The document discusses liquid electricity in the form of a vanadium redox battery (VRB). A VRB works by pumping charged and discharged electrolytes into and out of the battery, allowing it to be "recharged" quickly by just swapping the electrolytes. This could enable electric vehicles to refuel similar to gas vehicles by exchanging the spent electrolyte for a fresh one. Researchers are working to improve the technology and reduce costs to facilitate using liquid electricity for electric vehicle transportation and grid storage applications.

1. Liquid Electricity
Snehdeep Kunwar
160356
EE-S4
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2. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 CONCEPTS OF LIQUID ELECTRICITY
 HISTORY OF VANADIUM REDOX BATTERY
 OPERATION
 ADVANTAGES
 APPLICATIONS
 DRAWBACKS
 FUTURE ASPECTS
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCE
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3. INTRODUCTION
 Transportation is one of the fastest growing energy demand sectors , having a close
association with oil.
 Globally about 98% of the worlds transportation runs on fuel made from oil.
 Electric vehicles are stated as the vehicles of the future , a number pf factors are holding
people back from switching over from regular vehicles right now.
 Researchers from MIT have developed a new battery that is said to solve these problems.
 We just need to swap the electrolytes in the battery.
 The discharged liquid is also reusable: it can be recharged and then pumped into other
vehicle, which makes it an eco-friendly solution.
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6. HISTORY OF VRB
 Initial work on the Vanadium
Redox Battery (VRB) at UNSW
began in 1984.
 First patent of VRB by Maria
skyllas – kazacos & coworkers in
1986.
 200 kW / 800 kWh installed by
Mitsubishi Chemicals (1996) at
Kashima- Kita Electric Power, Japan
for load-levelling.
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7. CONCEPT OF LIQUID ELECTRICITY
 The Dutch Innovation Network has come up with the idea of just pumping up the spent
electrolyte out & pump in freshly charged electrolyte –LITERALLY LIQUID
ELECTRICITY.
 “POWER NETWORK” basic principle involved with the refuelling of electric cars
is the recharging of the spent electrolyte in the battery via an external media , that has
been consuming a lot time.
 This would take little more time than filling up with fossil fuel & the spent electrolyte can
be recharged & resold
 “liquid electricity ” , takes the form of a VANADIUM REDOX BATTERY –technology
pioneered by the University of NSW.
 “PETER OEI” Says-”With an electrolyte solution the consumer delivers the spent
electrolyte back to the filling station where it is recharged by the local power generation
or the national
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8. POSITIVE
ELECTROLYTE
TANK
NEGATIVE
ELECTROLYTE
TANK
DC / AC
𝑉+3⃡𝑉+4 𝑉+3 ↔
𝑉+2
PUMP PUMP
GENERATOR
LOADVANADIUM REDOX
BATTERY
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9. OPERATIONS OF VRB
 VRB consists of an assembly of power cells.
 Two electrolytes are separated by a proton exchanger.
 Positive half cells contains 𝑉+4
& 𝑉+3
ions.
 Negative half cells contains 𝑉3+
& 𝑉2+
.
 Both half cells are connected to storage tanks & pumps
 VRB is being charged, the 𝑉𝑂2+
ions in the positive half-cell are
𝑉𝑂2
+
ions.
 The negative half-cell electrons are introduced converting the 𝑉3+
ions into 𝑉2+
.
 During discharge this process is reversed and results in a typical
open circuit voltage of 1.41 v at 25℃.
 To charge the battery ,we just need to reverse the process by
connecting an external source.
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13. ADVANTAGES
₪ Liquid electricity provides us with a chance of leaving back the technology
which emit carbon dioxide , fine dust & noise.
₪ It provides farmers a mean to supplement their income by providing them a
chance to utilize the space in their properties to build wind turbines , solar
collectors or biomass plants.
₪ This would nearly end the use of food plants such as corn & sugarcane for the
production of ethanol.
₪ We currently spend huge amounts of time and energy getting oil from various
locations , refining and transporting them to local fuel stations.
₪ This stresses the need of an alternate technique to power our engines.
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14. APPLICATIONS
 Helps photon farmers using wind, solar or
waste biomass to make clean electricity to
recharge electrolyte and sell it at filling
stations.
 To make Small portable batteries for Electric
vehicles that require ‘instant recharge’ through
working fluid replacement
 Applications where the batteries must be
stored for long periods of time with little
maintenance while maintaining a ready state.
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15. DRAWBACKS
₡ Although it sounds like a great idea for electric car transport - filling
up with “recharged electrolyte” but the cost effectiveness is under
question regarding the energy needed to transport the electrolyte
from suburban filling stations back to the power stations for
recharging.
₡ An effective method for handling and storage of electrolyte also has to
be found; otherwise a lot of effort would certainly go down the drain
in terms of wastage of the effort of charging.
₡ Inability for the national power networks to meet the demand if
everyone were to switch to this solution.
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16. FUTURE ASPECTS
 Dutch government with the help of their innovation network is
working on a solution in Utrecht city.
 Efforts are being made to adjust the cost of recharging of
electrolyte.
 Transportation is another big aspects they have to look upon.
 Scientist from US are developing a liquid consisting of carbon
,hydrogen & nitrogen to develop a storage liquid which can
store 1.10% of solar energy as compared to solar panel.
 As compared to solar panels which stores 0.01% of solar energy.
 It is not much increase but still some progress .
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17. FUTURE VRB REFUELLING STATION
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18. CONCLUSION
Liquid electricity provides us a chance to leave behind the
technology involving the emission of fine dust, carbon dioxide and
noise.
 This project has very bright chances regarding being technically
and economically feasible someday.
Let’s hope the future automobile will run on electricity and not
gasoline and we get everybody to convert to Electric Vehicles, which
is better for our planet.
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19. REFERENCE
 UNSW Site on Vanadium batteries
 Contents from Wikipedia
 2012 techdirections magazine
 UNSW Site on Vanadium batteries
 Comprehensive Vanadium report on uses and applications.
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20. THANK YOU20