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Nanotechnology as Energy Source
- 3. Provides multitude of approaches to energy saving Viewed as crucial technology for technological advancement and novelties in all branches of economy States the target-oriented mechanical application of objects and structures in a size in the range of 1 and 100 nm
- 4. “Nano” is a Greek word which means “dwarf” One nanometre refers to one-billionth of a meter One nanometre is about 3 atoms long 1nm= 10-9 Nanotechnology. SNF. Retrieved 4-12-2014, from http://snf.stanford.edu/Education/Nanotechnology.SNF.web.pdf
- 5. 1 cm/10= 1 mm 1mm/10= 100 µm 100µm/100= 1µm 1µm/10= 100nm 100nm/100= 1nm Nanotechnology. SNF. Retrieved 4-12-2014, from http://snf.stanford.edu/Education/Nanotechnology.SNF.web.pdf
- 7. “Building and expending objects, devices, items and machines at the nanometre scale, making use of distinctive properties that arise as a result of small dimensions that occur at that small scale”
- 8. Following three things are included in nanotechnology: Small size, measured in 100s of manometers or less Unique properties because of the small size Control of structure & composition on the nm scale in order to control the properties
- 9. Because they are: Faster Lighter Cheaper Can get into small spaces Energy efficient Develop unique properties at small scale
- 10. Properties of materials change at nanoscale because of: Quantum mechanical effects Ratio of surface area-to-volume of structure increases
- 12. Have tiny size, incredible surface area per unit mass, light weight and are very strong Have found applications in field of electronics, coatings, fuel cells, water filters composites, drugs cancer detection and treatment etc. M. Krause. Introduction to nanotechnology. Veritox. Retrieved 4-12-2014, from https://www.aiha.org/aihce07/handouts/rt201krause.pdf
- 14. Batteries store electrical energy In rechargeable batteries chemical process is reversible Batteries are important in many areas • transport • portable electronics • medical devices • power tools • Storage of electricity produced by irregular renewable sources
- 15. Batteries are made from layers of different materials which enable the electrochemical storage of electricity M.Ahmed, W.A.Khan, F.Mahmood and M.Waqas Arif. Harvesting the potential of nanotechnology in renewable energy.
- 16. Find materials suitable for use as electrodes have high surface area Allows charge to flow more freely Resulting in higher capacity and shorter charge/discharge cycles Safety of batteries an important concern Replace liquid electrolytes Can rupture the cell when overheated
- 17. Nanostructured materials increase surface area for electrolyte materials Nanoparticles enhance the conductivity reduce the chance of a short circuit
- 18. Electrodes Several types of nanomaterial allow for higher storage densities of lithium than standard metal or graphite electrodes Carbon-coated silicon nanowires Carbon nanotubes Layered, nanostructured vanadium oxide and manganese oxide
- 19. Electrolyte Nanoparticles added to solid polymer gel Enhance the conductivity and storage capacity Solid ceramics have high temperature resistance high-stress applications like large vehicles
- 20. Coating the electrode’s surface with nanoparticles, nanowires, or other nanostructures Develops anodes with a greater density of locations to which lithium ions can attach Increases the number of stored ions increases the stored electrical power Changing the atoms to which the lithium bonds Changes the electrochemical reaction gives more energy, increasing the power
- 21. Converts a fuel directly into electricity in an electrochemical reaction Limitations of fuel cells Expensive materials such as platinum are needed for the electrode catalysts Fuels other than hydrogen can cause fouling of the electrodes Hydrogen is costly and difficult to store
- 22. Use platinum nanoparticles instead of solid platinum surface increases efficiency, and allows much less metal to be used Support platinum nanoparticles on a porous surface further increases the accessibility of the platinum surfaces
- 24. Convert kinetic energy into mechanical energy Uses a source to power a generator, without the harmful emissions Use wind to generate electricity
- 25. Blades on the wind turbine Kinetic energy from the wind Mechanical energy Turn a shaft in a generator Generate electricity M.Ahmed, W.A.Khan, S.Hassan and Z.Ahmed. Improving wind turbine performance using nanomaterials.
- 26. Distribution problem Variation in wind speed Power control Life, weight, power losses and efficiency
- 27. Nanocomposite materials with excellent strength-to weight and stiffness-to-weight ratios enable construction of longer more robust blades Low-friction coatings and nanolubricants provide means to reduce energy losses in gearboxes and thus further increase efficiency Carbon nanotubes developed to make blades stronger and lighter improving energy efficiency Nanopaints used to increase wind turbines life time
- 28. WIND TURBINE PROBLEMS SOLUTIONS WITH NANOTECHNOLOGY Ice buildup on blades and sensors Non wetable surface, treatment: Degussa Micro-porosity of fiberglass which reduce porosity to prevent ice build up Dirt build up on blades Self-cleaning surfaces, TIO2 nano-coating Damage to blades Use protective coating e.g. non scratch surfaces Reliability of rotating machine and replacing worn out components Nano lubricant for improved wear resistance at all temperatures and pressures Hydraulic system leaks Novel sealants based on Nano-composite Start up and orientation requires grid power Carbon nanotubes as fuel storage
- 29. Promising form of energy storage Process is efficient Exhaust gas produced is pure water Nanotechnology can help by using nanomaterials at reduced cost
- 30. Solar water splitting considered as most effective and cleanest way Solar energy directly produce hydrogen thereby making the fuel efficient alternative to batteries for storing clean energy M.Ahmed, W.A.Khan. M.S.Anjum and Z.Ahmed. application of nanotechnology in hydrogen generation and storage.
- 31. Safe and practical storage of hydrogen a major barrier to widespread use of the fuel Storing hydrogen as a compressed gas or liquid requires extremely high pressures results in expensive tanks and risks of leaks or explosions
- 32. The production of hydrogen gas requires a large amount of energy Storage of hydrogen gas an issue, as it is highly flammable in its free gaseous form
- 33. Ti02 Electrons Holes Reduce water to form H2 Oxidize water to form O2 on the TiO2 electrode Sun Radiations
- 34. Particle size becomes small Distance that photo-generated electrons and holes have to migrate to reaction sites on surface become short Decrease in the recombination probability Increase in the photo-catalytic activity Nano size particles are used
- 35. Nanoparticles which are titanium dioxide, a common white pigment in its bulk form have strong photo catalytic activity i.e. the ability to use the energy from sunlight to decompose molecules Mostly applied to self- cleaning surfaces
- 36. The key is : To find a material which has controllable hydrogen affinity Absorb and release full capacity of fuel in shortest time possible In 2011, scientists at Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory developed a composite material composed of magnesium nanoparticles embedded in a flexible organic polymer matrix. M.Ahmed, W.A.Khan. M.S.Anjum and Z.Ahmed. application of nanotechnology in hydrogen generation and storage.
- 38. Effect of nanoparticles on heat capacity of Nanofluids based on molten salts as PCM for thermal energy storage • Main aim is to develop a nanofluid with a phase change behavior by adding different kinds of nanoparticles • Study of nanofluid thermal characteristics: • Thermal conductivity • Thermal capacity
- 39. PREPARATION OF NANOFLUIDS A binary salt; a mixture of NaNO3 and KNO3 is prepared Selected nanoparticles silica, alumina, titania and a mixture of silica- alumina Measurements on thermophysical properties were performed by differential scanning calorimetry analysis The dispersion of the nanoparticles was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
- 40. RESULT OF THE STUDY High thermal capacity and high thermal conductivity Increase in the specific heat of 15% to 57% in the solid phase and of 1% to 22% in the liquid phase The nanofluids (phase change materials) are gaining importance in many fields solar energy power plants Solar heating and cooling systems energy efficiency buildings waste heat recovery systems
- 41. Use of Nanotechnology in Solar PV Cell Extensively use of nanotechnology in increasing the efficiency of solar cells by using: Nano-sized particles Carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) Semiconductor Quantum dots (QDs)
- 42. NANO-SIZED PARTICLES In solar cells, bulk silicon is converted into discrete, nano-sized particles These particles will show distinct colors depending upon their sizes Films of 1 nm blue fluorescent Films of 2.85 nm red fluorescent silicon nanoparticles They produce large voltage enhancements with improved power performance
- 43. CARBON NANO-TUBES (CNTS) Incorporated to a titanium oxide nanoparticles-based solar cells Provide a direct route i.e. the escape route to the electrons moving toward electrodes Collect these electrons and show them a distinct path (red line shown in the figure below)
- 44. Semiconductor Quantum Dots (QDs) Are tiny semiconductor crystals Have the potential to convert the high energy photons present in the incident light into multiple electrons. Usually produce three electrons when every photon of sunlight hits the dots
- 46. Algae carbohydrates can be converted into ethanol or they may be gasified into bio-gas However they pose various challenges Such challenges can be met with nanotechnology Algae have been successfully turned into biogases with the incorporation of nanocatalysts M. Kinman. 2009. QuantumSphere Awarded Research Grant to Turn Algae Into Biofuels. Market wired. Retrieved 4-12-2014, from http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/quantumsphere-awarded-research-grant-to-turn-algae-into-biofuels-1242512.htm
- 47. https://www.jyu.fi/fysiikka/en/research/material/compns/resear ch/index_html/supported.jpg Heterogeneous catalysts that are fragmented into metal nanoparticles so as to speed up the catalytic process. They have an increased surface area They can be easily separated & recycled
- 48. M. Kinman. 2009. QuantumSphere Awarded Research Grant to Turn Algae Into Biofuels. Market wired. Retrieved 4-12-2014, from http://www.marketwired.com/press-release/quantumsphere-awarded-research-grant-to-turn-algae-into-biofuels-1242512.htm
- 49. Base-catalyzed transesterification reacts lipids with alcohol to produce biodiesel The nanocatalyst spheres are used to replace the commonly used sodium methoxide as base catalyst The process is: Economical and recyclable, reacting at mild temperatures and pressures producing cleaner biodiesel greatly reducing water consumption and environmental contaminants
- 50. BiogàsPlus involves application of nanotechnology to improve biogas production The controlled introduction of iron oxide nanoparticles in organic waste treatment can increase the production of biogas up to 3 times Iron oxide nanoparticles feed the bacteria Enhance biological efficacy 2014. Nanoparticle technology triples the production of biogas. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Retrieved 4-12-2014, from http://www.uab.cat/web/newsroom/news-detail/nanoparticle-technology-triples-the-production-of-biogas-- 1345668003610.html?noticiaid=1345676996458
- 51. • Move in the human body through inhalation • can deposit in human lungs • reduces the ability of alveolar macrophages to clean off foreign particles. • can lead to various respiratory inflammation and tissue damage • Insignificant penetration of TiO2 nanoparticles through the skin layer.