UNIT-V:Non Conventional Energy Sources:
Power Crisis, future energy demand, role of Private sectors in energy management,
concepts & principals of MHD generation, Solar power plant,
Wind Energy,Geothermal Energy,Tidal energy,Ocean Thermal Energy.
UNIT-II: Nuclear Power Plant:
Location, site selection, general layout and operation of plant. Brief description of different types of reactors Moderator material, fissile materials, control of nuclear reactors, disposal of nuclear waste material, shielding.Gas Turbine Plant: Operational principle of gas turbine plant & its efficiency, fuels, open and closed-cycle plants, regeneration, inter-cooling and reheating, role and applications.
Diesel Plants:
Diesel plant layout, components & their functions, its performance, role and applications.
UNIT-I:Introduction:
Electric energy demand and growth in India, electric energy sources.
Thermal Power Plant: Site selection, general layout and operation of plant, detailed description and use of different parts.
Hydro Electric Plants: Classifications, location and site selection, detailed description of various components, general layout and operation of Plants, brief description of impulse, reaction, Kaplan and Francis turbines, advantages & disadvantages, hydro-potential in India.
The steam power plant is an important source to produce the electricity. The major portion of electricity demand is fulfilled by this power plant. It is also called a thermal power plant. It provides the electricity required to different areas. In this article we will study the construction, working, efficiency, advantages, and disadvantages of steam power plants It is the power plant which is used to generate electricity by the use of steam turbine. The major components of these power plants are boiler, steam turbine, condenser, and water feed pump.
UNIT-II: Nuclear Power Plant:
Location, site selection, general layout and operation of plant. Brief description of different types of reactors Moderator material, fissile materials, control of nuclear reactors, disposal of nuclear waste material, shielding.Gas Turbine Plant: Operational principle of gas turbine plant & its efficiency, fuels, open and closed-cycle plants, regeneration, inter-cooling and reheating, role and applications.
Diesel Plants:
Diesel plant layout, components & their functions, its performance, role and applications.
UNIT-I:Introduction:
Electric energy demand and growth in India, electric energy sources.
Thermal Power Plant: Site selection, general layout and operation of plant, detailed description and use of different parts.
Hydro Electric Plants: Classifications, location and site selection, detailed description of various components, general layout and operation of Plants, brief description of impulse, reaction, Kaplan and Francis turbines, advantages & disadvantages, hydro-potential in India.
The steam power plant is an important source to produce the electricity. The major portion of electricity demand is fulfilled by this power plant. It is also called a thermal power plant. It provides the electricity required to different areas. In this article we will study the construction, working, efficiency, advantages, and disadvantages of steam power plants It is the power plant which is used to generate electricity by the use of steam turbine. The major components of these power plants are boiler, steam turbine, condenser, and water feed pump.
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.
Nuclear power plant,elements of NPP, types of nuclear reactor (PWR, BWR, CANDU, GCR, LMCR, OMCR, fast breeder, fusion), material for nuclear fuel, cladding, coolants, control rod and shielding, nuclear waste disposal, environmental impacts of NPP
A presenation on Nuclear Power Plant Presentation.Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass and this process takes place in Nuclear Power Plant
A nuclear power plant is a thermal power station in which the heat source is a nuclear reactor. As in a conventional thermal power station the heat is used to generate steam which drives a steam turbine connected to a generator which produces electricity.
Nuclear power plant,elements of NPP, types of nuclear reactor (PWR, BWR, CANDU, GCR, LMCR, OMCR, fast breeder, fusion), material for nuclear fuel, cladding, coolants, control rod and shielding, nuclear waste disposal, environmental impacts of NPP
A presenation on Nuclear Power Plant Presentation.Fission is the splitting of a nucleus into two or more separate nuclei of comparable mass and this process takes place in Nuclear Power Plant
UNIT-IV:Economic Operation of Power Systems:
Characteristics of steam and hydro-plants,Constraints in operation, Economic load scheduling of thermal plants Neglecting and considering transmission Losses, Penalty factor, loss coefficients, Incremental transmission loss. Hydrothermal Scheduling.
UNIT-III:Sub-stations Layout:
Types of substations, bus-bar arrangements, typical layout of substation.Power Plant Economics and Tariffs:Load curve, load duration curve, different factors related to plants and consumers, Cost of electrical energy, depreciation, generation cost, effect of Load factor on unit cost. Fixed and operating cost of different plants, role of load diversity in power system economy. Objectives and forms of Tariff; Causes and effects of low power factor, advantages of power factor improvement, different methods for power factor improvements.
Electrical measurement & measuring instruments [emmi (nee-302) -unit-5]Md Irshad Ahmad
(1) Digital Measurement of Electrical Quantities-Concept of digital measurement, Block diagram, Study of digital voltmeter, Frequency meter, Spectrum analyzer, Electronic multimeter.
(2) Cathode Ray Oscilloscope-Basic CRO circuit (block diagram), Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
& its components,Applications of CRO in measurement, Lissajous Pattern, Dual trace & dual beam oscilloscopes.
Electrical measurement & measuring instruments [emmi (nee-302) -unit-4]Md Irshad Ahmad
AC Potentiometers-Polar type & Co-ordinate type AC potentiometers, application of AC
Potentiometers inelectrical measurement. (4)
(2)Magnetic Measurement-Ballistic galvanometer, Flux meter ,Determination of hysteresis
loop, measurement of iron losses.
Electrical measurement & measuring instruments [emmi (nee-302) -unit-3]Md Irshad Ahmad
Measurement of Parameters-Different methods of measuring low, medium and high resistances, measurement of inductance & capacitance with the help of AC Bridges, Q meter
Electrical measurement & measuring instruments [emmi (nee-302) -unit-2]Md Irshad Ahmad
Instrument Transformers: CT and PT; their errors, Applications of CT and PT in the extension of instrument range, Introduction to measurement of speed, frequency and power factor.(
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT & MEASURING INSTRUMENTS [Emmi- (NEE-302) -unit-1]Md Irshad Ahmad
(1) Philosophy of Measurement-Methods of measurement, Measurement system
, Classification of instrument systems, Characteristics of instruments & measurement
systems, Errors in measurement & its analysis, Standards.
(2)Analog Measurement of Electrical Quantities-Electrodynamic, Thermocouple,
Electrostatic & Rectifier type ammeters & voltmeters, Electrodynamic wattmeter, Three
Phase wattmeter, Power in three phase systems, Errors & remedies in wattmeter and energy
meter.
Unit-V
Measurement and Solving of Power Quality Problems: Power quality measurement devices- Harmonic Analyzer , Transient Disturbance Analyzer, wiring and grounding tester, Flicker Meter, Oscilloscope, multi-meter etc. Introduction to Custom Power Devices-Network Reconfiguration devices; Load compensation and voltage regulation using DSTATCOM; protecting sensitive loads using DVR; Unified power Quality Conditioner. (UPQC)
Unit-IV
Harmonics: Causes of harmonics; current and voltage harmonics: measurement of harmonics; effects of harmonics on – Transformers, AC Motors, Capacitor Banks, Cables, and Protection
Devices, Energy Metering, Communication Lines etc. harmonic mitigation techniques
Unit-III
Electrical Transients: Sources of Transient Over voltages- Atmospheric and switching transients- motor starting transients, pf correction capacitor switching transients, ups switching transients, neutral voltage swing etc; devices for over voltage protection
Unit-II
Voltage Sag: Sources of voltage sag: motor starting, arc furnace, fault clearing etc; estimating voltage sag performance and principle of its protection; solutions at end user level- Isolation Transformer, Voltage Regulator, Static UPS, Rotary UPS, Active Series Compensator
Introduction to Power Quality: Terms and definitions of transients,
Long Duration Voltage Variations: under Voltage, Under Voltage and Sustained Interruptions
; Short Duration Voltage Variations: interruption, Sag, Swell; Voltage Imbalance; Notching D C offset,; waveform distortion; voltage fluctuation; power frequency variations
Protection of Transformer
Generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes
Selection of circuit breakers
Constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil,
Minimum Oil,
Air Blast,
SF6,
Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc
Arc extinction theories
Re-striking voltage transient
Current chopping
Resistance switching
Capacitive current interruption
Short line interruption
Circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification
Testing station and equipment's
Testing procedure
Direct and indirect testing
Amplitude and phase comparators
Over current relays
Directional relays
Distance relays
Differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay
Classification and their description
Over current relays
Directional relay
Distance relays
Differential relay
Unit I: Introduction to Protection System:
Introduction to protection system and its elements, functions of protective relaying, protective zones, primary and backup protection, desirable qualities of protective relaying, basic terminology.
Relays:
Electromagnetic, attracted and induction type relays, thermal relay, gas actuated relay, design considerations of electromagnetic relay.
Unit-II: Relay Application and Characteristics:
Amplitude and phase comparators, over current relays, directional relays, distance relays, differential relay.
Static Relays: Comparison with electromagnetic relay, classification and their description, over current relays, directional relay, distance relays, differential relay.
Unit-III Protection of Transmission Line:
Over current protection, distance protection, pilot wire protection, carrier current protection, protection of bus, auto re-closing,
Unit-IV: Circuit Breaking:
Properties of arc, arc extinction theories, re-striking voltage transient, current chopping, resistance switching, capacitive current interruption, short line interruption, circuit breaker ratings.
Testing Of Circuit Breaker: Classification, testing station and equipments, testing procedure, direct and indirect testing.
Unit-V Apparatus Protection:
Protection of Transformer, generator and motor.
Circuit Breaker: Operating modes, selection of circuit breakers, constructional features and operation of Bulk Oil, Minimum Oil, Air Blast, SF6, Vacuum and d. c. circuit breakers.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
1. UNIT-VUNIT-V
Non Conventional Energy SourcesNon Conventional Energy Sources
• Md Irshad Ahmad
• Irshad.ahmad@jit.edu.in
• Electrical Engineering Department
• Subject: : POWER STATION PRACTICE
• (NEE /NEN–702)
2. ContentsContents
• Non Conventional Energy Sources:
• Power Crisis, future energy demand
• Role of Private sectors in energy
management,
• concepts & principals of MHD generation,
• Solar power plant,
• Wind Energy,
• Geothermal Energy,
• Tidal energy,Ocean Thermal Energy.
3. Additional DimensionsAdditional Dimensions
• Crisis of Nuclear Power
– Anti-Nuclear Power Movement
– Shut down nuclear power industry
• Crisis of Energy & Environment
– Anti-nuclear
• against nuclear waste
• against meltdown
– Anti-hydrocarbon
• against acid rain
• against strip-mining
– Pro-"Soft" Energy Paths
• renewable energy sources
• solar archictecture
4. TheoryTheory
• Question of Energy Efficiency
– Commoner: Thermodynamics
• 1st Law: Neither created nor destroyed
• 2nd Law: tendency to degrade
• Loses in inefficient energy use, technical issue
• Crisis of Human Energy
– Midnight Notes: Political Thermodynamics
• Behind crises of non-human energy
• Lies a crisis of human energy
5. Energy/Work CrisisEnergy/Work Crisis
• First Law says
– no "energy crisis" possible
– energy takes many forms
• 2nd Law says real crisis is extraction of
work from human beings, realization of
"working" class
– human energy takes many forms, not all can
be harnessed for work
– business problem: extraction, control
6. Energy
Energy is the ability to do work. The
word ‘work’ means transferring energy
from one place to another. energy is
neither destroyed nor created. It can
only be changed.
12. Includes energy
from gamma rays,
x-rays, ultraviolet
rays, visible light,
infrared rays,
microwave and
radio bands.
13. The Thermal energy is
the internal kinetic
energy and it considers
the motion of every
constitutive particle of
the system (molecules,
atoms, electrons, etc.).
17. Those sources of energy which are being
produced continuously in nature and
will never be exhausted, are called
renewable sources of energy.
Renewable Energy
18. Those sources of energy which have been
produced in nature over a very, very long
time and cannot be quickly replaced
when exhausted, are called non
renewable sources of energy.
Non-renewable
Energy
19. Solar energySolar energy is the most
readily available source
of energy. It does not
belong to anybody and is,
therefore, free. It is also
the most important of the
non-conventional sources
of energy because it is
non-polluting and,
therefore, helps in
lessening the greenhouse
effect.
Renewable sources
Energy
20. Biomass
Biomass is a renewable energy resource
derived from the carbonaceous waste of
various human and natural activities. It is
derived from numerous sources, including
the by-products from the timber industry,
agricultural crops, raw material from the
forest, major parts of household waste and
wood.
21. Hydel EnergyThe energy in the flowing water can be used
to produce electricity. Waves result from
the interaction of the wind with the surface
of the sea and represent a transfer of energy
from the wind to the sea. Energy can be
extracted from tides by creating a reservoir
or basin behind a barrage and then passing
tidal waters through turbines in the barrage
to generate electricity.
22. We live between two
great sources of energy,
the hot rocks beneath
the surface of the earth
and the sun in the sky.
Our ancestors knew the
value of geothermal
energy; they bathed and
cooked in hot springs.
Today we have
recognized that this
Geothermal
Energy
23. Wind energy is the kinetic
energy associated with the
movement of atmospheric air.
It has been used for hundreds
of years for sailing, grinding
grain, and for irrigation. Wind
energy systems convert this
kinetic energy to more useful
forms of power. Wind energy
systems for irrigation and
milling have been in use since
ancient times and since the
beginning of the 20th century
it is being used to generate
electric power. Windmills for
water pumping have been
Wind Energy
24. Non- Renewable
EnergyCoal is the most
abundant fossil fuel in
the world. During the
formation of coal,
carbonaceous matter
was first compressed
into a spongy material
called "peat," which is
about 90% water. As
the peat became more
deeply buried, the
increased pressure and
temperature turned it
Coal
25. OIL
Crude oil or liquid
petroleum, is a fossil
fuel that is refined into
many different energy
products (e.g., gasoline,
diesel fuel, jet fuel,
heating oil). Oil forms
underground in rock
such as shale, which is
rich in organic
26. In most electric power
plants, water is heated
and converted into steam,
which drives a turbine-
generator to produce
electricity. Fossil-fueled
power plants produce
heat by burning coal, oil,
or natural gas. In a
nuclear power plant, the
fission of uranium atoms
in the reactor provides
Nuclear power
27. Natural gas production is often a
by-product of oil recovery, as the
two commonly share underground
reservoirs. Natural gas is a
mixture of gases, the most
common being methane (CH4). It
also contains some ethane (C2H6),
propane (C3H8), and butane
(C4H10). Natural gas is usually
not contaminated with sulfur and
is therefore the cleanest burning
fossil fuel.
Natural gas
28. 2828
• In 1932, Michael Faraday, demonstrated the experiments
that there is an electromagnetic induction in a current
carrying conductor moving the earth magnetic field.
• In 1938, U.S scientist Bela Karlovitz is the first one
developed the Magneto hydrodynamic generator.
• In India, the MHD generator program is undergoing in
Thiruchirappalli in collaboration with Bharat heavy
electrical limited (BHEL).
1. Introduction
The Magneto hydrodynamic (MHD) generator is
a device that converts thermal energy of a fuel
into electrical energy.
30. 3030
The Lorentz force law is the basis for the
Magnetohydrodynamic generator
The lorentz force law states that the charged particle
expreinec a force when is moving in the electromagnetic
field. This force can be explained as
F= Q (v xB)
Where, F is the force acting on charged particl.
Q is the charge of the particle
V is the velocity of particle
B is the magnetic induction
2.Lorentz force law
31. 3131
3.Fraday’s law
When a charged partcile moving in a magnetic field, it
expreience the retarding foce as well as produce voltage.
This is the basis of Faraday’s law.
S
N
V
Output current
Hot gaseous
conductor
32. 3232
4. Principle, construction and working of
Magneto hydrodynamic generator (MHD)
Principle
• The principle of Magnetohydrodynamic generator is
based on Lorenz law and faraday's law.
• In this system, the hot ionized gaseous conductor
(working fluid) is passed into the high magnetic field
and thereby the current is produced. By placing
suitable electrodes (Anode and cathode) inside
the chamber, the output load is taken through the
external circuit.
35. 3535
• MHD generator consist of a Combusion chamber and
generator chamber.
• The fliud conductor is passed into the combusion
chamber where they are ionized at very high
temperature.
• There is a nozzel through which the ionized gas pass
into the generator chamber.
• The generator chamber consist of powerful magnet
and a number of oppositely located electrode pair is
inserted in the channel to conduct the electrical current
generated to an external load.
• Both combusion chamber and generator chamber are
suurounded by a heat resistance material and water cooler
36. 3636
Working
• The gaseous (fluid) conductor is passed into the
combustion chamber through inlet.
• By using a fuel like oil (or) natural gas (or) coal, the
fluid conductor is heated to a plasma state and hence it
is ionized.
• The temperature in the combustion chamber is around
2000°K to 2400°K.
• The heat generated in the combustion chamber
removes the outermost electrons in the fluid conductor.
• Therefore, the gas particle acquires the charge
37. 3737
• The charged gas particles with high velocity enters into
the generator chamber via nozzle.
• The positive and negative charge moves to
corresponding electrodes (anode and Cathode) and
constitute the current.
• In generator chamber, based principles of Faraday’s
law, the high velocity ionized conducting gas particles
experience the magnetic filed at right angles to their
motion of direction and hence the potential (current) is
produced.
• The direction of current (Potential) is perpendicular to
both the direction of moving gas particle and to the
magnetic field.
38. 3838
90°
90°
Potential (E)
Ionized gas (Q)
Magnetic field (B)
• The diagram shows the
direction of charged
particle, magnetic field
and the current
produced
• All three field are
perpendicular to each
other
39. 3939
• The electrodes are connected to an external circuit to
get a load output.
• The current produced in the MHD generator are direct
current (DC)
• This DC current can be converted into alternative
current (AC) using an inverter attached with the
external circuit.
• In MHD generator, the seeding materials such as
potassium and cesium are used to reduce the ionization
temperature.
• These seeds are mixed with fuel material such as natural
gas and coal.
40. 4040
• The overall efficiency of MHD generators are about 50
to 60 %.
• The electrode are made generally using high
temperature ceramic materials such as carbides (SiC,
ZrC, MbC), bromides (ZrB2, TiB2, LaB2) and silicides
(WS and MOSi2 ).
41. 4141
Advantages
1. The on and off time is about second.
2. There are no moving parts, it is very reliable to use.
3. The MHD generator has high thermal efficiency
4. It is a direct conversion device.
5. They have a better fuel utilization
6. It can produce large amount of power
7. The size of the pant is small
Advantages, disadvantages and applications
42. 4242
Disadvantages
1. They need high pure superconductor.
2. Working temperature is very high as about 200°K to
2400°K.
3. The loss of power if very high
4. The components get high corrosion due to high working
temperature.
43. 4343
Application
• The MHD generators are used to power submarines
and aircrafts.
• Electrical power production for domestic applications
• They are used in a pulsed detonation rocket engine
(PDRE) for space application
• They can be used as power plants in industry and
uninterrupted power supply system