The main scope of the project is calculating the output power or the capacity of Eco-friendly Magneto Hydrodynamic Generator. Capacity of Thermal power station in India is compared with Eco-MHD. Modern society requires a variety of goods and services which require energy as the diversity of range of services increases so is the demand for energy. Electrical energy because of its versatility takes major share. About 75% of electrical energy is generated by thermal stations .Coal has to be
transported to thermal stations located away from coalfields by railways and power has to be transmitted over large distances from pithead stations. These problems can be eliminated or reduced by converting coal into SNG (synthetic natural gas) at pithead and transporting the gas by pipe-grid to all thermal stations. The efficiency of power station can be increased by adopting combined cycle.
Topping combined cycle by MHD generators failed to materialize Eco friendly Magneto hydrodynamic
generator is now suggested for development as a topping addition for combined cycle to further improve the efficiency.
Magneto hydrodynamic power generation (mhd)Ananta Hossain
The document discusses Magneto Hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation, which uses electrically conducting fluids and strong magnetic fields to generate electricity without moving parts. It describes the principles of MHD generation according to Faraday's law of induction. There are two main types of MHD systems - open loop systems that use atmospheric air and closed loop systems that circulate working fluids like inert gases or liquid metals. MHD generators are more efficient than steam plants and have advantages like fewer moving parts and smaller size, but developing the technology faces challenges like high operating temperatures and costs. Research is ongoing globally to commercialize MHD power generation.
This document provides an overview of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and MHD power generation. It discusses the history and development of MHD, how MHD generators work using ionized gas as a conductor in a magnetic field to generate electricity, types of MHD generators including open and closed cycle, advantages like no moving parts and higher efficiencies, and applications like power generation from heat sources. The document covers the basic principles, components, advantages, challenges, and future applications of MHD power generation.
Seminar Report on MHD (Magneto Hydro Dynamics)Ravi Anand
This document provides a technical seminar report on magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. It discusses the working principle of MHD generators, provides a brief history of MHD, describes the different types of MHD generators (Faraday, Hall, and disc generators), and discusses how MHD generators can be integrated with conventional thermal power plants to improve efficiency. The document concludes that MHD power generation offers efficiency improvements over conventional systems and has the potential to help address growing energy demands.
This document provides an overview of magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) generators. MHD generators directly convert thermal energy in hot ionized gas to electrical energy without intermediate mechanical conversion. There are two types of MHD systems - open cycle systems which use fossil fuels and closed cycle systems which circulate working fluids. MHD generators have advantages over conventional power plants like higher efficiency up to 50%, no moving parts, smaller size, and ability to reach full power quickly. However, challenges include high operating temperatures and costs.
The document discusses the Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) propulsion thruster. The MHD thruster generates propulsion by sending an electric current through a magnetic field created in sea water by superconducting magnets. This creates a Lorentz force on the water perpendicular to both the magnetic field and electric current directions, providing propulsion. The first superconducting MHD ship, Yamato 1, is described which used this technique without rotating components. The MHD thruster offers advantages like lack of moving parts and zero emissions making it promising for future ship propulsion.
Magneto hydro dynamic power generation( PDPU)Pratibha Singh
This document discusses magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. It begins with an introduction to MHD, which involves studying electrically conducting fluids in magnetic fields. An MHD generator directly converts heat energy to electrical energy without a conventional generator. The principle is that an induced voltage and current are generated when an ionized gas flows at high velocity through a magnetic field. The document describes open-cycle and closed-cycle MHD systems, advantages including higher efficiency and smaller size compared to conventional power plants, and challenges needing further development.
This document provides information about magneto hydro dynamic (MHD) power generation. It discusses:
1) MHD is a method of directly converting heat into electricity without a conventional generator by using the flow of an electrically conducting fluid like plasma or liquid metals through a magnetic field.
2) In an MHD generator, a gaseous conductor like ionized gas is passed at high velocity through a magnetic field, inducing a current that can be extracted via electrodes.
3) There are two main types of MHD systems - open cycle uses combustion gases as the working fluid, while closed cycle uses a seeded inert gas or liquid metal as the working fluid in a closed loop.
Magneto hydrodynamic power generation (mhd)Ananta Hossain
The document discusses Magneto Hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation, which uses electrically conducting fluids and strong magnetic fields to generate electricity without moving parts. It describes the principles of MHD generation according to Faraday's law of induction. There are two main types of MHD systems - open loop systems that use atmospheric air and closed loop systems that circulate working fluids like inert gases or liquid metals. MHD generators are more efficient than steam plants and have advantages like fewer moving parts and smaller size, but developing the technology faces challenges like high operating temperatures and costs. Research is ongoing globally to commercialize MHD power generation.
This document provides an overview of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) and MHD power generation. It discusses the history and development of MHD, how MHD generators work using ionized gas as a conductor in a magnetic field to generate electricity, types of MHD generators including open and closed cycle, advantages like no moving parts and higher efficiencies, and applications like power generation from heat sources. The document covers the basic principles, components, advantages, challenges, and future applications of MHD power generation.
Seminar Report on MHD (Magneto Hydro Dynamics)Ravi Anand
This document provides a technical seminar report on magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. It discusses the working principle of MHD generators, provides a brief history of MHD, describes the different types of MHD generators (Faraday, Hall, and disc generators), and discusses how MHD generators can be integrated with conventional thermal power plants to improve efficiency. The document concludes that MHD power generation offers efficiency improvements over conventional systems and has the potential to help address growing energy demands.
This document provides an overview of magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) generators. MHD generators directly convert thermal energy in hot ionized gas to electrical energy without intermediate mechanical conversion. There are two types of MHD systems - open cycle systems which use fossil fuels and closed cycle systems which circulate working fluids. MHD generators have advantages over conventional power plants like higher efficiency up to 50%, no moving parts, smaller size, and ability to reach full power quickly. However, challenges include high operating temperatures and costs.
The document discusses the Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) propulsion thruster. The MHD thruster generates propulsion by sending an electric current through a magnetic field created in sea water by superconducting magnets. This creates a Lorentz force on the water perpendicular to both the magnetic field and electric current directions, providing propulsion. The first superconducting MHD ship, Yamato 1, is described which used this technique without rotating components. The MHD thruster offers advantages like lack of moving parts and zero emissions making it promising for future ship propulsion.
Magneto hydro dynamic power generation( PDPU)Pratibha Singh
This document discusses magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. It begins with an introduction to MHD, which involves studying electrically conducting fluids in magnetic fields. An MHD generator directly converts heat energy to electrical energy without a conventional generator. The principle is that an induced voltage and current are generated when an ionized gas flows at high velocity through a magnetic field. The document describes open-cycle and closed-cycle MHD systems, advantages including higher efficiency and smaller size compared to conventional power plants, and challenges needing further development.
This document provides information about magneto hydro dynamic (MHD) power generation. It discusses:
1) MHD is a method of directly converting heat into electricity without a conventional generator by using the flow of an electrically conducting fluid like plasma or liquid metals through a magnetic field.
2) In an MHD generator, a gaseous conductor like ionized gas is passed at high velocity through a magnetic field, inducing a current that can be extracted via electrodes.
3) There are two main types of MHD systems - open cycle uses combustion gases as the working fluid, while closed cycle uses a seeded inert gas or liquid metal as the working fluid in a closed loop.
analysis of magneto hydrodynamic propulsions by using various materialsRoja Rani
This document discusses propulsion using magneto hydrodynamics with various materials. It begins with an introduction to magneto hydrodynamics and defines it as the study of electrically conducting fluids in magnetic and electric fields. It then covers the principles and methodology, features, advantages, and disadvantages of MHD. Applications are also mentioned, such as using MHD generators for power production and in submarines, aircraft, rockets, and power plants due to benefits like high efficiency, reliability, and ability to rapidly start up. Costs are estimated for building an MHD propulsion system and challenges are noted around needing high-purity materials and risks of corrosion and power losses at high temperatures.
Magneto hydro dynamic method of electricity generationNikhil Samudre
This document discusses Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) power generation technology. It begins by explaining the MHD principle of using a conducting fluid moving through a magnetic field to generate electricity. It then describes various MHD systems, including open and closed cycle systems. The document outlines the advantages and future prospects of MHD generation, and discusses some achievements and problems encountered. It concludes by stating that further development is needed before MHD power generation can become commercially viable on a large scale.
Maglev trains use magnetic levitation to move along guideways at high speeds without friction. They work by using electromagnetic forces for levitation, guidance, and propulsion. Maglev trains can travel at over 300 mph and have advantages like high speed, low noise and friction, and not needing fossil fuels. However, the initial costs are very high. Current projects exist in Germany, Japan, and China. India is reviewing a proposal for a Maglev train system between Pune and Mumbai. Maglev trains represent an environmentally friendly high-speed transportation option.
The document discusses liquid electricity in the form of a vanadium redox battery (VRB). A VRB works by pumping charged and discharged electrolytes into and out of the battery, allowing it to be "recharged" quickly by just swapping the electrolytes. This could enable electric vehicles to refuel similar to gas vehicles by exchanging the spent electrolyte for a fresh one. Researchers are working to improve the technology and reduce costs to facilitate using liquid electricity for electric vehicle transportation and grid storage applications.
This document is a major project report on power generation using foot steps. It discusses the basic principles, need for non-conventional energy sources, layout and parts of the foot step power generation system. The system works by converting the downward force of a foot onto the step into rotational motion, which turns a generator to produce electricity. The electricity is stored in a battery and can power lights, fans or other devices. While initial costs are high, it provides a simple way to generate power from footsteps without fuel. The report concludes the system has potential applications in places with high foot traffic.
Gyrobuses used large flywheels instead of engines or batteries to store energy. They were developed in the 1940s but saw limited commercial use in the 1950s due to high costs and technical challenges. A gyrobus carried a multi-ton flywheel that was charged at stations using overhead wires or plugs. The flywheel then powered electric motors to move the bus. Early models could travel up to 10km on a single charge. While gyrobuses had potential advantages like zero emissions, challenges included the flywheel's large weight and complex driving dynamics due to gyroscopic effects. No gyrobuses remain in commercial use today.
1. Spintronics uses electron spins in addition to or instead of electron charge to manipulate, store, and transfer information. This could help overcome limitations of Moore's Law as transistors reach nanoscale dimensions.
2. In spintronic devices, information is represented by the orientation of electron spin (up or down), analogous to 1s and 0s in binary. Certain materials can retain spin orientation when power is off, enabling non-volatile memory.
3. Spintronic devices like GMR spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions in MRAM can switch between low and high resistance states by altering the relative alignment of magnetic layers, allowing them to represent bits. MRAM promises high density, speed and non
This document provides an overview of energy storage technologies and innovation. It discusses the need for energy storage to balance electricity supply and demand from renewable sources. It describes various energy storage technologies including batteries, pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, thermal storage, and hydrogen storage. Case studies of existing pumped hydro, thermal, and flywheel energy storage projects are presented. The future of energy storage systems is seen to involve a mix of technologies with batteries and pumped hydro playing a large role.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic motors. It discusses that ultrasonic motors use piezoelectric elements to generate ultrasonic vibrations that produce rotational or linear motion. The vibrations are amplified through resonance. Advantages over electromagnetic motors include high torque at low speeds, compact size, and insensitivity to magnetic fields. The document then describes various prototypes of linear and rotary ultrasonic motors and their design and modeling. It provides details on the operating principles and applications of ultrasonic motors.
1) A flywheel energy storage system consists of five main components: a flywheel, motor/generator, power electronics, magnetic bearings, and external inductor.
2) Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy by rotating a steel or composite mass at high speeds.
3) Permanent magnet motors/generators are most suitable as they provide higher efficiency and smaller size compared to other types.
This document presents an overview of ultracapacitors by Bharat Gupta for Dr. Anwar Sadat. It begins with an introduction to ultracapacitors, their principles, construction, taxonomy, comparisons to batteries and capacitors, advantages and disadvantages, and applications. The body of the document then provides more detailed explanations of these topics, describing the technological aspects of ultracapacitors including their principles of storing charge, construction with electrodes and electrolytes, different types (electrochemical double-layer, pseudocapacitors, and hybrids), performance comparisons in terms of energy and power densities, and various applications from transportation to military uses. The document concludes that ultracapacitors have great potential in applications requiring high power and cycling
The document is a seminar presentation on super capacitors. It begins with an introduction to capacitors and discusses why super capacitors were developed due to the need to store and release large amounts of electricity quickly. It then defines a super capacitor as an electrochemical capacitor that can store 100 times more energy than a regular capacitor. The presentation provides the history, working principle, construction, charging/discharging process, advantages, disadvantages and applications of super capacitors. It concludes by stating that super capacitors may replace batteries where high power storage is required.
This seminar discusses micro fuel cells, which are a type of fuel cell that can power portable electronic devices. Micro fuel cells work by converting chemical energy directly from fuels like methanol into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. They have several advantages over conventional batteries as they are reusable by refilling the fuel cartridge and do not need lengthy recharging times. The seminar covers the history, components, mechanisms, applications and future prospects of micro fuel cells.
The document discusses high-temperature superconducting generators (HTSGs) for direct drive applications in wind turbines. It provides background on the discovery of superconductivity and important superconductor materials like YBCO. It then examines various HTSG designs, including rotating DC, homopolar, axial bipolar, and transversal flux machines. The document concludes by noting design challenges for reliability and comparing the costs of HTSGs to traditional permanent magnet generators.
The document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on floating electric generators called Magenn Air Rotor Systems (MARS). MARS are wind turbines that float in the air tethered to the ground by wires, allowing them to access stronger winds at higher altitudes than traditional windmills. They work similarly to conventional wind turbines by using wind to spin rotors and generators to produce electricity, but remain aloft using helium balloons. Prototypes have generated up to 2 kW of power, enough for one home. Advantages include access to stronger winds, but challenges include high costs and safety in bad weather.
Horizontal axis wind turbines are most commonly used today. They extract energy from the wind by slowing it down and transferring the kinetic energy to spin a shaft and generator. The amount of power generated depends on wind speed and the area swept by the turbine blades. Modern wind turbines use lift-based horizontal axis designs with three blades, as this configuration provides the highest efficiency. Operation involves locking the rotor at low speeds and cutting off at high speeds to protect the turbine.
This document provides an overview of nuclear power batteries, which utilize radioactive decay to generate electricity. It discusses two main categories of nuclear batteries: 1) Thermal converters, which convert heat energy to electrical energy, including thermionic converters, radioisotope thermoelectric generators, thermophotovoltaic cells, and alkali-metal thermal to electric converters. 2) Non-thermal converters, which extract energy directly as radioactive isotopes decay and do not rely on temperature differences, such as direct charging generators. The document outlines the basic scientific principles and potential applications of various nuclear battery technologies for long-term, remote, or high-power uses where other battery types are impractical.
The document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in renewable energy and energy storage. It describes how nanomaterials and structures can be used to improve solar cells, batteries, fuel cells, hydrogen production and storage, and enhance the efficiency of technologies like wind turbines. For example, it mentions that nanoparticles or nanowires in solar cell electrodes can increase surface area and improve energy capture. Nanotechnology also aims to develop cheaper catalysts and better electrolyte materials to advance fuel cells.
This document is a seminar report on magnetic levitation trains submitted by Anuj Bansal to partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in electrical engineering. The report contains an introduction to magnetic levitation technology, different types of magnetic levitation including permanent magnet, electromagnetic, and electrodynamic types. It discusses the working principles of levitation, propulsion, stability, and guidance of maglev trains and compares maglev trains to conventional aircraft and trains.
performance evaluation of mhd renewable energy source for electric power gene...EECJOURNAL
Electrical energy is very vital in recent times and modern living. In the day-to-day running of businesses and homes, we need energy at least to power our appliances. In south-eastern geopolitical zone of Nigeria, we have coal, oil and gas in abundance. MHD electrical power generation technology is one the technologies many developing countries apply to alleviate electrical power problems. This work therefore studied some MHD configurations that will perform optimally best with reference to the available coal and gas in southern Nigeria. These naturally available resources can be harnessed towards boosting electrical power generation. The study investigated the performance of different plant configurations based on open-cycle MHD generators fed with coal and gas. The power plants analysis has been performed by developing an integrated model required to characterize mass and energy balances of each system component and the electro-magnetic equations needed to solve the energy balance in the MHD generator. System efficiency was achieved by considering the IG-MHCC, B plant configuration where a high temperature heat recovery level has been introduced.
This document provides an overview of magneto hydro dynamic (MHD) power generation. It discusses the principles of MHD generation where an electrically conducting fluid is passed through a magnetic field to generate electricity. It describes two main types of MHD systems - open cycle systems which use combustion gases as the working fluid, and closed cycle systems which either use a seeded inert gas or liquid metal as the working fluid to maintain conductivity in a closed loop. The document explains the basic components and working of MHD generators and their advantages over conventional power plants.
analysis of magneto hydrodynamic propulsions by using various materialsRoja Rani
This document discusses propulsion using magneto hydrodynamics with various materials. It begins with an introduction to magneto hydrodynamics and defines it as the study of electrically conducting fluids in magnetic and electric fields. It then covers the principles and methodology, features, advantages, and disadvantages of MHD. Applications are also mentioned, such as using MHD generators for power production and in submarines, aircraft, rockets, and power plants due to benefits like high efficiency, reliability, and ability to rapidly start up. Costs are estimated for building an MHD propulsion system and challenges are noted around needing high-purity materials and risks of corrosion and power losses at high temperatures.
Magneto hydro dynamic method of electricity generationNikhil Samudre
This document discusses Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) power generation technology. It begins by explaining the MHD principle of using a conducting fluid moving through a magnetic field to generate electricity. It then describes various MHD systems, including open and closed cycle systems. The document outlines the advantages and future prospects of MHD generation, and discusses some achievements and problems encountered. It concludes by stating that further development is needed before MHD power generation can become commercially viable on a large scale.
Maglev trains use magnetic levitation to move along guideways at high speeds without friction. They work by using electromagnetic forces for levitation, guidance, and propulsion. Maglev trains can travel at over 300 mph and have advantages like high speed, low noise and friction, and not needing fossil fuels. However, the initial costs are very high. Current projects exist in Germany, Japan, and China. India is reviewing a proposal for a Maglev train system between Pune and Mumbai. Maglev trains represent an environmentally friendly high-speed transportation option.
The document discusses liquid electricity in the form of a vanadium redox battery (VRB). A VRB works by pumping charged and discharged electrolytes into and out of the battery, allowing it to be "recharged" quickly by just swapping the electrolytes. This could enable electric vehicles to refuel similar to gas vehicles by exchanging the spent electrolyte for a fresh one. Researchers are working to improve the technology and reduce costs to facilitate using liquid electricity for electric vehicle transportation and grid storage applications.
This document is a major project report on power generation using foot steps. It discusses the basic principles, need for non-conventional energy sources, layout and parts of the foot step power generation system. The system works by converting the downward force of a foot onto the step into rotational motion, which turns a generator to produce electricity. The electricity is stored in a battery and can power lights, fans or other devices. While initial costs are high, it provides a simple way to generate power from footsteps without fuel. The report concludes the system has potential applications in places with high foot traffic.
Gyrobuses used large flywheels instead of engines or batteries to store energy. They were developed in the 1940s but saw limited commercial use in the 1950s due to high costs and technical challenges. A gyrobus carried a multi-ton flywheel that was charged at stations using overhead wires or plugs. The flywheel then powered electric motors to move the bus. Early models could travel up to 10km on a single charge. While gyrobuses had potential advantages like zero emissions, challenges included the flywheel's large weight and complex driving dynamics due to gyroscopic effects. No gyrobuses remain in commercial use today.
1. Spintronics uses electron spins in addition to or instead of electron charge to manipulate, store, and transfer information. This could help overcome limitations of Moore's Law as transistors reach nanoscale dimensions.
2. In spintronic devices, information is represented by the orientation of electron spin (up or down), analogous to 1s and 0s in binary. Certain materials can retain spin orientation when power is off, enabling non-volatile memory.
3. Spintronic devices like GMR spin valves and magnetic tunnel junctions in MRAM can switch between low and high resistance states by altering the relative alignment of magnetic layers, allowing them to represent bits. MRAM promises high density, speed and non
This document provides an overview of energy storage technologies and innovation. It discusses the need for energy storage to balance electricity supply and demand from renewable sources. It describes various energy storage technologies including batteries, pumped hydroelectric storage, compressed air energy storage, thermal storage, and hydrogen storage. Case studies of existing pumped hydro, thermal, and flywheel energy storage projects are presented. The future of energy storage systems is seen to involve a mix of technologies with batteries and pumped hydro playing a large role.
This document provides an overview of ultrasonic motors. It discusses that ultrasonic motors use piezoelectric elements to generate ultrasonic vibrations that produce rotational or linear motion. The vibrations are amplified through resonance. Advantages over electromagnetic motors include high torque at low speeds, compact size, and insensitivity to magnetic fields. The document then describes various prototypes of linear and rotary ultrasonic motors and their design and modeling. It provides details on the operating principles and applications of ultrasonic motors.
1) A flywheel energy storage system consists of five main components: a flywheel, motor/generator, power electronics, magnetic bearings, and external inductor.
2) Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy by rotating a steel or composite mass at high speeds.
3) Permanent magnet motors/generators are most suitable as they provide higher efficiency and smaller size compared to other types.
This document presents an overview of ultracapacitors by Bharat Gupta for Dr. Anwar Sadat. It begins with an introduction to ultracapacitors, their principles, construction, taxonomy, comparisons to batteries and capacitors, advantages and disadvantages, and applications. The body of the document then provides more detailed explanations of these topics, describing the technological aspects of ultracapacitors including their principles of storing charge, construction with electrodes and electrolytes, different types (electrochemical double-layer, pseudocapacitors, and hybrids), performance comparisons in terms of energy and power densities, and various applications from transportation to military uses. The document concludes that ultracapacitors have great potential in applications requiring high power and cycling
The document is a seminar presentation on super capacitors. It begins with an introduction to capacitors and discusses why super capacitors were developed due to the need to store and release large amounts of electricity quickly. It then defines a super capacitor as an electrochemical capacitor that can store 100 times more energy than a regular capacitor. The presentation provides the history, working principle, construction, charging/discharging process, advantages, disadvantages and applications of super capacitors. It concludes by stating that super capacitors may replace batteries where high power storage is required.
This seminar discusses micro fuel cells, which are a type of fuel cell that can power portable electronic devices. Micro fuel cells work by converting chemical energy directly from fuels like methanol into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. They have several advantages over conventional batteries as they are reusable by refilling the fuel cartridge and do not need lengthy recharging times. The seminar covers the history, components, mechanisms, applications and future prospects of micro fuel cells.
The document discusses high-temperature superconducting generators (HTSGs) for direct drive applications in wind turbines. It provides background on the discovery of superconductivity and important superconductor materials like YBCO. It then examines various HTSG designs, including rotating DC, homopolar, axial bipolar, and transversal flux machines. The document concludes by noting design challenges for reliability and comparing the costs of HTSGs to traditional permanent magnet generators.
The document summarizes a technical seminar presentation on floating electric generators called Magenn Air Rotor Systems (MARS). MARS are wind turbines that float in the air tethered to the ground by wires, allowing them to access stronger winds at higher altitudes than traditional windmills. They work similarly to conventional wind turbines by using wind to spin rotors and generators to produce electricity, but remain aloft using helium balloons. Prototypes have generated up to 2 kW of power, enough for one home. Advantages include access to stronger winds, but challenges include high costs and safety in bad weather.
Horizontal axis wind turbines are most commonly used today. They extract energy from the wind by slowing it down and transferring the kinetic energy to spin a shaft and generator. The amount of power generated depends on wind speed and the area swept by the turbine blades. Modern wind turbines use lift-based horizontal axis designs with three blades, as this configuration provides the highest efficiency. Operation involves locking the rotor at low speeds and cutting off at high speeds to protect the turbine.
This document provides an overview of nuclear power batteries, which utilize radioactive decay to generate electricity. It discusses two main categories of nuclear batteries: 1) Thermal converters, which convert heat energy to electrical energy, including thermionic converters, radioisotope thermoelectric generators, thermophotovoltaic cells, and alkali-metal thermal to electric converters. 2) Non-thermal converters, which extract energy directly as radioactive isotopes decay and do not rely on temperature differences, such as direct charging generators. The document outlines the basic scientific principles and potential applications of various nuclear battery technologies for long-term, remote, or high-power uses where other battery types are impractical.
The document discusses various applications of nanotechnology in renewable energy and energy storage. It describes how nanomaterials and structures can be used to improve solar cells, batteries, fuel cells, hydrogen production and storage, and enhance the efficiency of technologies like wind turbines. For example, it mentions that nanoparticles or nanowires in solar cell electrodes can increase surface area and improve energy capture. Nanotechnology also aims to develop cheaper catalysts and better electrolyte materials to advance fuel cells.
This document is a seminar report on magnetic levitation trains submitted by Anuj Bansal to partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in electrical engineering. The report contains an introduction to magnetic levitation technology, different types of magnetic levitation including permanent magnet, electromagnetic, and electrodynamic types. It discusses the working principles of levitation, propulsion, stability, and guidance of maglev trains and compares maglev trains to conventional aircraft and trains.
performance evaluation of mhd renewable energy source for electric power gene...EECJOURNAL
Electrical energy is very vital in recent times and modern living. In the day-to-day running of businesses and homes, we need energy at least to power our appliances. In south-eastern geopolitical zone of Nigeria, we have coal, oil and gas in abundance. MHD electrical power generation technology is one the technologies many developing countries apply to alleviate electrical power problems. This work therefore studied some MHD configurations that will perform optimally best with reference to the available coal and gas in southern Nigeria. These naturally available resources can be harnessed towards boosting electrical power generation. The study investigated the performance of different plant configurations based on open-cycle MHD generators fed with coal and gas. The power plants analysis has been performed by developing an integrated model required to characterize mass and energy balances of each system component and the electro-magnetic equations needed to solve the energy balance in the MHD generator. System efficiency was achieved by considering the IG-MHCC, B plant configuration where a high temperature heat recovery level has been introduced.
This document provides an overview of magneto hydro dynamic (MHD) power generation. It discusses the principles of MHD generation where an electrically conducting fluid is passed through a magnetic field to generate electricity. It describes two main types of MHD systems - open cycle systems which use combustion gases as the working fluid, and closed cycle systems which either use a seeded inert gas or liquid metal as the working fluid to maintain conductivity in a closed loop. The document explains the basic components and working of MHD generators and their advantages over conventional power plants.
- The document describes a proposed Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) power generation unit that would be incorporated into an automobile's exhaust pipe to convert wasted thermal and kinetic energy from the exhaust gases into electric power.
- The MHD generator works by ionizing the exhaust gases with an added seed substance, then passing the ionized gases through a perpendicular magnetic field, which induces a voltage on metal plates placed within the generator according to Faraday's law of induction.
- An experiment was conducted attaching a prototype MHD generator to a motorcycle exhaust, which produced a maximum induced voltage of 0.1318V when calcium carbonate was used to ionize the exhaust gases at 153°C and 5m/s velocity
Vortex lattice modelling of winglets on wind turbine bladesDickdick Maulana
The document describes research into modeling winglets on wind turbine blades using vortex lattice methods. The goal is to understand how winglets influence airflow and aerodynamic forces. A free wake vortex lattice code and design algorithm were developed for steady-state horizontal axis wind turbines. Two winglet designs are analyzed in detail.
Mhd effects on non newtonian micro polar fluid with uniform suctioneSAT Journals
Abstract In this present work, the problem of heat and mass transfer on the flow of Non-newtonian micropolar fluid with uniform suction/blowing with heat generation, radiation, thermophoresis and chemical reaction effects are studied. The non-linear partial differential equation arising from the flow modeling were transformed into coupled non linear ordinary differential equations and subsequently solved by using the implicit finite difference method. The effect of relevant thermo physical parameters such as material parameter K, suction parameter A, heat generation/absorption parameter B, Prandtl number Pr, radiation parameter R, thermophoretic parameter τ, chemical reaction parameter δ , magnetic parameter Ha and Schmidt number Sc are also being numerically investigated and analyzed. Keywords: MHD, micro polar fluid, heat generation, thermophoresis, radiation and finite difference scheme.
Chemical reaction and radiation effect on mhd flow past an exponentially acce...Alexander Decker
This document describes a mathematical analysis of MHD fluid flow past an exponentially accelerated vertical plate embedded in a porous medium. The analysis considers the effects of variable temperature, mass diffusion, radiation, and a heat source on the flow characteristics. The governing equations for this problem are derived and non-dimensionalized. The non-dimensional equations are then solved using the Laplace transform technique. The effects of various physical parameters like the magnetic field, radiation, heat generation, and chemical reaction on the velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are determined.
MSc_Thesis_Wake_Dynamics_Study_of_an_H-type_Vertical_Axis_Wind_TurbineChenguang He
This thesis investigates the wake dynamics of an H-type vertical axis wind turbine using particle image velocimetry (PIV). Two-component PIV is used to study vorticity shedding and horizontal wake expansion at the turbine mid-span plane. Stereoscopic PIV is performed on 7 cross-stream vertical planes to analyze tip vortex dynamics and the evolution of 3D wake structures. The experimental results show asymmetrical vorticity decay in the horizontal plane, with faster decay on the leeward side. Tip vortices are stronger than shed vortices. Near the turbine axis, tip vortices move inboard behind the rotor before moving outboard towards the windward side further downstream. Vertical
The document discusses the bladeless Tesla turbine. It provides an overview of Tesla's 1913 patent for the turbine and describes its design as consisting of a series of flat, parallel discs attached to a central shaft. Fluid is injected nearly tangentially between the discs and drags on the discs via viscosity, causing rotation. While more efficient than early models, Tesla turbines still have low efficiencies compared to conventional turbines. The document reviews research on improving Tesla turbine design and performance modeling to potentially enable commercial use, particularly for applications under 10 kW.
Bladeless wind mill ppt BY KADIYAM SUNEELsuneelkadium
The document describes a bladeless wind turbine called a Vortex wind turbine. It consists of a vortex structure, supporting rod, and piezo-electric alternator. The vortex wind turbine aims to eliminate many problems with conventional wind turbines by having no blades, gears, or other moving parts. This makes it simpler and cheaper to manufacture, transport, install, and maintain than traditional wind turbines. It works by capturing energy from the vortex effect that occurs when wind breaks against the solid structure, causing it to oscillate and generate power through a piezo-electric alternator. The bladeless design is expected to reduce costs while increasing reliability over traditional wind turbines.
This document describes a bladeless wind turbine that generates electricity through vortex shedding. It works by using the natural vortex shedding effect that occurs when wind flows past a bluff body, causing alternating vortices on each side. The oscillating vortices are used to drive a magnetic coupling system connected to an alternator to generate electricity. Key advantages are that it has a smaller structure than conventional wind turbines and can generate power at a lower cost. However, efficiency is lower than traditional designs and control systems are needed to manage oscillations at high wind speeds. The bladeless design has applications for power generation in remote areas.
Magneto Hydro Dynamic Power Generation uses the principle that an electrical current is induced when a conductive fluid passes through a magnetic field at high velocity. There are two main types of MHD systems - open cycle systems which use combustion gases and closed cycle systems which reuse gases or use liquid metals. MHD has advantages like high efficiency around 50% and smaller plant size but also limitations like materials challenges from high temperatures and corrosion. Overall MHD is still in development for power generation applications.
The document summarizes the design and working of Tesla's bladeless turbine. It discusses that the turbine consists of a rotor with smooth discs mounted on a shaft and a cylindrical stator housing it. Fluid enters through inlet nozzles and exits via exhaust ports on the discs. Due to adhesion and viscosity, the boundary layer of fluid sticking to disc surfaces transfers rotational motion to the discs from the linear motion of the fluid. The turbine has advantages like simple design, low cost, and high efficiency. However, its torque output is low and further research is needed to optimize its design.
For over 35,000 years, humans propelled boats using paddles. Sails were then discovered around 3000 BC, allowing for longer voyages. In 1770, the steam engine was adapted for ships, initially using paddle wheels for propulsion. In the 19th century, screw propellers and steam turbines were introduced. Diesel engines were developed in the late 19th century and began being used on ships in the early 20th century, providing a highly efficient form of propulsion. Ship propulsion has thus evolved from paddles to sails to steam to diesel over thousands of years.
Magneto hydro dynamic (mhd) power generationHemanth Duru
MHD Power Generation Is a Direct Energy conversion System Which Converts Heat Energy into Electrical Energy Without Any Intermediate stage(i.e Mechanical Energy).
It is a new technology which helps us to reach our world power demands.
It Partially Used in Developed Countries like USSR,USA,Japan.
It is in Under construction in Developing countries like India etc.
Its Losses are Less.
Initial Cost Is High.
Mechanics of materials solution manual (3 rd ed , by beer, johnston, & dewolf)Pawnpac
This document describes the steps needed to prepare and ship a product order. It details obtaining the necessary parts, assembling the product, testing it, and then packing and shipping it to the customer. The key steps are: obtaining the parts from vendors, assembling the product according to specifications, thoroughly testing the assembled product, and safely packing it for shipment along with necessary documentation.
1. The document describes an anatomical variation observed during a routine cadaver dissection where the posterior tibial artery originated from the popliteal artery proximal to the popliteus muscle.
2. This variation is important for orthopaedic surgeons, radiologists, and others to be aware of to minimize risks during knee surgeries and angiographic studies.
3. The authors conclude that variations in the branching pattern of the popliteal artery are common and need to be considered during related surgical and medical interventions.
The document describes a training approach for European women in developing digital skills. It analyzes key considerations in designing the training, including the needs of adult female learners and desired learning objectives. The approach uses mastery learning and direct instruction models. Trainees will develop basic computer skills and cultural awareness through interactive online materials and activities. Trainers will guide trainees and evaluate their progress, while trainees will participate in groups, exchange views, and provide feedback on the training approach.
This document analyzes a study that used GIS and logical overlay functions to determine the optimal sites for artificial groundwater recharge via flood distribution in the Sarpaniran plain in Iran. The study analyzed slope, surface infiltration, geomorphology (alluvium thickness), geology, and land use layers to identify suitable regions. The results found that 2.3% of the total area, or 1,088 hectares, were suitable for flood distribution. The limiting factor was found to be the geological formations. GIS was determined to be an effective tool for managing site data and evaluating criteria for artificial groundwater recharge site selection.
Implementation of Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer Base on DFS (Digital Frequ...IJMER
Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer has become essential components in wireless communication
systems. They are used as frequency synthesizers with precise and convenient digital control in both traditional
electronics, such as televisions and AM/FM radios, and modern consumer products among which cellular
mobile phone is a striking example.
IC fabrication technology advances have made monolithic integration possible. More and more
electronic devices can be put on the same chip to reduce the number of external components and then the costs.
Therefore, on a single chip we can accomplish many functions for which we might need to make several chips
work together a few years ago. A monolithic wide-band PLL is of great interests to wireless communication
applications due to both its low cost and convenience to switch between different communication standards.
The focus of this work is to implement a wide-band Frequency Synthesizer using as few as possible building
blocks and also as simple as possible structure.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hypersonic vehicle electric power system technologyRene Thibodeaux
The objective of this program is to develop magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generators for use on hypersonic vehicles. MHD generators could provide orders of magnitude more power than current technologies and enable missions using directed energy weapons. The program would design, build, and test a 1 megawatt MHD generator in a hypersonic wind tunnel to demonstrate the technology's viability. Additional plasma technologies like inlet compression and combustion may also be investigated to help overcome challenges preventing scramjet development. Non-rotating MHD generators are well-suited to efficiently produce high voltage power for hypersonic vehicles propelled by non-rotating scramjet engines producing gigawatts of power.
This document discusses magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. MHD power generation directly converts heat energy to electrical energy without mechanical energy conversion using electrically conducting fluids like plasma or molten metals in a magnetic field. It was first proposed in 1832 by Michael Faraday and the first MHD generator was built in 1959 in the USA. There are two types of MHD systems - open cycle systems which discharge working fluids after generation and closed cycle systems which recycle working fluids like helium or argon seeded with cesium. MHD power generation has advantages like no moving parts and high efficiency but also challenges like requiring very high temperatures and large expensive magnets.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. MHD power generation uses electrically conducting fluids like plasmas or liquid metals flowing through magnetic fields to generate electricity. It was developed as a more efficient alternative to conventional power plants. The presentation covers the principles of MHD generation, which involve inducing voltage and current via Faraday's law of induction when a conductor moves through a magnetic field. It also describes open-cycle and closed-cycle MHD systems, advantages like higher efficiency and smaller size, and challenges such as high heat losses and cost of large magnets. The conclusion discusses potential for MHD to play a larger role in future power generation as the technology advances.
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. MHD power generation uses electrically conducting fluids like plasmas or liquid metals flowing through magnetic fields to generate electricity. It has advantages over conventional power generation like higher efficiency and fewer moving parts. The document outlines the principles of MHD generation according to Faraday's laws of induction. It describes open-cycle and closed-cycle MHD systems and their components. Advantages are noted as higher efficiency and reliability while disadvantages include heat losses and costs of large magnets. Future prospects anticipate MHD providing 70% of electricity by 2020 with ongoing research worldwide.
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) is a method of power generation that uses electromagnetic induction to directly convert the heat of ionized gases into electricity. MHD generators have no moving parts and instead use ionized gases as the conductor and strong magnets to generate current. While MHD could provide efficient, compact power generation, challenges include the need for very high temperatures over 2000°C and large, expensive magnets. Early experimental MHD plants generated up to 50MW but high costs have limited widespread commercial application.
This document provides an overview of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. It discusses the working principle, which involves passing a high-temperature electrically conducting fluid like plasma or molten salt through a strong magnetic field to generate electricity via Faraday's law of induction. The document also reviews the status of MHD research and development in various countries including India, advantages like high efficiency and fewer moving parts, and disadvantages such as the need for large magnets and high operating temperatures.
This document discusses magneto hydro dynamic (MHD) power generation. MHD power generation uses a conducting fluid, such as ionized gas or liquid metals, that is passed at high velocity through a magnetic field to generate electricity. There are two main types of MHD systems - open cycle systems that use combustion of fuels and seeded inert gas, and closed cycle systems that reuse the working fluid. MHD power generation has advantages like high efficiency and no moving parts, but also faces challenges like material compatibility issues at high temperatures. Overall, MHD power generation represents a new method of electricity production that has potential for improved efficiency but requires further development.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Saurav Lahoti on MHD generators. It discusses the principle of MHD power generation where a conducting fluid is passed through a magnetic field to generate electricity. Some key points covered include different electrode configurations to address the Hall effect, various working fluid cycles for MHD generators including open and closed cycles, applications of MHD generators, their advantages over conventional systems, and challenges in MHD generator design and development. The report also provides details of an Indian MHD pilot plant built by BHEL.
Magneto hydro dynamic power generation (MHD).vinaya h h
This document discusses magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. It begins with an introduction that describes MHD generation as converting heat energy directly to electrical energy without a conventional electric generator. It then covers the principles of MHD generation, which involves inducing a voltage and current when an ionized gas conductor moves through a magnetic field. The document outlines different MHD systems, including open cycle systems that use combustion and seeded gases, closed cycle systems, and liquid metal systems. It notes advantages like higher efficiency and lack of moving parts, and future prospects of MHD providing 70% of electricity by 2020.
This document proposes a seminar on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. It reviews several papers on MHD and introduces the topic. MHD generation directly converts heat energy to electrical energy using a gas as the conductor in a magnetic field, inducing a current. The principles involve ionizing a gas to make it electrically conductive and passing it at high velocity through a magnetic field. Advantages include high efficiency around 50% and lack of moving parts. Challenges include poor conductivity of metallic vapors and difficulty achieving high fluid velocities. Applications include space craft power, lasers, and defense. In conclusion, MHD is still developing but could offer better fuel utilization and reduced consumption than conventional generation.
Hybrid Photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems more effectively converts solar energy into electrical energy. Two sources of energy are used one of the energy is solar,that converts radiant light into electrical energy and heat energy which will convert heat into electricity.Photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric modules are used to capture and convert the energy into electricity.Furthermore solar-thermoelectric hybrid system is environmental friendly and has no harmful emissions.Solar-thermoelectric hybrid system increases the overall reliability without sacrificing the quality of power generated.In this paper an overview of the previous research and development of technological advancement in the solar-thermoelectric hybrid systems is presented.
This document discusses Magneto Hydro Dynamic (MHD) power generation. It begins by explaining the MHD principle of using a conducting fluid moving through a magnetic field to generate electricity. It then describes various MHD systems, including open and closed cycle systems. The document outlines the advantages of MHD such as high efficiency. It also notes challenges such as high material and economic costs. In conclusion, it expresses optimism about MHD's potential role in addressing future energy needs.
UNIT-V:Non Conventional Energy Sources:
Power Crisis, future energy demand, role of Private sectors in energy management,
concepts & principals of MHD generation, Solar power plant,
Wind Energy,Geothermal Energy,Tidal energy,Ocean Thermal Energy.
The document discusses Magneto Hydro Dynamics (MHD) power generation. MHD utilizes a conducting fluid, such as plasma or liquid metals, moving through a magnetic field to generate electricity. It has no moving parts and higher efficiency than conventional steam plants. The document describes Faraday's experiments, open and closed MHD systems, types using seeded inert gases or liquid metals, applications, existing MHD facilities including ones in India, advantages like higher efficiency and compact size, and disadvantages like requiring very high operating temperatures.
This document discusses magneto hydro dynamic (MHD) power generation. MHD power generation directly converts heat into electricity using electrically conducting fluids like plasma or liquid metals in high speed flow through a magnetic field. This generates electricity without moving parts. The document outlines the principles of MHD generation and different types of MHD systems, including open cycle systems that exhaust combustion gases and closed cycle systems that circulate working fluids. Closed cycle systems are more efficient and reduce pollution. The document notes potential advantages of MHD systems like higher efficiency (>50%), smaller size, lower costs, and ability to use various fuels. It predicts MHD may generate 70% of the world's electricity by 2020 as research continues globally.
This document provides an introduction to magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) power generation. MHD generation directly converts heat energy to electrical energy using ionized gas or liquid metal as a working fluid. The fluid flows through a magnetic field, generating electricity based on Faraday's law of induction. There are two main MHD systems - open cycle uses atmospheric air as the working fluid, while closed cycle circulates an inert gas or liquid metal in a closed loop. MHD generation has advantages like high efficiency, fewer moving parts, and lower costs compared to conventional power plants. However, widespread use of MHD is still in development.
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
This document discusses integrating the Spring, Struts, and Hibernate frameworks to develop enterprise applications. It provides an overview of each framework and their features. The Spring Framework is a lightweight, modular framework that allows for inversion of control and aspect-oriented programming. It can be used to develop any or all tiers of an application. The document proposes an architecture for an e-commerce website that integrates these three frameworks, with Spring handling the business layer, Struts the presentation layer, and Hibernate the data access layer. This modular approach allows for clear separation of concerns and reduces complexity in application development.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
- A subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and a δˆ s-closed set.
- Various properties of δˆ s-locally closed sets are introduced and characterized, including relationships to other concepts like generalized locally closed sets.
- It is shown that a subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if and only if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and the δˆ s-closure of A.
- Theore
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
This document discusses natural language ambiguity and its effect on machine learning. It begins by introducing different types of ambiguity that exist in natural languages, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic ambiguities. It then examines how these ambiguities present challenges for computational linguistics and machine translation systems. Specifically, it notes that ambiguity is a major problem for computers in processing human language as they lack the world knowledge and context that humans use to resolve ambiguities. The document concludes by outlining the typical process of machine translation and how ambiguities can interfere with tasks like analysis, transfer, and generation of text in the target language.
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
This document describes the implementation of an I2C slave interface using Verilog HDL. It introduces the I2C protocol which uses only two bidirectional lines (SDA and SCL) for communication. The document discusses the I2C protocol specifications including start/stop conditions, addressing, read/write operations, and acknowledgements. It then provides details on designing an I2C slave module in Verilog that responds to commands from an I2C master and allows synchronization through clock stretching. The module is simulated in ModelSim and synthesized in Xilinx. Simulation waveforms demonstrate successful read and write operations to the slave device.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
PROJECT FORMAT FOR EVS AMITY UNIVERSITY GWALIOR.ppt
Case Study of MHD Generator for Power Generation and High Speed Propulsion
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
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Case Study of MHD Generator for Power Generation and High Speed Propulsion Md Akhtar khan1, Kavya vaddadi2, Avinash gupta3, karrothu vigneshwara4 1Assistant Professor@GITAM University-Hyderabad, 2Student@MLRIT,3Student@GITAM UNIVERSITY 4Student@GNITC
I. Introduction
The MHD (magneto hydrodynamic) generator transforms thermal energy and kinetic energy directly into electricity. MHD generators are different from traditional electric generators in that they operate at high temperatures without moving parts. MHD was developed because the hot exhaust gas of an MHD generator can heat the boilers of a steam power plant, increasing overall efficiency. MHD was developed as a topping cycle to increase the efficiency of electric generation, especially when burning coal or natural gas. MHD dynamos are the complement of MHD propulsor, which have been applied to pump liquid metals and in several experimental ship engines.[1]
Fig.1 MHD generator [7]
Abstract: The main scope of the project is calculating the output power or the capacity of Eco-friendly Magneto Hydrodynamic Generator. Capacity of Thermal power station in India is compared with Eco- MHD. Modern society requires a variety of goods and services which require energy as the diversity of range of services increases so is the demand for energy. Electrical energy because of its versatility takes major share. About 75% of electrical energy is generated by thermal stations .Coal has to be transported to thermal stations located away from coalfields by railways and power has to be transmitted over large distances from pithead stations. These problems can be eliminated or reduced by converting coal into SNG (synthetic natural gas) at pithead and transporting the gas by pipe-grid to all thermal stations. The efficiency of power station can be increased by adopting combined cycle. Topping combined cycle by MHD generators failed to materialize Eco friendly Magneto hydrodynamic generator is now suggested for development as a topping addition for combined cycle to further improve the efficiency.
Keywords: MHD Generator, MHD aerodynes, High speed propulsion, sunspot modelling, Hypersonic vehicle
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An MHD generator, like a conventional generator, relies on moving a conductor through a magnetic field to generate electric current. The MHD generator uses hot conductive plasma as the moving conductor. The mechanical dynamo, in contrast, uses the motion of mechanical devices to accomplish this. MHD generators are technically practical for fossil fuels, but have been overtaken by other, less expensive technologies, such as combined cycles in which a gas turbine's or molten carbonate fuel cell's exhaust heats steam to power a steam turbine. Natural MHD dynamos are an active area of research in plasma physics and are of great interest to the geophysics and astrophysics communities, since the magnetic fields of the earth and sun are produced by these natural dynamos.
The Lorentz Force Law describes the effects of a charged particle moving in a constant magnetic field. The simplest form of this law is given by the vector equation. F = Q. (v x B) Where,
F is the force acting on the particle.
Q is the charge of the particle,
v is the velocity of the particle, and
B is the magnetic field.
The vector F is perpendicular to both v and B according to the right hand rule.
Figure-2 MHD generator producing electricity [1]
II. Power Generation
Typically, for a large scale power station to approach the operational efficiency of computer models, steps must be taken to increase the electrical conductivity of the conductive substance. The heating of a gas to its plasma state or the addition of other easily ionisable substances like the salts of alkali metals can accomplish this increase. In practice, a number of issues must be considered in the implementation of an MHD generator: generator efficiency, economics, and toxic by products. These issues are affected by the choice of one of the three MHD generator designs: the Faraday generator, the Hall generator, and the disc generator. It has been sixty years since various methods have been investigated in view of lowering heat transfer to high-speed Flying bodies. Hypersonic magnetized plasmas have been initially studied for space capsules equipped with Electromagnetic shields, around which air is naturally ionized due to subsequent heat behind shock waves, Later Work focused on detaching shock waves from leading edges of blunt bodies with upstream non-magnetized Plasma “air-spike” acting like a protective cushion for the materials. Ionization is then obtained through many means, including applying high voltage discharges, high frequency electromagnetic waves or lasers. Moreover, the modification of gas-dynamic through microwave radiation heats up the plasma and modifies the local value of the sound velocity, which attenuates the recompression behind a soft shock wave. But none of these methods really acts on the flow to truly impose one way or another to it.
A first category of plasma-aerodynamic devices actively acting upon the flow uses electro hydrodynamics. Those EHD accelerators are generally known as plasma actuators. They use properties of electric fields only (par electric body force, DC ion mobility drift or RF peristaltic waves) to carry the ions and the neutral gas through Lorentzian collisions upon a thin layer. Peristaltic EHD devices can theoretically
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accelerate air in the boundary layer up to Mach 1.0 (neglecting heating and viscous effects which lower the real effect). But magneto hydrodynamics, involving both applied electric and magnetic fields combined into Lorentz forces J × B, is preferred to control airflows up to hypersonic regimes. Next-generation aircrafts of a new kind are described which, if supplied by a powerful energy source, could flight silently at high Mach numbers in dense air without shock wave nor turbulence, fully driven by MHD force fields controlling the flow around their whole body. In relation with such devices, original solutions to classical problems raised by plasma instabilities in the presence of powerful magnetic fields are proposed. Among applications of MHD converters described in this paper: wave drag and wake turbulence cancellation, flow laminarization, engine inlet control, combination of accelerators and generators into MHD- bypass systems, HV plasma protection of leading edges, electromagnetic braking for atmospheric re-entry. The association of all these techniques leads to a unique device combining a space launcher, a plane and an atmospheric re-entry capsule into one fully reusable vehicle taking-off and landing on its own steam, successor of conventional rockets.
Fig.3 Principle of MHD generator[9]
When an electrical conductor is moved so as to cut lines of magnetic induction, the charged particles in the conductor experience a force in a direction mutually perpendicular to the B field and to the velocity of the conductor. The negative charges tend to move in one direction, and the positive charges in the opposite direction. This induced electric field, or motional emf, provides the basis for converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. At the present time nearly all electrical power generators utilize a solid conductor which is caused to rotate between the poles of a magnet. In the case of hydroelectric generators, the energy required to maintain the rotation is supplied by the gravitational motion of river water. One of the earliest serious attempts to construct an experimental MHD generator was undertaken at the Westinghouse laboratories in the period 1938-1944, under the guidance of Karlovitz (see Karlovitz and Halasz, 1964). This generator (which was of the annular Hall type) utilized the products of combustion of natural gas, as a working fluid, and electron beam ionization. The experiments did not produce the expected power levels because of the low electrical conductivity of the -gas and the lack of existing knowledge of natural gas, as a working fluid, and electron beam ionization.
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III. MHD Generator Description
If gas flows in x direction and magnetic field B acts in y direction, the force on the particle acts in z direction.
Fig.4 Direction of magnetic field, gas velocity and force in MHD system
MHD design problems:
Efficiency attained are so far have been relatively low and life of the equipments has been short.
Combustor, MHD-generator, channel, electrodes and air-prep-heater are exposed to corrosive gases at
very high temperature. So material must be developed to permit long operating life.
The ash (slag) residue from the burning coal is carried over with combustion gases and cause erosion
of the exposed surface.
IV. MHD For High speed Propulsion
1. MHD Aerodynes
MHD (Magneto Hydrodynamic) propulsion has been extensively studied since the fifties. To shift from
propulsion to an MHD Aerodyne, one only needs to accelerate the air externally, along its outer skin, using
Lorentz forces. A set of successful experiments, obtained on a disk shaped model, placed in low density air,
dealt with various problems: wall confinement of two-temperature plasma obtained by inversion of the magnetic
pressure gradient , annihilation of the Velikhov electro thermal instability by magnetic confinement of the
streamers, establishment of a stable spiral distribution of the current, obtained by an original method. Another
direction of research is devoted to the study of an MHD-controlled inlet which, coupled with a turbofan engine
and implying an MHD-bypass system, would extend the flight domain to hypersonic conditions.[3]
During the sixties it was shown that if the electrical conductivity of the gas was large enough
(3,000S/m), Lorentz forces J x B (B = 2 teslas) could deeply modify the gas parameters of a supersonic flow (M
= 1.4) in a Faraday MHD converter. In a constant cross section channel, when slowing down the gas (short
duration argon flow, T = 10,000°K, p = 1 bar, V = 2750 m/s, delivered by a shock driven wind tunnel) when
slowing down, the deceleration was strong enough to create a front shock wave, without any obstacle.
Accelerating the gas, velocity gain of 4,000 m/s was obtained along a 10 cm MHD channel. In supersonic flows,
shock waves occur when the local slowing down is strong enough to produce self crossing of Mach lines.
Fig.5-Two dimensional flows around a flat wing. Mach lines computed from Navier-stokes .[4]
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It was shown, based on 2d-numerical calculation and hydraulic simulation that those shock waves could be
eliminated if a suitable Lorentz force was applied around the model.
Fig.6 Elimination of shocks around a flat wing by convenient Lorentz force field
Elimination of shocks around a flat wing by convenient Lorentz force field. The gas must be accelerated
around the leading edge and the bottom, and slowed down between the two to prevent the expansion fan. By the
way, this introduced the concept of MHD bypass. In the eighties it was planned to use a shock tube as a supersonic,
high electrical conductivity gas flow generator, to operate this key-experiment [5]. But, due to the connection to
UFO phenomenon (supersonic silent flight, as reported by witnesses) this was no longer possible in institutional
structures. Years after, the Lambda Laboratory was created in 2007, with private funding. The use of a shock tube
was too complex and expansive, so that the team shifted to experiments in low pressure hypersonic wind tunnel,
providing natural high electrical conductivity.
Then disk shaped MHD aerodynes, are more suitable, due to the high Hall parameter conditions. This
arises specific difficulties, such tendency of the discharge to be blown away, due to the magnetic field gradient.
This was rapidly solved, by wall confinement through inversion of magnetic gradient.
Fig.6 Left: the discharge is blown away by the magnetic gradient.
Right: wall confinement by inversion of this magnetic gradient
V. Sunspot Modelling
Sunspots are central to our understanding of solar magnetism in several aspects. Sunspots are the most
prominent manifestation of the large scale cyclic solar magnetic field. Understanding their subsurface structure
as well as the processes of formation, dynamic evolution, and decay is crucial for connecting them to the
dynamo and flux emergence processes in the solar convection zone. On smaller scales sunspots provide an ideal
environment for studying magneto-convection for a variety of different field configurations [9]. While quiet Sun
regions have been modelled very successfully for almost 3 decades using 3D radiative MHD simulations, such
models were only applied to sunspots in the past five years.
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VI. MHD For Space Vehicles
Several Authors have investigated the possibility to utilize MHD energy conversion systems in the space. Many of them proposed a plasma MHD generator feed by fuel in liquid or solid state (liquid hydrogen, liquid oxygen, kerosene, and nuclear fuel). The fuel contained in heavy vessels, have to be carried to space together with MHD generator. To do this a large amount of energy is needed. An electrical power generation on-board system was also considered. The MHD generator proposed is built in supersonic nozzle of rocket engine utilizing liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. A. Kantrovitz presented one of the first studies on MHD interaction generated by space vehicles at hypersonic velocities.[6] During re-entry into atmosphere between 80 and 60 Km of altitude at velocities 7,000-11,000 m/s strong shock waves occur with highly non-uniform flow field. The temperature of air behind the shock reaches 10,000-20,000 K and due to relaxation near vehicle surface is between 10,000 and 5,000 K. This produces sufficient ionization to sustain a significant MHD interaction level. As a consequence of ionized boundary layer of hypersonic vehicle. The control of flight of spacecraft can be obtained by creation of drag forces and tangential forces as well as a controlling moment. The external flow structure including shock wave formation can be influenced too. At lower altitudes and velocities the MHD conversion and the flight control would be possible through pre- ionization or seeding of the working media.[8]
Fig. 7 Scheme of a conversion system realized in Boundary layer of an Hypersonic Vehicle (above: side view - below: cross sectional view)
Fig. 8 AJAX spacecraft using MHD[12]
VII. Magneto-Hydrodynamic Design
1st law of Thermodynamics defines the equivalence between work and heat energy, when work is converted into Heat. But the 2nd law of Thermodynamics explains the conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy on the basis of temperature gradient. The efficiency of ideal heat engine η = (K1-K2)/K1 where K1 and K2 are absolute temperatures in Kelvin scale of source of heat and sink respectively. This equation can also be stated as {1-(K2/K1)}. If Q1 is the quantity of heat observed from the heat source then the quantity of heat that can be converted into work is Q1 {(K1-K2)/K1} or Q1 {1-(K2/K1)}. [10] That means the entire quantity of heat cannot be converted into work unless K2 is 0 or -2730C. The conversion of heat into work is dependent on the temperature gradient.
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The fraction (K2/K1) can be defined as “non-convertible fraction” of heat energy. So, the conversion ratio can be increased only by decreasing the non-convertible fraction (K2/K1).
Fig. 9 Space vehicle using MHD[10]
VIII. The Secret Of Hypersonic Flight: MHD
The faster an airplane flies the higher it must climb and cruise. It is not possible to fly at ground level at high Mach number just for mechanical constraint due to high pressure. Over Mach 3-3.5 flight is possible with turbo reactors (up-left figure). At higher Mach numbers these rotating machines cannot be used any longer. One can shift to stato- reactor (right). At Mach number up to Mach 6.5 scramjets can be used (below). The leading edge is cooled by liquid hydrogen an oxygen circulations. The mixture burns in annular combustion chamber at supersonic velocity.[17]
Fig. 10 Ajax with stato
Fig. 11Turbo Reactors [12]
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IX. Magnetic Plates
The area of each magnetic plate is 3 m2 and the distance between the plates is 6m. The following are the properties of the magnetic plates:
The Magnetic plates both together weigh 12,000 tonnes
The plates are 100,000 times stronger than the Earth’s magnetic field,
stores enough energy to melt 18 tonnes of gold.
Uses almost twice much iron as the Eiffel Tower.
X. Basic Formulae Used In MHD Calculations
Max Power = E2/4R E and R are calculated as follows: Open circuit voltage E = BUD Where B is Magnetic Flux density, D is Distance between plates Generator resistance R = D/σ A Where σ is Average gas density A is plate area 6.2 Capacity Calculations: Plate Area (A) = 3 m2 Distance between plates (D) = 6 m Flux density (B) = 5 Wb/m2 Average gas density (U) = 1000 m/s Gaseous conductivity (σ) = 10 Mho/m Open circuit voltage (E) = BUD = 5x1000x6 = 30,000 volts Generator resistance (R) = D/σ A = 6/ (10x3) = 0.2 ohm Max Power (P) = E2/4R = (30,000)2/ (4x0.2) = 1125 MW
XI. Comparison With Other Magneto Hydro Dynamic Generators
1. Comparison with IITK MHD calculations IITK calculations A = 0.25 m2 D= 0. 5 m B= 2 Wb/m2 U= 1000 m/s σ = 10 Mho/m E = BUD = 2x1000x0.5 = 1000 volts R = D/σ A = 0. 5/ (10x0.25) = 0.2 ohm Max Power = E2/4R = 10002/ (2x0.2) = 1250 KW Eco-MHD calculations A = 3 m2 D= 6 m B= 5 Wb/m2 U= 1000 m/s σ = 10 Mho/m E = BUD
= 5x1000x6 = 30,000 volts
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R = D/σ A = 6/ (10x3) = 0.2 Ohm Max Power = E2/4R = 300002/ (4x0.2) = 1125000 KW A is Plate Area D is distance between plates B is flux density σ is gaseous conductivity U is average gas density R is generator resistance E is open circuit voltage The Eco-MHD capacity is 1125 MW which is greater than the IITK MHD capacity which is 1250KW. Comparison of capacities between Eco-friendly MHD and KTPS Kothagudem Thermal Power Plant is located at Paloncha in Andhra Pradesh, India. The power plant has an installed capacity of 1,720 MW with 11 units in operation. It is one of the coal based power plants of APGENCO. [14] In January 2012, it was reported that the Andhra Pradesh government has decided to build additional unit with capacity of 800 MW. Currently, Kothagudem thermal station space available at the site has been surveyed, it has been confirmed that another unit of 800 MW capacities can come up there.
The calculated Eco-MHD capacity found to be 1125MW, and the KTPS capacity is 800MW 1125 MW> 800 MW. Thus Eco-friendly MHD has more capacity than the existing Thermal power station capacity.
XII. Results And Conclusion
The MHD generator Resistance increases with the decrease in the Area of the plates, and increases with increase in the distance between the plates. The open circuit voltage varies increasingly with the Magnetic flux density, average gas density and also the distance between the two plates. The overall capacity or the maximum power generated increases with increase in the Open circuit voltage and decrease in the resistance of the generator. The Magnetic flux is taken 5 Wb/m2. The two plates, each of area 3m2 are separated by the distance 6m. The open circuit voltage is calculated to be 30,000 volts, and the Generator resistance 0.2 Ohm. The Eco-Friendly Magneto Hydrodynamic Generator is capable of producing capacity of 1125MW. The Power generation is Eco-Friendly using the salt water as fuel and capacity is comparatively greater than the existing KTPS (Thermal power station) in India. The possibility of stacking the output of many such systems in series and the absence of many disadvantages associated with non-renewable methods of electric power generation should make MHD using flowing salt water a very attractive alternative for energy generation. Harnessing power by employing an MHD generator with salt water as its fluid conductor is hugely advantageous in that the source is renewable, it requires no external energy input to facilitate its operation, it has no moving parts and as such does not contribute to mortality of aquatic organisms and finally, it does not pose problems of pollution.
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XIII. Future-Scope Of Magneto Hydro Dynamic Generator
The Eco-friendly MHD Generator design, calculations and analysis of the results will be given to an industry which will be able to develop the Eco-friendly power generation using MHD. Power generation capacity has to increase rapidly[16]. To reduce pollution, and to improve overall efficiency the coal has to be gasified at pitheads and the gas, SNG, transported by pipe-grid to all thermal stations. This facilitates conversion of all stations into combined cycles initially. Later MHD generators or thermal cells can be added to the power stations. This is the only way beneficial to one and all. The MHD Generator can be equipped with solar panels, so that the power generation becomes easier. Recently, sunspot models have undergone a dramatic change. In the past, several aspects of sunspot structure have been addressed by static MHD models with parametrized energy transport. Models of sunspot fine structure have been relying heavily on strong assumptions about flow and field geometry (e.g., flux-tubes, “gaps”, convective rolls), which were motivated in part by the observed filamentary structure of penumbrae or the necessity of explaining the substantial energy transport required to maintain the penumbral brightness[15]. However, none of these models could self-consistently explain all aspects of penumbral structure (energy transport, filamentation, Ever shed flow). In recent years, 3D radiative MHD simulations have been advanced dramatically to the point at which models of complete sunspots with sufficient resolution to capture sunspot fine structure are feasible. REFERENCES
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[14]. Steven J. Schneider “Annular MHD Physics for Turbojet Energy Bypass” NASA/Tm- 2011-217210 AIAA–2011– 2230
[15]. Sheehan, J., Longmier, B., Bering, E., Olsen, C. Squire, J.Carter,M.Cassady.L."Plasma Adiabaticity in A Diverging Magnetic Nozzle" Iepc-2013-159, 33rd International Electric Propulsion Conference, Washington, D.C., October 6- 10, 2013.
[16]. Gilchrist, B. E., Davis, C., Carlson, D., And Gallimore, A. D., "Electromagnetic Wave Scattering Experiments In Hall Thruster Plasma Plumes" AIAA-98-3642, 34th Joint Propulsion Cleveland, Oh, July 12-15, 1998.
[17]. Brichkin D.I., KuranovA.L., and Sheikin E.G., “The Potentialities of MHD Control for Improving Scramjet Performance” AIAA Paper 99-4969.