, antagonists, bioavailability, clearance, and half-life. The processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion determine the fate of drugs in the body.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. Drugs are substances used for diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease. Drugs can come from natural sources like plants, animals and microorganisms, or be synthesized. Common routes of drug administration include oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular and topical. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to drugs through processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Pharmacodynamics describes what drugs do to the body through their mechanisms and sites of action. Factors like dosage, age, weight and interactions can influence drug effects.
This document discusses methods of prolonging drug action and drug delivery systems. It describes four methods to prolong drug action: retarding drug absorption, retarding drug metabolism, retarding renal excretion, and increasing protein binding. It then discusses various drug delivery systems including controlled release, targeted delivery, and local delivery systems. Controlled release systems can be oral or parenteral using devices like pumps, pellets, or inhalers. Targeted systems include nanoparticles, liposomes, polymers, and microneedle arrays to improve delivery. Local systems are used for specific sites like eyes, cervix, or blood vessels.
General Pharmacology for Pharmacy Students provides an overview of key pharmacology concepts in 3 sentences:
It introduces pharmacology as the study of how drugs interact with living systems, covering topics like drug kinetics, dynamics, sources, and therapeutic uses. The document outlines different drug classifications including their names and dosage forms, routes of drug administration, and factors that influence drug absorption and distribution like first-pass metabolism. Key branches of pharmacology and relationships to other disciplines are also summarized.
This is the lecture presentation for general concept of autonomic nervous system and cholinergic drugs.
The class is intended for BNS 1st year students.
Pharmacology Theory_Introduction & Routes of Administration.pptxAbhishekSharma921450
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts in pharmacology. It defines terms like pharmacy, pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and discusses the scope and applications of pharmacology. It also covers important topics like routes of drug administration, drug nomenclature, factors affecting drug action and authentic sources of drug information.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology presented by Prof. Mirza Anwar Baig. It discusses important terms related to pharmacology including routes of drug administration and pharmacokinetics. Key topics covered include the definitions of pharmacology, drugs, pharmacotherapeutics, and clinical pharmacology. Different routes of drug administration like oral, parenteral, rectal and inhalation are described. The document also discusses drug nomenclature, essential drugs concept, orphan drugs, and considerations for selecting routes of drug administration.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology, including the key topics of pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, drug properties, and drug administration. It defines pharmacology and its two main divisions - pharmacokinetics concerning what the body does to drugs, and pharmacodynamics regarding what drugs do to the body. The processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of drugs are described. Factors influencing drug action and effects on receptors are also summarized.
The document discusses adrenergic and anti-adrenergic drugs. It describes the sympathetic nervous system which uses norepinephrine as a neurotransmitter. Adrenergic drugs can work directly on receptors, indirectly by stimulating norepinephrine release, or through a mixed action. They are used for conditions like shock and hypertension. Anti-adrenergic drugs block sympathetic effects and include alpha blockers, alpha-2 agonists, and beta blockers. Specific drugs like epinephrine, clonidine, and propranolol are discussed along with their mechanisms and indications.
Drugs used in myasthenia gravis and galucomaAshviniGovande
This document provides information about myasthenia gravis (MG) and drugs used to treat it, as well as information about glaucoma and drugs used to treat glaucoma.
MG is an autoimmune disorder causing muscle weakness due to antibodies blocking acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction. Drugs used to treat MG include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors like pyridostigmine to increase acetylcholine levels, immunosuppressants to reduce antibody production, and thymectomy to remove the thymus gland source of antibodies.
Glaucoma involves increased fluid pressure in the eye damaging the optic nerve. The most common type is primary open-angle glaucoma. Drugs
This document provides information about autacoids, which are local hormones that include histamine and serotonin. It focuses on histamine, discussing its sources from mast cells and basophils, mechanisms of release, effects on organ systems, and use of antihistamines to treat allergic reactions. Serotonin is also discussed, including its role in mood, appetite, sleep, and vasoconstriction. The document summarizes the different types of serotonin receptors and their functions.
Platelet activating factor (PAF) is a potent biological mediator involved in platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis. It is synthesized from precursor phospholipids in cell membranes by phospholipase A2 and a PAF-acetyltransferase. PAF exerts its effects by binding to specific receptors on platelets and other cells. It is degraded by PAF acetylhydrolase which hydrolyzes the acetyl group from PAF. Clinical uses of understanding PAF include treating inflammatory disorders and managing allergic reactions through modulation of its mechanisms of action and synthesis pathways.
This document discusses pharmacodynamics, which is the study of what a drug does to the body. It covers drug action, effect, and the various mechanisms of drug action including physical action, chemical action, interactions with regulatory proteins, receptors, and receptor families. It also discusses concepts like dose response curves, drug potency, efficacy, therapeutic index, synergism, and antagonism.
The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary bodily functions and is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. The sympathetic division is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and increases heart rate and blood pressure. The parasympathetic division acts to slow the heart and aid digestion. Most organs receive dual innervation from both divisions to allow dynamic regulation of functions. Neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system uses acetylcholine or norepinephrine/epinephrine as neurotransmitters. Postsynaptic responses are mediated through direct ion channel coupling or via second messenger systems to regulate various cellular processes.
This document summarizes a seminar on sympathomimetic drugs presented by Mohd Fahad and guided by Mohd. Khushtar. It discusses different types of adrenergic drugs including direct, indirect, and mixed acting sympathomimetics. It describes the actions of adrenergic drugs on various organs mediated by alpha and beta receptors. Important drugs are discussed in detail including their uses, doses, preparations, and adverse effects. The document provides an overview of adrenergic pharmacology and the therapeutic uses of sympathomimetic drugs.
This document provides information about antimuscarinic agents. It discusses their classification, sources, examples like atropine and scopolamine, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and side effects. Antimuscarinic agents work by blocking the effects of acetylcholine, especially at muscarinic receptors. They have various applications like as antisecretory agents, to treat peptic ulcer, asthma, and Parkinson's disease. However, common side effects include constipation, blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention and confusion in elderly.
Introduction to CNS Pharmacology, with Anatomy and physiology of CNS, mode of neuro-transmission via action potential and role of major neurotransmitter in the brain with drug design pharmacology of CNS drugs.
This document provides an overview of sedatives and hypnotics. It discusses the stages of normal sleep and classifies sedatives and hypnotics. Benzodiazepines and barbiturates are the main classes described. Benzodiazepines have short, intermediate, and long-acting types while barbiturates have ultra-short, short, and long-acting types. The document covers the pharmacokinetics, therapeutic uses, adverse effects, and mechanisms of action of these drug classes and compares their advantages. Treatment for barbiturate poisoning is also summarized.
This document presents information on parasympathomimetics, which are drugs that mimic the effects of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. It discusses how parasympathomimetics can directly activate cholinergic receptors through agonists like acetylcholine, muscarine, and pilocarpine. It also describes how anticholinesterase drugs inhibit the acetylcholinesterase enzyme, increasing the availability of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses. Specific parasympathomimetic drugs discussed include bethanechol, carbachol, pilocarpine, and echothiophate. The document provides details on the mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses of these cholinergic drugs.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs, including their origin, properties, effects, and how the body handles them. It has two main divisions: pharmacodynamics, which is the study of how drugs act on the body and their mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics, which is the study of how the body affects drugs through absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Some key concepts in pharmacology include drug receptors, agonists, antagonists, bioavailability, clearance, and half-life. The processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion determine the fate of drugs in the body.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology. It defines pharmacology as the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems. Drugs are substances used for diagnosis, prevention or treatment of disease. Drugs can come from natural sources like plants, animals and microorganisms, or be synthesized. Common routes of drug administration include oral, sublingual, buccal, rectal, intravenous, intramuscular and topical. Pharmacokinetics describes what the body does to drugs through processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Pharmacodynamics describes what drugs do to the body through their mechanisms and sites of action. Factors like dosage, age, weight and interactions can influence drug effects.
This document discusses methods of prolonging drug action and drug delivery systems. It describes four methods to prolong drug action: retarding drug absorption, retarding drug metabolism, retarding renal excretion, and increasing protein binding. It then discusses various drug delivery systems including controlled release, targeted delivery, and local delivery systems. Controlled release systems can be oral or parenteral using devices like pumps, pellets, or inhalers. Targeted systems include nanoparticles, liposomes, polymers, and microneedle arrays to improve delivery. Local systems are used for specific sites like eyes, cervix, or blood vessels.
General Pharmacology for Pharmacy Students provides an overview of key pharmacology concepts in 3 sentences:
It introduces pharmacology as the study of how drugs interact with living systems, covering topics like drug kinetics, dynamics, sources, and therapeutic uses. The document outlines different drug classifications including their names and dosage forms, routes of drug administration, and factors that influence drug absorption and distribution like first-pass metabolism. Key branches of pharmacology and relationships to other disciplines are also summarized.
This is the lecture presentation for general concept of autonomic nervous system and cholinergic drugs.
The class is intended for BNS 1st year students.
Pharmacology Theory_Introduction & Routes of Administration.pptxAbhishekSharma921450
This document provides an introduction to the key concepts in pharmacology. It defines terms like pharmacy, pharmacology, toxicology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and discusses the scope and applications of pharmacology. It also covers important topics like routes of drug administration, drug nomenclature, factors affecting drug action and authentic sources of drug information.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their actions on the body. It involves the detailed study of drugs, particularly their absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, mechanisms of action, and effects. Clinical trials follow standardized methods to test investigational drugs, with systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials providing the strongest evidence. Key concepts in pharmacology include pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic index, drug receptors, agonists, antagonists, and factors affecting individual drug response.
Principles of pharmcology and pharmacotherapeuticsmonicaajmerajain
This document provides an overview of key principles of pharmacology. It defines pharmacology and describes its main branches as pharmacodynamics, which examines how drugs act on the body, and pharmacokinetics, which examines what the body does to drugs. Several other branches are also outlined, including pharmacotherapy, chemotherapy, toxicology, clinical pharmacology, and pharmacy. The document concludes by discussing sources of drug information and the nomenclature used for drugs, including their chemical, non-proprietary, and proprietary names.
This document defines key terms in pharmacology including pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, drugs, pharmacotherapeutics, therapeutics, chemotherapy, clinical pharmacology, pharmacy, and toxicology. Pharmacodynamics refers to what the drug does to the body, while pharmacokinetics refers to what the body does to the drug in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Drugs are substances used to diagnose, prevent or treat disease. Pharmacotherapeutics uses information from pharmacodynamics to treat disease with drugs, while therapeutics is the practice of treating disease. Chemotherapy and clinical pharmacology also involve the treatment and study of drugs respectively. Pharmacy involves compounding and dispensing drugs,
- Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems. It deals with the effects of drugs and how the body affects drugs.
- The two main divisions of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics, which is what drugs do to the body, and pharmacokinetics, which is what the body does to drugs.
- There are several routes of drug administration including oral, injection, topical, inhalation, and rectal. The choice depends on factors like the drug properties, desired effects, and patient condition.
It is a science that deals with the interaction of drugs with living systems. Pharmacology encompasses all aspects of knowledge about drugs including their composition, effects on the body, mechanisms of action, how the body processes drugs, and their applications. The key areas of pharmacology are pharmacodynamics, which is how drugs act on the body, and pharmacokinetics, which refers to how the body affects drugs. Pharmacology plays an important role in developing treatments and ensuring their safe and effective use in medicine.
This document discusses the various branches of pharmacology. It explains that pharmacology is the study of drugs and their interaction with living systems. Some key branches mentioned are pharmacognosy, which deals with natural drug sources; pharmacy, which involves drug preparation and quality control; pharmacokinetics, which examines how the body affects drugs; and pharmacodynamics, which analyzes how drugs affect the body. The document also defines toxicology, pharmacogenetics, and chemotherapy in relation to pharmacology. It provides the WHO definition of a drug and differentiates drugs from medicines. Finally, it outlines common drug sources and naming conventions.
This document contains a syllabus and objectives for a pharmacology course. The syllabus covers topics like general pharmacology, drugs acting on different body systems like the ANS, CVS, CNS, and drugs for blood, diabetes, respiratory system etc. It lists 5 textbooks used for the course. The objectives section defines key terms like pharmacology, drug, and branches of pharmacology. It explains why pharmacology is important for treating disease and lists the main therapeutic methods. It also provides examples of natural sources of drugs and the nature and categories of drugs. The document assigns a homework on the sources and nature of drugs.
The document provides an overview of basic concepts in pharmacology including definitions of key terms like pharmacy, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical pharmacology, and toxicology. It also discusses essential drug concepts, drug nomenclature, sources of drugs, routes of drug administration including local and systemic routes, and factors governing the choice of administration route.
This document defines key terms and concepts in pharmacology. It discusses how pharmacology is the study of drug interactions with living systems. The four main processes that determine a drug's effects are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Factors like genetics, age, and health conditions can influence how individuals respond to drugs. Adverse reactions, drug interactions, and tolerance are important considerations when using medications. Standards and regulations aim to ensure drugs are safe, effective, and produced consistently.
This document outlines 12 lectures on ocular pharmacology given by Dr. Asma Iqbal. The lectures cover topics including: introduction to pharmacology; drug pharmacokinetics; biotransformation, distribution, and pharmacodynamics; cycloplegics and mydriatics; local anesthetics; routes of drug administration; anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antiviral, and antiallergy drugs; antiglaucoma drugs; and principles of antimicrobial therapy. The lectures provide information on the basic concepts, mechanisms, and applications of pharmacological agents used in ophthalmology.
Pharmacology is the science of drugs and their interaction with living systems. It has two main divisions: pharmacokinetics, which describes what the body does to drugs, and pharmacodynamics, which describes what drugs do to the body. Key concepts in pharmacology include affinity, intrinsic activity, agonists, and antagonists. Pharmacology underlies the use of drugs in disease prevention and treatment.
Pharmacology is the study of drugs and their actions within the body. It includes understanding the history, properties, effects, and uses of drugs. Pharmacology also examines how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted by the body. Key areas of study include pharmacodynamics, which explores how drugs act on the body, and pharmacokinetics, which examines what the body does to drugs. Pharmacology provides critical insights into drug therapy and is applied within related fields like pharmacy, toxicology, clinical research and more.
Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the body affects a drug over time, including aspects like absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs. The four main pharmacokinetic properties that determine the onset, intensity, and duration of a drug's effects are absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Understanding a drug's pharmacokinetics allows clinicians to design optimal dosing regimens by considering factors like the route of administration, dose, dosing frequency, and duration of treatment.
This document provides an introduction to pharmacology, including definitions, objectives, and key concepts. It discusses the history of pharmacology and important figures. It also defines important terminology related to drugs, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, routes of drug administration, essential drug concepts, and sources of drugs. The three main branches of pharmacology - pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacotherapeutics - are also introduced.
This document discusses key concepts in pharmacokinetics and biopharmaceutics. It begins by defining pharmacokinetics as the study of the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs in the body. The four main processes - absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion - are then described in more detail. Biopharmaceutics is defined as the study of how physiological factors impact drug action, including drug release and absorption. Various pharmacokinetic parameters are also introduced, including bioavailability, which measures the amount of drug that reaches systemic circulation. Methods for measuring drug concentrations in biological samples like blood, urine, and tissues are also outlined.
Simplified notes for all those struggling to grasp the pharmacological concepts .
These are self help notes that go straight to the point hence making medicine so simple you'd want to major further.
This document provides an overview of pharmacology and key terminology. It discusses:
1) Definitions of pharmacology, pharmacy, pharmacotherapy and related terms.
2) Key terminology including pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, pharmacogenetics, and drug interactions.
3) The processes of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion as well as factors that influence absorption.
4) Sources of drugs including plants, animals, inorganic sources and synthetic sources. Routes of drug administration and the two major methods of dispensing drugs are also covered.
The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of nerves branching from the brain and spinal cord that allow electrical impulses to travel between the central nervous system and the rest of the body. It is divided into the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary activities through spinal and cranial nerves. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary functions through the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.
The human digestive system consists of two major component one is the accessory organ like liver pancreas gall bladder salivary gland and other is the Alimentary canal which is started from oral cavity and ends on anal cavity.
in this ppt all parts are described briefly for better understanding.
The endocrine system is a complex network of gland and hormone.
the endocrine glands are ductless gland as they secrete their hormone direct into the blood stream. a hormone is a chemical messengers that regulate body physiology at their own level, hypothalamus is called master of master gland that control releasing and inhibiting process of any other hormone through pituitary, so pituitary is known as master gland of endocrine system.
Ethyl and Methyl Alcohol document discusses the pharmacological actions, pharmacokinetics, interactions, clinical uses, and guidelines for safe drinking of ethyl and methyl alcohol. It describes how ethanol is primarily a CNS depressant and impacts many neurochemical systems and signaling cascades. It is metabolized in the liver by alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Chronic use can lead to conditions like alcohol use disorder and alcoholic liver disease. The document provides guidelines that one standard drink in the US contains approximately 14 grams of ethanol.
The document discusses computational methods for predicting protein structure, specifically homology modeling and threading/fold recognition. Homology modeling constructs a target protein structure using the amino acid sequence and experimental structure of a homologous protein as a template. Threading/fold recognition predicts a protein's structural fold by fitting its sequence to structures in a database and selecting the best fitting fold, either through an energy-based method or profile-based method. Both methods are limited as homology modeling relies on a template structure and threading/fold recognition may not find a match if the correct fold does not exist in the database.
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that rely on host cell synthetic processes for replication. Effective antiviral agents must block viral entry/exit from cells or be active inside host cells. They inhibit virus-specific replication events or preferentially inhibit virus-directed nucleic acid or protein synthesis over host-directed synthesis. Targets include viral DNA/RNA synthesis and structural/enzymatic proteins. Common antiviral drug classes inhibit viral entry, reverse transcription, protease activity, and more. Side effects depend on drug class but can include liver toxicity, hematological abnormalities, and more.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Making meditation a part of a daily routine, even if just 10-15 minutes per day, can offer improvements to mood, focus, and overall feelings of well-being over time.
This document discusses alternative herbal treatments for migraine through phytomedicine. It summarizes the clinical manifestations of migraine and current drug therapies. It then reviews the evidence for several herbal treatments for migraine prevention including feverfew, butterbur, and Sapindus trifoliatus. It discusses their active constituents and mechanisms of action as well as results from clinical trials. It concludes that while feverfew is the most widely used herbal migraine preventive, further clinical studies are still needed to establish the efficacy of butterbur and Sapindus trifoliatus for migraine treatment.
This document discusses various protein synthesis inhibitors including tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, and macrolides. It provides details on their mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, clinical uses, and resistance. Tetracyclines like doxycycline are bacteriostatic and bind to the 30S ribosomal subunit. Chloramphenicol inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by interfering with peptide bond formation. Macrolides like erythromycin bind to the 50S ribosomal subunit and inhibit translocation. These antibiotics are used for treating various bacterial infections.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. WHAT IS PHARMACOLOGY?
It is the science of drugs as it deals with the interaction of exogenously administered
chemical molecule (Drug) with living system.
Father of pharmacology: Oswald Schmiedeberg
Branches of pharmacology- Two main division of pharmacology are:
• 1. Pharmacokinetic [movement] : What the Body does to drug.
• 2. Pharmacodynamic [power] : What the Drug does to body.
3. • Other subdivision are-
Chemotherapy- It includes the treatment via systemic infection/malignancy with specific drug that
have selective toxicity.
Clinical pharmacology- The study of drug either new or old in human. The aim of this, is to generate
data for optimum use of drug and the practice of evidence based medicine.
Pharmacotherapeutics- It is the application of pharmacological information tighter with knowledge of
the disease for its prevention, mitigation or cure. It also include selection of proper drug, dosage and
duration of treatment.
Toxicology: It is the study of poisonous effect of drugs and other chemicals (household,
environmental pollutant, industrial, agricultural, homicidal) with emphasis on detection,
prevention and treatment of poisonings.
Pharmacovigilence: It is the science and activities relating to detection, assessment,
understanding and prevention of adverse effect or any other possible drug related problem.
4. DRUG
• It is a single chemical entity present in a medicine that is used for diagnosis, prevention,
treatment/cure of a disease.
• According to the WHO : Drug is any substance or product that is used or is intended to be used
to modify or explore physiological system or pathological states for the benefits of recipient.
7. DRUG NOMENCLATURE
• Existence of many names for each drug causes confusing situation.
• A DRUG HAS AT LEAST THREE TYPES OF NAMES:
Chemical name (IUPAC) or scientific name:
Based on molecular structure of the drug
Very long, too complex to use in common practice
International Nonproprietary/generic name:
Given by FDA/WHO while approved, the short hand version of chemical name
Recommended in RX
Proprietary/trademark/Brand name:
• Given by the pharmaceutical company
• Costly
8. ROUTE OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION
Classification
Local route
Arterial supply Deeper tissue Topical
Systemic
route
inhalation Parenteral
Subcutaneou
s
Intramuscular Intravenous Intradermal
Oral cutaneous Sublingual Rectal
9. TERMINOLOGIES
• Affinity: the ability of the drug to get bound to the receptor is known as
affinity.
• Efficacy:
• Intrinsic activity: The ability of the drug to produce a pharmacological action
after combining with the receptor.
• Agonist: A drug that is capable of producing pharmacological action after
binding to the receptor.
• Antagonist: Drugs that bind to receptor but are not capable of producing
pharmacological action. These produce receptor blockade.
• Competitive antagonist: they have affinity but no intrinsic activity.
10. PHARMACOKINTICS
• It is the quantitative study of drug movement in, through and out of the body. It attempts
to analyze chemical metabolism and to discover the fate of a chemical from the moment
that it is administered up to the point at which it is completely eliminated from the body.
Transportation Absorption Distribution Storage Metabolism Free drugReceptor Binding :
(Effect) Excretion Schematic Process of Pharmacokinetic:
11. PHARMACODYNAMICS
Pharmacodynamics is the study of drug effects. It attempts to elucidate the complete
action-effect sequence and dose-effect relationship.
PRINCIPLES OF DRUG ACTION: Drugs do not impart new function to any system , organ
or cell they only alter the pace of ongoing activity.
TYPES OF DRUG ACTION: Stimulation- Adrenaline Depression- Barbituates and general
anaesthetics Irritation- Methyl salicylate Replacement- Insulin for DM Cytotoxic action-
Anticancer drugs( Methotrxate)