1. The document describes an anatomical variation observed during a routine cadaver dissection where the posterior tibial artery originated from the popliteal artery proximal to the popliteus muscle.
2. This variation is important for orthopaedic surgeons, radiologists, and others to be aware of to minimize risks during knee surgeries and angiographic studies.
3. The authors conclude that variations in the branching pattern of the popliteal artery are common and need to be considered during related surgical and medical interventions.
Rectus sternalis muscle is a rare morphological variation of the musculature of the anterior abdominal wall. A unilateral right sided Rectus sternalis muscle was found during routine dissection of a 55 years old female cadaver with hefty built at Department of Rachana Sharir, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka. The muscle was present in right hemithorax, superficial to right pectoralis major muscle. The cranial parts of the muscle was attached into manubrium sterni and sternocleidomastoid muscles while the caudal part was attached into 5th and 6th costal cartilages just lateral to the right sternal margin. The knowledge of this uncommon variation will help the radiologists, physicians and surgeons in interventions and diagnostic procedures as the muscle may be confused for an abnormal lesion or mass. The muscle may be useful in plastic surgery for reconstruction purpose. This anomalous muscle in chest region will raise awareness about its possible presence in the body and its clinical importance. Dr. Surendra Chaudhary | Dr. Uma B. Gopal | Dr. Muteeba Naz | Dr. Jeevan Kumar Giri | Dr. Simi C. P. | Dr. Daiarisa Rymbai "Rectus Sternalis Muscle - A Rare Variant" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21348.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/21348/rectus-sternalis-muscle---a-rare-variant/dr-surendra-chaudhary
Biceps brachii is stated as one of the muscles that shows most frequent anatomical variations. Its most commonly reported anomaly is the presence of a third head arising from the humerus which is termed as Caput Accessorium ,therefore, detailed knowledge of this variation in different populations is important for surgical interventions of the arm, nerve compression syndromes and in unexplained pain syndromes in the arm or shoulder region. The goal of this study was to elucidate the incidence of this muscle in an adult U.P west population. Upper extremities of the total of 50 cadavers were dissected and studied for the presence of accessory heads of the biceps brachii muscle. The incidence of humeral head of biceps brachii was found to be 6%. In all cases, it was found unilaterally and only in male subjects. Knowledge of the occurrence of humeral head of biceps brachii may facilitate preoperative diagnosis as well as the surgical procedures of the upper limb thus avoiding iatrogenic injuries.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
This presentation is the first series of the MR imaging of Knee.
In this presentation MRI anatomy has been discussed. As we all know good knowledge of medical imaging three dimensional anatomy is key for good reporting.
Hope we all get benifitted.
Suggestions are most welcome
Seminar presentation on arterial supply of human head & neck - carotid artery, maxillary artery, ophthalmic artery
post-graduate level
MDS- oral & maxillofacial surgery
Visit my Blog for more on Dentistry and Medicine :
http://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/
Free Download e Books,PPT's and Lecture notes
Contents
Knee Joint anatomy with Diagrams
Anatomical Components of Knee
Anatomy of Patella
Innervations of the Knee
Knee Movements
Osteoarthritis in the Knee
Management of Disorders in Knee joint
Rectus sternalis muscle is a rare morphological variation of the musculature of the anterior abdominal wall. A unilateral right sided Rectus sternalis muscle was found during routine dissection of a 55 years old female cadaver with hefty built at Department of Rachana Sharir, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Hassan, Karnataka. The muscle was present in right hemithorax, superficial to right pectoralis major muscle. The cranial parts of the muscle was attached into manubrium sterni and sternocleidomastoid muscles while the caudal part was attached into 5th and 6th costal cartilages just lateral to the right sternal margin. The knowledge of this uncommon variation will help the radiologists, physicians and surgeons in interventions and diagnostic procedures as the muscle may be confused for an abnormal lesion or mass. The muscle may be useful in plastic surgery for reconstruction purpose. This anomalous muscle in chest region will raise awareness about its possible presence in the body and its clinical importance. Dr. Surendra Chaudhary | Dr. Uma B. Gopal | Dr. Muteeba Naz | Dr. Jeevan Kumar Giri | Dr. Simi C. P. | Dr. Daiarisa Rymbai "Rectus Sternalis Muscle - A Rare Variant" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21348.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/21348/rectus-sternalis-muscle---a-rare-variant/dr-surendra-chaudhary
Biceps brachii is stated as one of the muscles that shows most frequent anatomical variations. Its most commonly reported anomaly is the presence of a third head arising from the humerus which is termed as Caput Accessorium ,therefore, detailed knowledge of this variation in different populations is important for surgical interventions of the arm, nerve compression syndromes and in unexplained pain syndromes in the arm or shoulder region. The goal of this study was to elucidate the incidence of this muscle in an adult U.P west population. Upper extremities of the total of 50 cadavers were dissected and studied for the presence of accessory heads of the biceps brachii muscle. The incidence of humeral head of biceps brachii was found to be 6%. In all cases, it was found unilaterally and only in male subjects. Knowledge of the occurrence of humeral head of biceps brachii may facilitate preoperative diagnosis as well as the surgical procedures of the upper limb thus avoiding iatrogenic injuries.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
This presentation is the first series of the MR imaging of Knee.
In this presentation MRI anatomy has been discussed. As we all know good knowledge of medical imaging three dimensional anatomy is key for good reporting.
Hope we all get benifitted.
Suggestions are most welcome
Seminar presentation on arterial supply of human head & neck - carotid artery, maxillary artery, ophthalmic artery
post-graduate level
MDS- oral & maxillofacial surgery
Visit my Blog for more on Dentistry and Medicine :
http://dentistryandmedicine.blogspot.com/
Free Download e Books,PPT's and Lecture notes
Contents
Knee Joint anatomy with Diagrams
Anatomical Components of Knee
Anatomy of Patella
Innervations of the Knee
Knee Movements
Osteoarthritis in the Knee
Management of Disorders in Knee joint
— Profunda femoris artery and its branches are extensively used in different diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Knowledge about the anatomical variations is important to prevent iatrogenic complications. During routine dissection for teaching medical graduates, a variant vascular pattern of lateral circumflex femoral arteries was observed in an adult cadaver. The Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery was found to be arising directly from the Femoral Artery on its posterior aspect, 7.0 cm distal to the inguinal ligament on the left side.
Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristics of Diese...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
— Profunda femoris artery and its branches are extensively used in different diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Knowledge about the anatomical variations is important to prevent iatrogenic complications. During routine dissection for teaching medical graduates, a variant vascular pattern of lateral circumflex femoral arteries was observed in an adult cadaver. The Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery was found to be arising directly from the Femoral Artery on its posterior aspect, 7.0 cm distal to the inguinal ligament on the left side.
Experimental Investigation of Performance & Emission Characteristics of Diese...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Damping Of Composite Material Structures with Riveted JointsIJMER
Vibration and noise reduction are crucial in maintaining high performance level and
prolonging the useful life of machinery, automobiles, aerodynamic and spacecraft structures. It is
observed that damping in materials occur due to energy release due to micro-slips along frictional
interfaces and due to varying strain regions and interaction between the metals. But it was found
that the damping effect in metals is quite small that it can be neglected. Damping in metals is due to
the micro-slips along frictional interfaces. Composites, however, have better damping properties
than structural metals and cannot be neglected. Typically, the range of composite damping begins
where the best damped metal stops.In the present work, theoretical analysis was done on various
polymer matrix composite (glass fibre polyesters) with riveted joints by varying initial conditions.
Strain energy loss was calculated to calculate the damping in composites. Using FEA model, load
variation w.r.t time was observed and the strain energy loss calculated was utilised in finding the
material damping for Carbon fibre epoxy with riveted joints. Various simulations were performed in
ANSYS and these results were utilised to calculate the loss factor, Rayleigh‘s damping constants
and logarithmic decrement.
Hybrid Photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems more effectively converts solar energy into electrical energy. Two sources of energy are used one of the energy is solar,that converts radiant light into electrical energy and heat energy which will convert heat into electricity.Photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric modules are used to capture and convert the energy into electricity.Furthermore solar-thermoelectric hybrid system is environmental friendly and has no harmful emissions.Solar-thermoelectric hybrid system increases the overall reliability without sacrificing the quality of power generated.In this paper an overview of the previous research and development of technological advancement in the solar-thermoelectric hybrid systems is presented.
Greedy – based Heuristic for OSC problems in Wireless Sensor NetworksIJMER
This paper contains optimize set coverage problem in wireless sensor networks with adaptable sensing range. Communication and sensing consume energy, so efficient power management can extended the network lifetime. In this paper we consider a enormous number of sensors with adaptable sensing range that are randomly positioned to monitor a number of targets. Every single target may be redundantly covered by various sensors. For preserving energy resources we organize sensors in sets stimulated successively. In this paper we introduce the Optimize Set Coverage (OSC) problem that has in unbiased finding with an extreme number of set covers in which every sensor node to be activated is connected to the base station. A sensor can be participated in various sensor sets, but the overall energy consumed in all groups is forced by the primary energy reserves. We show that the OSC problem is NP-complete and we propose the solutions: an integer programming for OSC problem, a linear programming for OSC problem with greedy approach, and a distributed and localized heuristic. Simulation results are presented and validated to our approaches.
A Study on Mathematical Statistics to Evaluate Relationship between AttributesIJMER
The goodness of fit of a statistical model describes how well it fits a set of observations. Measures of
goodness of fit typically summarize the discrepancy between observed values and the values expected under the
model in question. Such measures can be used in statistical hypothesis testing, e.g. to test for normality of
residuals, to test whether two samples are drawn from identical distributions (see Kolmogorov–Smirnov test), or
whether outcome frequencies follow a specified distribution (see Pearson's chi-squared test).
Management operation system techniques (MOST) replaces PERT and CPM in constr...IJMER
The Management Operation System Technique (MOST) invented in 1961, replaces PERT and
CPM on construction projects and in program management. Since its inception, MOST has gained
popularity and is now widely used in both large and small construction projects. Its use has been
equally effective on projects ranging from several thousand dollars to $193 million so far. It is a
combination of several traditional and modern planning techniques like bar chart, Gantt chart, CPM
and PERT. The advantages of these have been extracted and disadvantages have been eliminated. Few
of the advantages are: it is very helpful for repetitive works in both real and infrastructure projects and
uses backward integration which helps in knowing the ground realities very easily. It gives the project
manager visibility and identifies potential trouble areas requiring management action. This paper deals
with application of MOST for construction activities of a 25 Kms Road project and drawing of MOST
schedules. In the end the limitations of MOST are mentioned
In the present paper , we introduce and study the concept of gr- Ti- space (for i =0,1,2) and
obtain the characterization of gr –regular space , gr- normal space by using the notion of gr-open
sets. Further, some of their properties and results are discussed.
Analysis and Performance evaluation of Traditional and Hierarchal Sensor NetworkIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
Interstellar Communication Theories and its PossibilitiesIJMER
This paper reviews and discusses the research dimensions in four dimensional time travel and
time dependencies of future and past on the basis of present. The paper investigates the theories that
support time travel in any manner and explore possibilities based on them for interstellar communication
In the recent years, large scale information transfer by remote computing and the development
of massive storage and retrieval systems have witnessed a tremendous growth. To cope up with the
growth in the size of databases, additional storage devices need to be installed and the modems and
multiplexers have to be continuously upgraded in order to permit large amounts of data transfer between
computers and remote terminals. This leads to an increase in the cost as well as equipment. One solution
to these problems is “COMPRESSION” where the database and the transmission sequence can be
encoded efficiently. In this we investigated for optimum wavelet, optimum level, and optimum scaling
factor.
Improving the Stability of Cascaded DC Power Supply System by Adaptive Active...IJMER
When all links are changes in the cascade is the corner of the shape in the dc division
energy orbit (DEO). When resistances are intermission betwixt one by one stylish changes in that
would possibly end up so the cascaded orbits are unsteady. They are antecedent we can place in a
nearer to the useful in the cascaded orbit can be got in compelled to vary the supply they have load
changes in the internal structure of the same regions in the electrical device they can be opposed in
a quality of the characteristic of dc DEO. Throughout the Associate in nursing adaptation active
device in the (AACC) we can know another determined in the cascaded orbit. Therefore the AACC
was connected by side by side in the cascaded orbit’s they can mediate in between the carries and
completely a requirement of a notice then they carries the voltage with none modification in this
subsystems. Then it will have a stylish to the customary have basic units to measuring in the dc
DEO. When the AACC is additionally a similar bus device to cut back the output resistance of the
supply device, therefore averting in a interiority have their load changes in the input resistance, of
the cascaded orbit have their solutions then they becomes constant. We have important carrier
device it will computing in the AACC adaptation in line with they have output energy to the
cascaded orbit, they have energy vesting in the AACC that’s way they will reduced and therefore
they have a lot of energy in a reacting to the orbit so it is a best in the orbit of a submissive device.
What\'s many, since no capacitance have a requirement among an AACC, when the cascaded orbits
have their quantity of it slowly it will extend in time. They have activity fundamental truth to stop
their magnificence thought in the AACC are mentioned throughout of this project, it can have four
thousand eight hundred and zero watts cascaded orbit was contain a strive of process to move in a
full-bridge changes they can be styli shed and evaluated. So when the simulation solutions have to
clear the performance of the arrangement of AACC.
Taguchi Analysis of Erosion Wear Maize Husk Based Polymer CompositeIJMER
Amids the growing concern on environmental issues, science is seeking various alternatives to replace the synthetic and non degradable fibers composites with environment friendly biocomposites of comparable characteristics and performance. Visualizing the importance of polymer composites and owing to issue of ecological concerns, this experiment is an attempt to further investigate possibility of bio composites (Particularly maize husk) as an alternative of available synthetic polymer composites. Taking one leap forward the experiment also approximate qualities the effect of individual parameters on erosion by the application of Taguchi Technique. Experimental system were devised and designed to study the erosion rate of maize husk fiber Reinforced Polymer composites at various impingement angles, with profound variables such as particle velocity, fiber content, and particle size (erodent size) To cast the composite epoxy Resin LY 556 with corresponding hardener HY 551 was used. The erodent size was in range of it irregular shape. The tribological performance of sheets was investigated in respect to set of various variable parameters as suggested by L16 series of Taguchi Techniques. The morphological feature before and after the experiments were studies using SEM.
An Efficient System for Traffic Control in Networks Using Virtual Routing Top...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Plantaris muscleThe plantaris is one of the superficial muscles of.pdfaparnawatchcompany
Plantaris muscle
The plantaris is one of the superficial muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg,
one of the fascial compartments of the leg.
It is composed of a thin muscle belly and a long thin tendon. While not as thick as the achilles
tendon, the plantaris tendon (which tends to be between 30 and 45 cm in length) is the longest
tendon in the human body. Not including the tendon, the plantaris muscle is approximately 5–10
cm long and is absent in 8-12% of the population. It is one of the plantar flexors in the posterior
compartment of the leg, along with the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. The plantaris is
considered an unimportant muscle and mainly acts with the gastrocnemius.
Function]
The plantaris acts to weakly plantar flex the ankle joint and flex the knee joint.
The plantaris muscle may also provide proprioceptive feedback information to the central
nervous system regarding the position of the foot. The unusually high density of proprioceptive
receptor end organs supports this notion. Its motor function is so minimal that its long tendon can
readily be harvested for reconstruction elsewhere with little functional deficit. Often mistaken for
a nerve by new medical students (and thus called the \"freshman nerve\"), the muscle was useful
to other primatesfor grasping with their feet.[citation needed]
Clinical significance
A common injury that is normally attributed to the plantaris muscle is a condition called tennis
leg. Although pain in the calf can be attributed to a rupture of the plantaris muscle, recent
ultrasound research has shown that tennis leg more commonly arises from tears in the
musculotendinous junction of the medial gastrocnemius. In one clinical study, 94 out of 141
patients (66.7%) diagnosed with tennis leg were found with a partial rupture of the
gastrocnemius muscle while rupture of the plantaris tendon was only seen in 2 patients (1.4%)
Injury may occur from running, jumping, or pushing off one leg as in sports such as tennis,
basketball and soccer which require quick foot movement in a certain direction. Isolated plantaris
muscle strains are rare and ruptures normally occur in concurrence with injury to other muscles
in the posterior compartment of the lower leg. Symptoms of a plantaris muscle rupture may
include an audible popping sound in the area during physical activity, swelling, pain in the
posterior side of the lower leg, and persistent soreness. It may also be painful when trying to flex
the ankle
Anatomy of plantaris muscle: a study in adult Indians.
Abstract
AIM:
The plantaris muscle (PM) and its tendon is subject to considerable variation in both the points of
origin and of insertion. The present study was carried out to fi nd the different types of origin,
insertion and possible variations of the PM in the population of southern costal region of India.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
52 embalmed (Formalin fixed) cadaver lower limbs of 26 males (age ranged 48-79 years, mean
age 68 years) we.
USMLE MSK L011 Lower 09 Anatomical regions of lower limb.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The lower limb is divided into several anatomical regions, each with its own set of bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. Understanding these regions is essential for studying the anatomy and function of the lower extremity. These anatomical regions collectively contribute to the overall structure and function of the lower limb, allowing for various movements, weight- bearing, and activities such as walking, running, and standing. Studying the anatomy of the lower limb is crucial for healthcare professionals, anatomists, and individuals in fields such as orthopedics, sports medicine, and physical therapy.
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research...iosrphr_editor
IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR), www.iosrphr.org, call for paper, research paper publishing, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call for research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, call for paper 2012, journal of pharmacy, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, research and review articles, Pharmacy journal, International Journal of Pharmacy, hard copy of journal, hard copy of certificates, online Submission, where to publish research paper, journal publishing, international journal, publishing a paper
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One Prey
Aw2641054107
1. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4105-4107 ISSN: 2249-6645
Variant High Origin of the Posterior Tibial Artery
1
Dr.Sharadkumar Pralhad Sawant, 2Dr.Shaguphta T. Shaikh, 3Dr.Rakhi Milind More
1,2,3
Department of Anatomy, K.J.Somaiya Medical College, Somaiya Ayurvihar, Eastern Express Highway, Sion, Mumbai-
400 022.
ABSTRACT: During routine dissection for first MBBS students on 65 years donated embalmed male cadaver in the
Department of Anatomy, K.J.Somaiya Medical College, we observed the high origin of the posterior tibial artery from the
popliteal artery proximal to the popliteus muscle. The posterior tibial artery ran downward on the posterior surface of the
popliteus muscle. The anterior peroneotibial trunk distal to the tendinous arch of soleus muscle divides into the anterior
tibial and the peroneal arteries. The further course of anterior, posterior tibial and peroneal arteries was normal. The
photographs of the variations were taken for proper documentation and ready reference. There were no associated
neuromuscular variations found in same specimen. The right lower limb of the same cadaver was normal.
Conclusion: The arthroscopic knee surgery is a convenient and preferred surgical procedure. The knowledge of branching
pattern of popliteal artery is important for surgical interventions in the popliteal region in order to minimize the surgical
complications due to anatomical variations. Therefore the origin of the posterior tibial artery from the popliteal artery
proximal to the popliteus muscle is an important anatomical variation which should be kept in mind by the orthopaedicians
doing knee joint surgery and total knee arthroplasty, by the surgeons operating on aneurysms of popliteal artery and by the
radiologist performing angiographic study.
Keywords: Popliteal Artery, Anterior Tibial Artery, Popliteus Muscle, Posterior Peroneotibial Trunk, Posterior Tibial
Artery, Peroneal Artery, Tendinous Arch of Soleus, Orthopaedicians, Arthroscopic Knee Surgery, Radiologist, Angiographic
Study.
I. Introduction:
The popliteal artery is the continuation of the femoral artery. It begins at the level of hiatus magnus and ends at the
lower border of popliteal muscle by dividing into anterior tibial and posterior tibial arteries (1). The popliteus muscle is the
‘key muscle’ of the popliteal region. The popliteal artery may divide proximal to the lower border of popliteal muscle. This
is called as ’high division of the popliteal artery’. In high division, the anterior or posterior branch may arise at or above the
articular surface of the tibial plateau (2). When the popliteal artery divides any where proximal to the lower border of the
muscle, it is termed as ’high division of the popliteal artery’ (3). The anterior tibial artery runs downwards on the posterior
surface of the popliteus muscle and then it enters in to the anterior compartment of the leg through the oval space located at
the superior border of the interosseous membrane of the leg. There it travels on the anterior surface of the interosseous
membrane along with the deep peroneal nerve (1). The popliteal artery may divide proximal to the popliteus muscle into
anterior and posterior tibial arteries. The anterior tibial artery descends downward either anterior or posterior to the popliteus
muscle (1). The popliteal artery may terminate distal to the lower border of popliteus muscle which may interfere with the
reconstruction surgeries (4). The variations in the branching pattern of the popliteal artery increase the risk of vascular
trauma and unnecessary haemorrhage during arthroscopic surgery of knee joint. Preoperative diagnosis of variations in the
branching pattern of the popliteal artery may help to avoid excessive unwanted haemorrhage and unnecessary complications
during surgery (5). The knowledge of variations in the branching patter of the limb arteries are important for the success of
the arthroscopic surgeries.
II. Case Report:
During routine dissection for first MBBS students on 65 years donated embalmed male cadaver in the Department
of Anatomy, K.J.Somaiya Medical College, we observed the origin of the posterior tibial artery from the popliteal artery
proximal to the popliteus muscle. The popliteal artery immediately below the adductor hiatus terminated into the posterior
tibial artery and anterior perineotibial trunk. The termination level of the popliteal artery was proximal to the upper border of
the popliteus muscle. The posterior tibial artery ran downwards on the posterior surface of the popliteus muscle. It traveled
deep to the tendoneous arch of soleus muscle to enter into the posterior compartment of leg. The anterior perineotibial trunk
divided in to the anterior tibial and the peroneal arteries. The anterior tibial artery entered in to the anterior compartment of
the leg through the oval space located at the superior border of the interosseous membrane of leg. There it traveled
downwards on the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane along with the deep peroneal nerve. The rest of the course
of anterior, posterior tibial and peroneal arteries was normal. The photographs of the variations were taken for proper
documentation and ready reference. There were no associated neuromuscular variations found in same specimen. The right
lower limb of the same cadaver was normal.
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2. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
www.ijmer.com Vol.2, Issue.6, Nov-Dec. 2012 pp-4105-4107 ISSN: 2249-6645
Figure : The photographic presentation of the origin of the right posterior tibial artery from the popliteal artery proximal
to the popliteus muscle.
III. Discussion:
The variations in the branching pattern of the popliteal artery are common. The high level termination of the
popliteal artery in relation to the upper border of the popliteus muscle was grouped into 3 types by Adachi. In type I the
popliteal artery descended on the posterior surface of the popliteus muscle. The popliteal artery divides into the posterior
peroneotibial trunk and the anterior tibial artery. The posterior peroneotibial trunk further divides into the peroneal artery and
the posterior tibial artery. The diameter of the anterior tibial artery was equal to the popliteal artery or smaller than the
posterior peroneotibial trunk. In type II the popliteal artery descended on the posterior surface of the popliteus muscle. It was
divided into the posterior tibial artery and the anterior peroneotibial trunk. The diameter of the anterior peroneotibial trunk
was observed to be larger. The anterior peroneotibial trunk divided into the peroneal artery and anterior tibial artery at the
lower border of the popliteus muscle. In type III the popliteal artery terminated into the anterior tibial artery and posterior
peroneotibial trunk at the upper border of the popliteus muscle. The anterior tibial artery ran downward in between the
anterior surface of the popliteus muscle and the posterior surface of the tibia. The posterior peroneotibial trunk ran on the
posterior surface of the popliteus muscle. The posterior peroneotibial trunk divided into the peroneal artery and posterior
tibial artery distal to the tendinous arch of soleus muscle (2). The variation in the termination of popliteal artery observed in
the present case is not documented in literature. In the present case the posterior tibial artery originated from the popliteal
artery proximal to the popliteus muscle. The diameter of the anterior peroneotibial trunk was observed to be larger. The
anterior peroneotibial trunk divided into the peroneal artery and anterior tibial artery at the lower border of the popliteus
muscle. But in Adachi’s type II, the popliteal artery did not divided proximal to the popliteus muscle. The high origin of
anterior tibial artery at or above the level of the articular surface of the tibial plateau is documented in literature (6, 7, 8, 9).
Another radiological study of the femoral angiograms on 495 lower extremities was performed to view the tibial arterial
anatomy, and found that 7.8% of the cases revealed variations (4). Normally the diameter of the posterior tibial artery is
more than the diameter of the peroneal artery, but in present case the diameter of the peroneal artery was more than the
diameter of the posterior tibial artery which is similar to the study of Ozgur et al (8). It was reported in previous studies that
the course of anterior tibial artery could either be from the anterior or posterior surface of the popliteus muscle (6, 7, 10). The
course of anterior tibial artery on the anterior surface of the popliteus muscle was observed in 1-2.1% of the cases (2, 3, 5, 7,
9, 10). The course of anterior tibial artery on the posterior surface of the popliteus muscle was observed in 40% of the cases.
In present case the course of posterior tibial artery on the posterior surface of the popliteus muscle was observed.
Clinicians and radiologists have defined a different terminology of the popliteal artery and its main branches in popliteal
surgery. The anterior tibial artery was defined as the tibial-fibular trunk as soon as it branched from the popliteal artery (6).
The tibial arteries were referred to as anterior or posterior peroneotibial trunk depending upon the origin of the peroneal
artery (2). In the present case the peroneal artery arises from the anterior tibial artery and hence the anterior tibial artery is
defined as the tibial – fibular trunk.
IV. Conclusion:
The arthroscopic knee surgery is a convenient and preferred surgical procedure. The knowledge of branching
pattern of the popliteal artery is important for surgical interventions in the popliteal region in order to minimize the surgical
complications due to anatomical variations. Therefore the origin of the posterior tibial artery from the popliteal artery
proximal to the popliteus muscle is an important anatomical variation which should be kept in mind by the orthopaedicians
doing knee joint surgery and total knee arthroplasty, by the surgeons operating on aneurysms of popliteal artery and by the
radiologists performing angiographic study. These variations are compared with the earlier data & it is concluded that
variations in branching pattern of the popliteal artery are a rule rather than an exception.
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Competing Interests:
The authors declare that they have no competing interest.
Authors' contributions:
SPS wrote the case report, performed the literature review & obtained the photograph for the study. RMM performed the
literature search and assisted with writing the paper. STS conceived the study and helped to draft the manuscript. All authors
have read and approved the final version manuscript.
V. Acknowledgement:
All the authors wish to convey thanks to Dr. Arif A. Faruqui for his valuable support. We are also thankful to Mr.
M. Murugan. Authors also acknowledge the immense help received from the scholars whose articles are cited and included
in references of this manuscript. The authors are also grateful to authors / editors / publishers of all those articles, journals
and books from where the literature for this article has been reviewed and discussed.
References:
1. Standring S, ed. Gray’s Anatomy. 40th Ed., London, Churchill Livingstone. 2008; 1408, 1424.
2. Adachi B. Das Arteriensystem der Japaner, band 2. Kyoto, Kenkyusha. 1928; 198–201.
3. Lippert H, Pabst R. Arterial variations in man: classification and frequency. Munchen, J. F. Bergman Verlag. 1985; 62.
4. Kim D, Orron DE, Skillman JJ. Surgical significance of popliteal arterial variants. A unified angiographic
classification. Ann. Surg. 1989; 210: 776–781.
5. Klecker RJ, Winalski CS, Aliabadi P, Minas T. The aberrant anterior tibial artery: magnetic resonance appearance,
prevalence, and surgical implications. Am J Sports Med. 2008; 36: 720–727.
6. Day CP, Orme R. Popliteal artery branching patterns -- an angiographic study. Clin Radiol. 2006; 61: 696–699.
7. Kil SW, Jung GS. Anatomical variations of the popliteal artery and its tibial branches: analysis in 1242 extremities.
Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2009; 32: 233–240.
8. Ozgur Z, Ucerler H, Aktan Ikiz ZA. Branching patterns of the popliteal artery and its clinical importance. Surg Radiol
Anat. 2009; 31: 357–362.
9. Tindall AJ, Shetty AA, James KD, Middleton A, Fernando KW. Prevalence and surgical significance of a high-origin
anterior tibial artery. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2006; 14: 13–16.
10. Trotter M. The level of termination of the popliteal artery in the white and the Negro. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1940; 27:
109–118.
Corresponding author full mailing address: - Dr.Sharadkumar Pralhad Sawant, 25/2, Samrat Ashok Nagar
Society, Shell Colony Road, Chembur, Mumbai – 400 071, Maharashtra, India.
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