The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plate under Transverse Load for Vari...IOSR Journals
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are one of the most widely used materials in various
applications because of their adaptability to different situations by changing the material constituents as per the
requirement. Most structural components used in the field of engineering can be classified as beams, plates, or
shells for analysis purposes. In the present study the power law, sigmoid and exponential distribution is
considered for the volume fraction distributions of the functionally graded plates. The work includes parametric
studies performed by varying volume fraction distributions and boundary conditions. Also static analysis of
functionally gradient material plate is carried out by sigmoid law and verified with the published results. The
convergence study of the results is optimized by changing the mesh size and layer size. Power law and
exponential law are applied for the same material and set of conditions.
Stress Analysis of Functionally Graded Disc Brake Subjected To Mechanical Loa...IJMER
In this thesis, analytical investigation is to be done for functionally graded disc brake
subjected to internal pressure. Different models of the disc brake are considered i.e. disc brake with 40,
50 and 60 holes. In this thesis, comparison is to be done by varying materials for disc brake, the materials
are Cast Iron, FGM 1(Al2O3-Al) and FGM 2 (Zr-Al). FGM’s are considered for material variation profile
through the thickness for k =2, k =4 and k =6 .Theoretical calculations are done to calculate the material
properties for each layer up to 10 layers for FGM’s. Structural analysis and thermal analysis are done on
the three models by varying materials. 3D modeling is to be done in Pro/Engineer and analysis is to be
done in Ansys 14.5.
Analysis of Functionally Graded Material Plate under Transverse Load for Vari...IOSR Journals
Functionally gradient materials (FGM) are one of the most widely used materials in various
applications because of their adaptability to different situations by changing the material constituents as per the
requirement. Most structural components used in the field of engineering can be classified as beams, plates, or
shells for analysis purposes. In the present study the power law, sigmoid and exponential distribution is
considered for the volume fraction distributions of the functionally graded plates. The work includes parametric
studies performed by varying volume fraction distributions and boundary conditions. Also static analysis of
functionally gradient material plate is carried out by sigmoid law and verified with the published results. The
convergence study of the results is optimized by changing the mesh size and layer size. Power law and
exponential law are applied for the same material and set of conditions.
Stress Analysis of Functionally Graded Disc Brake Subjected To Mechanical Loa...IJMER
In this thesis, analytical investigation is to be done for functionally graded disc brake
subjected to internal pressure. Different models of the disc brake are considered i.e. disc brake with 40,
50 and 60 holes. In this thesis, comparison is to be done by varying materials for disc brake, the materials
are Cast Iron, FGM 1(Al2O3-Al) and FGM 2 (Zr-Al). FGM’s are considered for material variation profile
through the thickness for k =2, k =4 and k =6 .Theoretical calculations are done to calculate the material
properties for each layer up to 10 layers for FGM’s. Structural analysis and thermal analysis are done on
the three models by varying materials. 3D modeling is to be done in Pro/Engineer and analysis is to be
done in Ansys 14.5.
In this paper we have analyzed the stress distribution over a rectangular specimen
with hybrid composite material at its central hole. Using Vacuum bag technique the
material has been fabricated and it consists of carbon and glass fiber with epoxy. The
cross ply lamina arrangement with alternate carbon and glass has increased the
strength of the structure. This is because carbon properties are high compared to
glass. The cutouts made in typical aircraft and automobile components reduce the
weight and bulking load carrying capacity of the aircraft according to the weight
reduction law. Three specimens were used to carry out experimental investigations as
per ASTM D5766 in the universal testing machine. We have analyzed and compared
the results of the stress concentration in the rectangular specimen with a hole using
FEA
ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE FIELD IN A COMPOSITE FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIAL PLA...IJAMSE Journal
A finite element model is constructed to analyze the effects of steady state temperature field on FGM layer
thickness. The first-order shear deformation model is exploited to investigate the uncoupled thermal
behavior of functionally graded plates in Abacus environment. The continuum is divided into 540 elements
and 541 nodes using two node linear elements. The results show that the temperature distribution in the
composite plate is more reasonable with increase in the thickness of FGM layer. The comparison with the
non-graded two layered composite plate, the temperature field of the Zirconia/FGM/Aluminum three
layered composite plate is in the form of a curve but in case of non-graded two layered composite plate the
temperature field is in the form of inclined straight line with sharp bend at the interface of metal and
ceramic phase.
The present investigation deals with the static analysis of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint in laminated FRP composites subjected to transverse loading using three-dimensional theory of elasticity based finite element method. Many researchers studied the influences of various parameters on the failure behaviour on the composites. In those studies, the typical bonding parameters are surface conditions, fillet, bond line thickness, and environmental conditions. In the present study the stresses and deformation characteristics of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint made of generally and especially orthotropic laminates (FRP) subjected to transverse loading for the three different adhesive angles, three different adhesive thicknesses with different fibre angle orientations, i.e. the adhesive angles from 350 to 450 increased in steps of 50. The variation in stresses and deflection are studied when the fibre angle orientation is varied from 00 to 900 in steps of 150. The adhesive thickness varies from 0.05 to 0.15 insteps of 0.05mm. In all the above cases stresses and displacements at various locations are evaluated for the static boundary conditions
Structural Integrity Analysis: Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties of MaterialsIgor Kokcharov
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The third chapter explains the engineering tests and fundamentals of mechanical properties of materials.
Effect of lamination angle on maximum deflection of simply supported composit...RAVI KUMAR
In this project a composite laminated beam is studied with glass-epoxy and graphite-epoxy combination. The beam is composed of four layers of different combination of composite material (glass epoxy and graphite epoxy composite). The beam is simply supported at both the ends and is subjected to uniformly distributed load along the length. Transverse deflection is computed for different lamination angle (0^0-〖90〗^0) by using Euler- Bernoulli’s theory (or CLPT). Maximum transverse deflection analysis is carried out using derived analytical expressions. The research carried out in this project will enable to determine the beam strength due to bending loads. The importance of fibre reinforcement in the manufacturing of the beam is studied in terms of bending strength of the beam. MATLAB codes are generated to implement analytical expiations of the composite beam.
The main objective of the paper is to find out the lamination angle at which minimum deflection is obtained & to find out the effect of lamination angle on maximum transverse deflection of the beam.
Grain refinement, which is obtained by changing the size of grain structure by different techniques, is a preferred method to improve simultaneously the strength and plasticity of metallic materials.
The presentation involves "Principles of Equal-channel Angular Pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement", its applications and advantages in the field of technology and research.
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The chapter 9 explains the engineering fundamentals of composite materials and structures. Copyright 2013 Igor Kokcharov, Andrey Burov
Analysis of Thermal Buckling of Ceramic-Metal Functionally Graded Plates Usin...IJERA Editor
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are microscopically inhomogeneous spatial composite materials,
typically composed of a ceramic-metal or ceramic-polymer pair of materials. Therefore, it is important to
investigate the behaviors of engineering structures such as beams and plates made from FGMs when they are
subjected to thermal loads for appropriate design. Therefore, using an improved third order shear deformation
theory (TSDT) based on more rigorous kinetics of displacements to predict the behaviors of functionally graded
plates is expected to be more suitable than using other theories. In this paper, the improved TSDT is used to
investigate thermal buckling of functionally graded plates.
Temperature dependent material property solutions are adopted to investigate thermal buckling results of
functionally graded plates. To obtain the solutions, the Ritz method using polynomial and trigonometric
functions for defining admissible displacements and rotations is applied to solve the governing equations.
In the present work, static and free vibration response of functionally graded beam
is investigated under thermal environment using Finite Element method (FEM). The
functionally graded (FG) material beam is considered to be composed of various
material combinations like metal/metal, metal/ceramic and ceramic/ceramic. The
material properties of the beam are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction
according to a simple power law distribution. The deflection and mode shapes of the
FG beams are obtained for Clamped-Free, Clamped-Clamped and Simply Supported
boundary conditions under both mechanical and thermal load. Numerical results are
obtained for the model in ANSYS software to show the influence of grading of materials,
material constituents, boundary conditions, volume fraction and temperature
conditions on the response of the FG beams
REVIEW ON ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE CYLINDERijiert bestjournal
The steady state creep in Al- SiCP composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure was investigated. The creep
behavior of the material was described by threshold stress based creep law by assuming a stress exponent of 5.
The effect of size and content of the reinforcement (SiCP), and operating temperature on the stresses and strain
rates in the composite cylinder were investigated. The stresses in the cylinder did not have significant variation
with varying size and content of the reinforcement, and operating temperature. However, the tangential as well
as radial strain rates in the cylinder could be reduced to a significant extent by decreasing size of SiCP,
increasing the content of SiCP and decreasing operating temperature.
4.thermal stress analysis of peek fiber composites at cryogenic temperatureEditorJST
Fiber reinforced composites are class of materials that are workable engineering materials
possessing high strength to weight ratio resulting in reduction of weight and hence savings in energy.
Composites can be tailor -made to the required duty by changing the nature and proportion of the constituent
materials. Composites exhibit anisotropy in mechanical and thermal properties. This makes the design of
composite structures more complex and demanding. Composites have wide applications as supports and
structures at cryogenic temperatures in super conducting magnets and as fuel tankage in spacecraft and rocketry.
As these composites are fabricated at 1000 C to 2000 C, ~ their use at low temperatures creates thermal stresses.
They become brittle at low temperatures and thermal strain of matrix ma:f be of the same order of the ultimate
tensile strain at helium temperature (4.2K); thus leaving no more load bearing capability.
Idealized solid propellant is models is analysed for thick sphere subjected to internal
pressure, whose casing is made of composite materials,. Results obtained from present
elements are compared with analytical results and 8 noded counterpart of MARC. Solid
Rocket Motor (SRM) is developed based on casting method where solid propellant grains
are cast into a composite or metallic casing. Generally, SRMs are exposed to extreme
loading scenarios during storage, transportation, and firing, leading to cracks in the solid
propellants. In this paper, Computational Finite Element Analysis is performed with
developed 8 node quadrilateral, 9 node quadrilateral and 6 node triangular elements
using Herrmann formulation to analyze stress and strain variations in the mid segments
of the typical SRM subjected to pressure loading. The obtained results are compared with
commercially available Finite element software
Design & optimization of LNG-CNG cylinder for optimum weightijsrd.com
In current automobile sector, the weight of the vehicle is too important to increase the efficiency of the vehicle. There are too many component or subassemblies are in the automobile vehicle. In this paper the weight of the HYDROGEN fuel tank is optimized by applying the composite material concept with the existing material of the fuel tank. Initially the dimensional calculation for the existing pressure vessel and compare with the existing cylinder and then the FEA ( Finite Element Analysis) applied on the cylinder and material optimize up to the stress reaching equivalent to the stress of the existing cylinder. After that the dimension of the cylinder are finalize. The analysis yields a weight reduction of fuel tank.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
In this paper we have analyzed the stress distribution over a rectangular specimen
with hybrid composite material at its central hole. Using Vacuum bag technique the
material has been fabricated and it consists of carbon and glass fiber with epoxy. The
cross ply lamina arrangement with alternate carbon and glass has increased the
strength of the structure. This is because carbon properties are high compared to
glass. The cutouts made in typical aircraft and automobile components reduce the
weight and bulking load carrying capacity of the aircraft according to the weight
reduction law. Three specimens were used to carry out experimental investigations as
per ASTM D5766 in the universal testing machine. We have analyzed and compared
the results of the stress concentration in the rectangular specimen with a hole using
FEA
ANALYSIS OF TEMPERATURE FIELD IN A COMPOSITE FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIAL PLA...IJAMSE Journal
A finite element model is constructed to analyze the effects of steady state temperature field on FGM layer
thickness. The first-order shear deformation model is exploited to investigate the uncoupled thermal
behavior of functionally graded plates in Abacus environment. The continuum is divided into 540 elements
and 541 nodes using two node linear elements. The results show that the temperature distribution in the
composite plate is more reasonable with increase in the thickness of FGM layer. The comparison with the
non-graded two layered composite plate, the temperature field of the Zirconia/FGM/Aluminum three
layered composite plate is in the form of a curve but in case of non-graded two layered composite plate the
temperature field is in the form of inclined straight line with sharp bend at the interface of metal and
ceramic phase.
The present investigation deals with the static analysis of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint in laminated FRP composites subjected to transverse loading using three-dimensional theory of elasticity based finite element method. Many researchers studied the influences of various parameters on the failure behaviour on the composites. In those studies, the typical bonding parameters are surface conditions, fillet, bond line thickness, and environmental conditions. In the present study the stresses and deformation characteristics of adhesively bonded inner tapered double lap joint made of generally and especially orthotropic laminates (FRP) subjected to transverse loading for the three different adhesive angles, three different adhesive thicknesses with different fibre angle orientations, i.e. the adhesive angles from 350 to 450 increased in steps of 50. The variation in stresses and deflection are studied when the fibre angle orientation is varied from 00 to 900 in steps of 150. The adhesive thickness varies from 0.05 to 0.15 insteps of 0.05mm. In all the above cases stresses and displacements at various locations are evaluated for the static boundary conditions
Structural Integrity Analysis: Chapter 3 Mechanical Properties of MaterialsIgor Kokcharov
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The third chapter explains the engineering tests and fundamentals of mechanical properties of materials.
Effect of lamination angle on maximum deflection of simply supported composit...RAVI KUMAR
In this project a composite laminated beam is studied with glass-epoxy and graphite-epoxy combination. The beam is composed of four layers of different combination of composite material (glass epoxy and graphite epoxy composite). The beam is simply supported at both the ends and is subjected to uniformly distributed load along the length. Transverse deflection is computed for different lamination angle (0^0-〖90〗^0) by using Euler- Bernoulli’s theory (or CLPT). Maximum transverse deflection analysis is carried out using derived analytical expressions. The research carried out in this project will enable to determine the beam strength due to bending loads. The importance of fibre reinforcement in the manufacturing of the beam is studied in terms of bending strength of the beam. MATLAB codes are generated to implement analytical expiations of the composite beam.
The main objective of the paper is to find out the lamination angle at which minimum deflection is obtained & to find out the effect of lamination angle on maximum transverse deflection of the beam.
Grain refinement, which is obtained by changing the size of grain structure by different techniques, is a preferred method to improve simultaneously the strength and plasticity of metallic materials.
The presentation involves "Principles of Equal-channel Angular Pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement", its applications and advantages in the field of technology and research.
Structural Integrity Analysis features a collection of selected topics on structural design, safety, reliability, redundancy, strength, material science, mechanical properties of materials, composite materials, welds, finite element analysis, stress concentration, failure mechanisms and criteria. The engineering approaches focus on understanding and concept visualization rather than theoretical reasoning. The structural engineering profession plays a key role in the assurance of safety of technical systems such as metallic structures, buildings, machines, and transport. The chapter 9 explains the engineering fundamentals of composite materials and structures. Copyright 2013 Igor Kokcharov, Andrey Burov
Analysis of Thermal Buckling of Ceramic-Metal Functionally Graded Plates Usin...IJERA Editor
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are microscopically inhomogeneous spatial composite materials,
typically composed of a ceramic-metal or ceramic-polymer pair of materials. Therefore, it is important to
investigate the behaviors of engineering structures such as beams and plates made from FGMs when they are
subjected to thermal loads for appropriate design. Therefore, using an improved third order shear deformation
theory (TSDT) based on more rigorous kinetics of displacements to predict the behaviors of functionally graded
plates is expected to be more suitable than using other theories. In this paper, the improved TSDT is used to
investigate thermal buckling of functionally graded plates.
Temperature dependent material property solutions are adopted to investigate thermal buckling results of
functionally graded plates. To obtain the solutions, the Ritz method using polynomial and trigonometric
functions for defining admissible displacements and rotations is applied to solve the governing equations.
In the present work, static and free vibration response of functionally graded beam
is investigated under thermal environment using Finite Element method (FEM). The
functionally graded (FG) material beam is considered to be composed of various
material combinations like metal/metal, metal/ceramic and ceramic/ceramic. The
material properties of the beam are assumed to be graded in the thickness direction
according to a simple power law distribution. The deflection and mode shapes of the
FG beams are obtained for Clamped-Free, Clamped-Clamped and Simply Supported
boundary conditions under both mechanical and thermal load. Numerical results are
obtained for the model in ANSYS software to show the influence of grading of materials,
material constituents, boundary conditions, volume fraction and temperature
conditions on the response of the FG beams
REVIEW ON ANALYSIS OF CREEP IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE CYLINDERijiert bestjournal
The steady state creep in Al- SiCP composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure was investigated. The creep
behavior of the material was described by threshold stress based creep law by assuming a stress exponent of 5.
The effect of size and content of the reinforcement (SiCP), and operating temperature on the stresses and strain
rates in the composite cylinder were investigated. The stresses in the cylinder did not have significant variation
with varying size and content of the reinforcement, and operating temperature. However, the tangential as well
as radial strain rates in the cylinder could be reduced to a significant extent by decreasing size of SiCP,
increasing the content of SiCP and decreasing operating temperature.
4.thermal stress analysis of peek fiber composites at cryogenic temperatureEditorJST
Fiber reinforced composites are class of materials that are workable engineering materials
possessing high strength to weight ratio resulting in reduction of weight and hence savings in energy.
Composites can be tailor -made to the required duty by changing the nature and proportion of the constituent
materials. Composites exhibit anisotropy in mechanical and thermal properties. This makes the design of
composite structures more complex and demanding. Composites have wide applications as supports and
structures at cryogenic temperatures in super conducting magnets and as fuel tankage in spacecraft and rocketry.
As these composites are fabricated at 1000 C to 2000 C, ~ their use at low temperatures creates thermal stresses.
They become brittle at low temperatures and thermal strain of matrix ma:f be of the same order of the ultimate
tensile strain at helium temperature (4.2K); thus leaving no more load bearing capability.
Idealized solid propellant is models is analysed for thick sphere subjected to internal
pressure, whose casing is made of composite materials,. Results obtained from present
elements are compared with analytical results and 8 noded counterpart of MARC. Solid
Rocket Motor (SRM) is developed based on casting method where solid propellant grains
are cast into a composite or metallic casing. Generally, SRMs are exposed to extreme
loading scenarios during storage, transportation, and firing, leading to cracks in the solid
propellants. In this paper, Computational Finite Element Analysis is performed with
developed 8 node quadrilateral, 9 node quadrilateral and 6 node triangular elements
using Herrmann formulation to analyze stress and strain variations in the mid segments
of the typical SRM subjected to pressure loading. The obtained results are compared with
commercially available Finite element software
Design & optimization of LNG-CNG cylinder for optimum weightijsrd.com
In current automobile sector, the weight of the vehicle is too important to increase the efficiency of the vehicle. There are too many component or subassemblies are in the automobile vehicle. In this paper the weight of the HYDROGEN fuel tank is optimized by applying the composite material concept with the existing material of the fuel tank. Initially the dimensional calculation for the existing pressure vessel and compare with the existing cylinder and then the FEA ( Finite Element Analysis) applied on the cylinder and material optimize up to the stress reaching equivalent to the stress of the existing cylinder. After that the dimension of the cylinder are finalize. The analysis yields a weight reduction of fuel tank.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
ESTIMATION OF CREEP PARAMETERS IN AN ISOTROPIC UNIFORM COMPOSITE CYLINDERijiert bestjournal
In applications such as pressure vessel for industr ial gases or a media transportation of high- pressurized fluids and piping of nuclear reactors,the cylinder has to operate under severe mechanical and thermal loads,causing significant c reep hence reduced service life (Gupta and Phatak,2001;Tachibana and Iyoku,2004;Hagihara a nd Miyazaki,2008). As an example,in the high temperature engineering test reactor,the temp erature reaches of the order of 900 oC (Tachibana and Iyoku,2004). The piping of reactor cooling system are subjected to high temperature and pressure and may be damaged due to high heat generated from the reactor core (Hagihara and Miyazaki,2008). A number of studies pertaining to creep behaviour of the cylinder assume the cylinder to be made of monolith ic material. However,under severe thermo mechanical loads cylinder made of monolithic materi als may not perform well. The weight reduction achieved in engineering components,resul ting from the use of aluminum/aluminum base alloys,is expected to save power and fuel due to a reduction in the payload of dynamic systems. However,the enhanced creep of aluminum an d its alloys may be a big hindrance in such applications. Aluminum matrix composites offer a unique combination of properties,unlike many monolithic materials like metals and alloys,w hich can be tailored by modifying the content of reinforcement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
journal publishing, how to publish research paper, Call For research paper, international journal, publishing a paper, IJERD, journal of science and technology, how to get a research paper published, publishing a paper, publishing of journal, publishing of research paper, reserach and review articles, IJERD Journal, How to publish your research paper, publish research paper, open access engineering journal, Engineering journal, Mathemetics journal, Physics journal, Chemistry journal, Computer Engineering, Computer Science journal, how to submit your paper, peer reviw journal, indexed journal, reserach and review articles, engineering journal, www.ijerd.com, research journals,
yahoo journals, bing journals, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, google journals, hard copy of journal
Contact Pressure Validation of Steam Turbine Casing for Static Loading ConditionIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis and Weight Optimization of Split Dish Reactor Using Thermo-Structura...IJERA Editor
A vertical split dish reactor with leg supports is modeled using ansys workbench. Thereafter, external loads, such as self –weight, internal pressure and temperature are applied to the model. Pressure and temperature has been continuously a concern which may lead to structural failure if the resulting stresses are severe and excessive. It is a significant study which requires in-depth investigation to understand the structural characteristics. This paper presents and focuses on some Finite Element (FE) analysis of a split dish reactor will be carried out and maximum stresses in the structure will be determined.
Design and analysis of Stress on Thick Walled Cylinder with and with out HolesIJERA Editor
The conventional elastic analysis of thick walled cylinders to final radial & hoop stresses is applicable for the internal pressures up to yield strength of material. The stress is directly proportional to strain up to yield point Beyond elastic point, particularly in thick walled cylinders. The operating pressures are reduced or the material properties are strengthened. There is no such existing theory for the stress distributions around radial holes under impact of varying internal pressure. Present work puts thrust on this area and relation between pressure and stress distribution is plotted graphically based on observations. Here focus is on pure mechanical analysis & hence thermal, effects are not considered. The thick walled cylinders with a radial cross-hole ANSYS Macro program employed to evaluate the fatigue life of vessel. Stresses that remain in material even after removing applied loads are known as residual stresses. These stresses occur only when material begins to yield plastically. Residual stresses can be present in any mechanical structure because of many causes. Residual stresses may be due to the technological process used to make the component. Manufacturing processes lead to plastic deformation. Elasto plastic analysis with bilinear kinematic hardening material is performed to know the effect of hole sizes. It is observed that there are several factors which influence stress intensity factors. The Finite element analysis is conducted using commercial solvers ANSYS & CATIA. Theoretical formulae based results are obtained from MATLAB programs. The results are presented in form of graphs and tables.
Stress Analysis of FRP Composite Cylinder with Closed EndsIOSR Journals
Composite cylinders made of a polymer matrix such as epoxy reinforced with glass or carbon fibers possess extremely high strength. Proper modeling of FRP composite cylinder is very essential for many applications. FRP composite cylinders are commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, marine and construction industries. The present work is to study the variation of stressesat the top end, middle and bottom end portions of a composite cylinder by varying the diameter to thickness ratio(S) and fiber angle (θ).The four layered angle ply (θ0/-θ0/-θ0/θ0) composite cylinder is considered forthe present work and behavior of each portion (Top end, middle and Bottom end) is studied.For the present work composite cylinder is modeled in ANSYS and analysis was carried out using numerical software. It isfound thatthe increment of stress takes place linearly with respect to D/t ratio due to reduction in thickness of the layer.The critical fiber angle is 45⁰ to 60⁰ as it offers high resistance against axial and circumferential deformation in middle and end portions.
Studies on Strength Evaluation of Fiber Reinforced Plastic CompositesIJERA Editor
Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites are extensively used for primary structural components such as wing, empennage and fuselage; and sub-structures such as wing ribs and intermediate spars in new generation aircraft as they give rise to high stiffness and strength to weight ratio. The failure load predictions of such composites are extremely important in order to ascertain the flight safety during its service periods. The stress analysis is a part of failure prediction process, since the failure criterion, in order to predict failure load, requires information about stresses and strains in a structure. In the present investigation, the stress analyses of CFRP composite laminates with and without cut-outs have been carried out by using both analytical and finite element approaches. In analytical approach, a mat lab code has been developed for a flat panel using Classical Laminated Plate Theory (CLPT) and different composite failure theories. MSC.NASTRAN finite element analysis code is used for carrying out finite element analysis. Convergence study has been carried out for the flat composite panel in order to ascertain the best mesh size. Comparison of stress and strain values obtained from both analytical and finite element methods shows that they are in good agreement for flat panel. This further validates the best mesh sizes obtained from the convergence study. This similar mesh sizes are further considered for flat panel with circular and elliptical cut-outs with some mesh refinements around the cut-out regions. Failure load of the flat composite laminate (without cut-out) is determined using four different failure criteria such as maximum stress, maximum strain, Tsai-Hill and Tsai-Wu criteria. The predicted values are compared with experimental results. It is found that the most appropriate theory is Tsai-Wu failure criterion, since the predicted value based on this theory is very closure to experimental failure loads. This theory is used further for predicting the failure loads of composite laminates with cut-outs. The average value of stresses in each lamina has been used for determining the failure indices of the lamina for such cases. The results are compared with experimental failure loads available in the literature. The comparison shows that they are in very good agreement. Tsai-Wu failure criterion best predicts the failure load of a composite laminate with and without cut-outs.
Similar to Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded Cylinders (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
The present day technology demands eco-friendly developments. In this era the
composite material are playing a vital roal in different field of Engineering .The composite materials
are using as a principle materials. Nowaday the composite materials are utilizing as a important
component of engineering field .Where as the importance of the applications of composites is well
known, but thrust on the use of natural fibres in it for reinforcement has been given priority for some
times. But changing from synthetic fibres to natural fibres provides only half green-composites. A
partial green composite will be achieved if the matrix component is also eco-friendly. Keeping this in
view, a detailed literature surveyed has been carried out through various issues of the Journals
related to this field. The material systems used are sunnhemp fibres. Some epoxy and hardener has
been also added for stability and drying of the bio-composites. Various graphs and bar-charts are
super-imposed on each other for comparison among themselves and Graphs is plotted on MAT LAB
and ORIGIN 6.0 software. To determining tensile strengths, Various properties for different biocomposites
have been compared among themselves. Comparison of the behaviour of bio-composites of
this work has been also compare with other works. The bio-composites developed in this work are
likely to get applications in fall ceilings, partitions, bio-degradable packagings, automotive interiors,
sports things (e.g. rackets, nets, etc.), toys etc.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
The proposal of this paper is to present Spring Framework which is widely used in
developing enterprise applications. Considering the current state where applications are developed using
the EJB model, Spring Framework assert that ordinary java beans(POJO) can be utilize with minimal
modifications. This modular framework can be used to develop the application faster and can reduce
complexity. This paper will highlight the design overview of Spring Framework along with its features that
have made the framework useful. The integration of multiple frameworks for an E-commerce system has
also been addressed in this paper. This paper also proposes structure for a website based on integration of
Spring, Hibernate and Struts Framework.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
In this paper we introduce and characterize some new generalized locally closed sets
known as
δ
ˆ
s-locally closed sets and spaces are known as
δ
ˆ
s-normal space and
δ
ˆ
s-connected space and
discussed some of their properties
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
"Natural language processing" here refers to the use and ability of systems to process
sentences in a natural language such as English, rather than in a specialized artificial computer
language such as C++. The systems of real interest here are digital computers of the type we think of as
personal computers and mainframes. Of course humans can process natural languages, but for us the
question is whether digital computers can or ever will process natural languages. We have tried to
explore in depth and break down the types of ambiguities persistent throughout the natural languages
and provide an answer to the question “How it affects the machine translation process and thereby
machine learning as whole?” .
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
The focus of this paper is on implementation of Inter Integrated Circuit (I2C) protocol
following slave module for no data loss. In this paper, the principle and the operation of I2C bus protocol
will be introduced. It follows the I2C specification to provide device addressing, read/write operation and
an acknowledgement. The programmable nature of device provide users with the flexibility of configuring
the I2C slave device to any legal slave address to avoid the slave address collision on an I2C bus with
multiple slave devices. This paper demonstrates how I2C Master controller transmits and receives data to
and from the Slave with proper synchronization.
The module is designed in Verilog and simulated in ModelSim. The design is also synthesized in Xilinx
XST 14.1. This module acts as a slave for the microprocessor which can be customized for no data loss.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
Application of Parabolic Trough Collectorfor Reduction of Pressure Drop in Oi...IJMER
Pipelines are the least expensive and most effective method for the oil transportation.
Due to high viscosity of crude oil, the pressure drop and pumping power requirements are very high.
So it is necessary to bring down the viscosity of crude oil. Heated pipelines are used reduce the oil
viscosity by increasing the oil temperature. Electrical heating and direct flame heating are the common
method used for heating the oil pipeline. In this work, a new application of Parabolic Trough Collector
in the field of oil pipeline transport is introduced for reducing pressure drop in oil pipelines. Oil
pipeline is heated by applying concentrated solar radiation on the pipe surface using a Parabolic
Trough Collector in which the oil pipeline acts as the absorber pipe. 3-D steady state analysis is
carried out on a heated oil pipeline using commercial CFD software package ANSYS Fluent 14.5. In
this work an effort is made to investigate the effect of concentrated solar radiation for reducing
pressure drop in the oil pipeline. The results from the numerical analysis shows that the pressure drop
in oil pipeline is get reduced by heating the pipe line using concentrated solar radiation. From this
work, the application of PTC in oil pipeline transportation is justified.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
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Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
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Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacks
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded Cylinders
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.4| Apr. 2015 | 8|
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on
Functionally Graded Cylinders
Sehbaz Singh¹, Dr. Sanjeev Saini²
1
Department of Mechanical Engineering, M-Tech Scholar, DAVIET Jalandhar, India.
² Department of Mechanical Engineering, DAVIET, Jalandhar, India.
I. Introduction
There is a development of new class of new material known as composite material, due to
improvement in performance of structural components in terms of weight reduction and high strength.
Nowadays composite materials are used very widely because they have desirable properties and are suitable in
different situations and served their purpose very well. They are made up of two or more constituent which are
in soluble and mixed at microscopic level. These are heterogeneous materials and generally used to ingredients;
a binder or matrix and reinforcement (Alman, 2001). The reinforcement is stronger and hard component where
as matrix act as a binder and helps reinforcement to held in its fixed place. The matrix shields the reinforcement
which may be breakable like long fibers used with plastics to make fiber glass.
The composite material has high specific modulus and specific strength than that of monolithic
materials. Specific modulus is the ratio of Young’s modulus to density where as specific strength is the ratio of
strength to the density of material for an example, the strength of graphite-epoxy unidirectional composite
material is same as that of steel but specific strength of this composite material is three time more than steel and
hence reducing cost of material (Kaw, 1997).
II. Functionally Graded Materials
There development of new materials for components exposed to elevated temperature and high
pressure due to advancement in technology. The conventional metals alone may not survive under high thermo-
mechanical loading. Thus, a new concept of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) evolved which led to the
development of superior heat resistant materials. Such new development materials have capability to resist the
extreme service conditions. Functionally graded material is a type of multiphase material in which the material
properties change continuously along the position to meet the design requirements of the components. There
also achieve the purpose of optimizing the structure (Gupta et al, 2005). Functionally graded materials are
extensively used in applications such as aerospace, nuclear reactors, internal combustion engines etc. (Noda et
al, 1998).
The concept of FGM was first proposed by Japanese researchers in 1984-85 while they working on
space plane project for advanced material in aerospace application. The body of the space craft will be undergo
ABSTRACT: The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Keywords – FGM(Functionally graded material), Creep law, Von-Mises criterion, Creep Parameters,
2. Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded Cylinders
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.4| Apr. 2015 | 9|
a very high temperature of about 1700°C with a thermal gradient of 1000°C between inside and outside of the
space craft. There was no monolithic material that can withstand such extreme temperature conditions.
Therefore, the researchers proposed a concept to fabricate a material by gradually varying the material
composition that led to improvement in both thermal resistance and mechanical properties.
III. Literature Review
The present study deals with creep behavior in thick-walled functionally graded cylinders exposed to
operate under high service temperature and pressure. Cylinder has many industrial applications such as pressure
vessels, emergency breathing cylinders, cylinders for aerospace industries, nuclear reactors and military
applications, composite rotors (flywheel) etc. In most of these applications such as pressure vessel for storage of
gases or a media transportation of high-pressurized fluids and composite rotors, the cylinder has to operate
under severe mechanical and thermal loads that causes creep, and reduced service life. The high creep strength
along with high specific strength offered by aluminum based metal matrix composites make them a suitable
choice for these applications.
3.1 Yield Criteria
Design of any successful structural components depends upon efficient and safe use of materials.
Therefore, the ability to predict the yield strength of a material i.e. the onset of plastic yielding, is of great
practical importance for design purposes. In the field of plasticity, it is important to establish mathematical
equations for determining the conditions at which yielding starts when a material is under any possible
combination of loads. Further, in uniaxial loading the plastic flow begins at yield stress as in the case of tensile
test. The yielding under a combined state of stress can be related to some combination of principal stresses.
The yield criteria may be expressed in terms of specific quantities, such as the stress state, the strain
state, strain energy, or others. A yield criterion is usually expressed in mathematical form by means of a yield
function ),( Yf ij , where ij is the state of stress and Y is the yield strength in uniaxial tension (or
compression). The yield function is defined such that the yield criterion is satisfied when 0),( Yf ij . When
0),( Yf ij , the stress state is elastic. The condition 0),( Yf ij is undefined. To develop a yield
function, the components of the multi-axial stress are combined into a single quantity known as the effective
stress ( e ). The effective stress is then compared with the yield stress Y, in some appropriate form, to
determine if yield has occurred.
For isotropic materials, the yielding would depend on the principal stresses 21, and 3 . For
designing these materials the well-known Von-Mises (1913) yield criterion, also known as distortion-energy
criterion, is used and is might be expressed as below,
2/12
13
2
32
2
21 )()()(
2
1
e
Where, e is equivalent stress.
For ductile materials the shear stress criterion also known as Tresca criterion, may also be used as this
involved less mathematical complexity. The governing equation of shear stress criterion is given below,
yp 31
The graphical comparison of von-Mises criterion and Tresca criterion is given below in Fig.
3. Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded Cylinders
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.4| Apr. 2015 | 10|
3.2 Variation In Distribution Of Partile Content
The silicon-carbide particles are assumed to vary linearly from the inner radius a and outer radius b, in
the thick-walled functionally graded cylinder. As a result, the density of material, conductivity and creep
parameters will also vary with the radius. The particle content (vol %) of silicon carbide V (r) at any radius r is
assumed to vary according to the following linear equation,
max max min( )
r a
V r V V V
b a
(3.1)
Where, Vmax and Vmin are the maximum and minimum particle content respectively at the inner and the
outer radius. In order to keep average particle content (Vavg) in the cylinder to be constant. One has to select
either Vmax or Vmin.
Using the law of mixture, the density of FG cylinder is obtained as,
[100 ( )] ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
100 100
m d d m
m
V r V r V r
r
(3.2)
here, m = 2698.9 km/m3
and d=3210 kg/m3
are respectively the densities of pure aluminum matrix and SiCp
(Metals Handbook, 1978; Clyne and Withers, 1993).
Using the value of V (r) from Eqn. (4.1) into Eqn. (4.2), we obtain
1 2( )( )
( ) .
100
d m
m
r
r X Y r
(3.3
)
Where,
21 ( )
( )
100 100
d m
m d mX and Y
The average particle content (Vavg) in the cylinder can be expressed as,
2 ( )
( )
b
a
avg
rlV r dr
V
b a l
(3.4
)
Where l, denotes the axial length of the composite cylinder.
Substituting the value of V (r) from Eqn. (4.4) and integrating, we obtain,
2 2 3
max
min 3
3 (1 )(1 ) (1 3 2 )
(2 3 )
avgV V
V
(3.5
)
Where /a b
3.3 CREEP LAW
In aluminum based composites, undergoing steady state creep, the effective creep rate ( e )is related to
the effective stress (e) through the well documented threshold stress (o) based creep law given by (Mishra
and Pandey, 1990; Park et al, 1990; Mohamed et al, 1992; Pandey and Mishra, 1992; Pandey et al, 1994.
RT
Q
E
A
n
e
e exp0'
(3.6
)
Where A´
, n, Q, E, R and T denotes respectively the structure dependent parameter, true stress exponent, true
activation energy, temperature-dependent Young modules, gas constant and operating temperature.
The creep law given by Eqn. (3.6) may alternatively be expressed as,
4. Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded Cylinders
| IJMER | ISSN: 2249–6645 | www.ijmer.com | Vol. 5 | Iss.4| Apr. 2015 | 11|
( )( ( )
n
e e oM r r
(3.7
)
Where
n
RT
Q
A
E
M
/1
'
exp
1
and the values of stress exponent n is taken as 5.
The symbols M(r) and o (r) are known as creep parameters.
The creep parameters M (r) and o (r) given in Eqn. (3.7) are dependent on the type of material and are
also affected by temperature (T) of application. In a composite, the reinforcement size (P) and the content of
reinforcement (V) are the primary material variables affecting their creep parameters. In the present study, the
values of M(r) and 0 (r) have been extracted from the uniaxial creep results reported for Al-SiCp by Pandey et
al (1992). Though, Pandey et al (1992) used a true stress exponent of 8 to describe steady state creep in these
composites
In order to extract the values of creep parameters for Al-SiCp, the individual set of creep data reported
by Pandey et al (1992) have been plotted as
5/1
versus on linear scales, Figs. 4.1- 4.3. The values of creep
parameters M and 0 have been obtained from the slope and intercept of these graphs and are reported in Table
3.1. The
5/1
versus plots corresponding to the observed experimental data points of Al-SiCp composites
(Pandey et al, 1992) for various combinations of particle size, particle content and temperature, show an
excellent linearity as evident from Figs. 4.1-4.3.
The coefficient of correlation for these plots has been reported as to 0.91 to 0.99 as given in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1: Creep parameters for Al-SiCp composites (Pandey et al, 1992)
P
(m)
T
(K)
v
(vol %)
M
(s-1/5
/MPa)
o
(MPa)
Coeff. Of
correlation
1.7 623 10 0.00435 19.83 0.94
14.5 623 10 0.00872 16.50 0.99
45.9 623 10 0.00939 16.29 0.99
1.7 623 10 0.00435 19.83 0.94
1.7 623 20 0.00263 33.02 0.99
1.7 623 30 0.00227 42.56 0.94
1.7 623 20 0.00263 33.02 0.99
1.7 623 20 0.00414 29.79 0.97
1.7 723 20 0.00592 29.18 0.91
In order to determine the values of creep parameters M and o for various combinations of P, V and T,
reported in Table 3.1, the regression analysis has been performed by using Data-fit software. During the
regression analysis, P, V and T are taken as independent variables and M and o are selected as dependent
variables. To accomplish the task, the creep parameters given in table have been substituted in the constitutive
creep model, (4.7) to estimate the strain rates corresponding to the experimental stress values reported by
Pandey et al (1992) for Al-SiCp composite corresponding to various combinations of material parameters and
temperature as given in Table 4.1.The developed regression equations are given below,
0.00879 14.02666 0.032236
( ) 0.02876
( ) ( )
M r
P T r V r
(3.8
)
( ) 0.084 0.0232 ( ) 1.1853 ( ) 22.2o r P T r V r
(3.9
)
Where, P, V(r), T(r), M(r) and o respectively the particle size, particle content, temperature, creep
parameter and threshold stress at any radius (r) of the FG cylinder.
In a FG cylinder, with particle content and temperature are varying along with radius. Therefore, both
the creep parameters M(r) and o (r) will also vary along the radius of the composite cylinder. In the present
study, the particle size (P) is assumed as 1.7 m while the temperature is assumed to vary along the radius with
maximum temperature, 450 °C at internal surface and minimum temperature, 350 °C at external surface of FG
cylinder. Therefore, for a given FG cylinder with known particle and thermal gradients both the creep
5. Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded Cylinders
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parameters will be functions of radius. The values of M(r) and o(r) at any radius (r) could be estimated
respectively from Eqs. (3.8) and (3.9) by substituting the values of particle size P, particle content V(r) and
operation temperature, T(r) at the corresponding locations.
3.4 Temperature Gradient In The Composite Cylinder
In order to determine the temperature gradient in the composite cylinder, it is assumed that the internal
and external surfaces of the cylinder are exposed to a temperature of 450°C and 350 °C respectively. To obtain
the temperature of any radial distance, T(r), the cylinder is divided into ten elementary cylindrical shells of
equal thickness, which are, joined together and have varying thermal conductivity. For each cylindrical shell,
the conductivity is assumed to be constant and determined by law of mixture as given below,
100 ( ) ( )
( )
100
m dV r K V r K
K r
(3.10)
Where Km (= 247 W/mK) is the matrix conductivity (Taya and Arsenault, 1989) and Kd (= 100 W/mK) is
the conductivity of SiCp (Clyne and Withers, 1993).
Due to the temperature difference between the inner and outer surface of the composite cylinder the heat
flux per unit length (H/l), originated, is given by (Holman, 1992),
2 1 1 3 2 2 1
2 ( )
( / )/ ( / )/ ....... ( )/
i o
n n n
T TH
l In r r K In r r K In r r K
(3.11)
Where Ti (= 450°C) is the temperature at the inner radius, and To (= 350°C) is the temperature at the outer
radius, and K1, K2……..Kn are thermal conductivities of different elementary cylindrical shells.
Knowing Ti and To, the heat flux may be estimated and afterwards the temperature of individual cylindrical
shells may be estimated from the following equation,
1 1( / )
2
n n n n
n
H
T T In r r
K l (3.12)
In the present work four different types of cylinders are assumed, as mentioned below in Table 3.2. The
conductivity of these cylinders at different radius is estimated from Eqn. (3.10), and is also plotted in Fig. 4.4.
Table 3.2: Description of cylinders taken in present study
Cylinder Particle Content and other Operating Conditions
Uniform / Non- FGM(C1) Without particle and thermal gradients [Vmax= Vmin=Vavg = 20 vol%; T =
Tavg=400 °C]. Tavg is the average of Ti and To.
Uniform / Non- FGM (C2) With thermal gradient (TG) but without particle gradient (PG) [Vmax= Vmin=
Vavg = 20 vol%].
FGM (C3) With particle gradient (PG) but without thermal gradient (TG) [Vmax=25 vol%;
Vmin=16 vol%; Vavg = 20 vol%; T = Tavg=400 °C].
FGM (C4) With particle and thermal gradients [Vmax=25 vol%; Vmin=16 vol%; Vavg =
20 vol%].
IV. Mathematical Solution
Let us consider a thick-walled, circular cylinder made of functionally graded Al-SiCp composite. The
cylinder is assumed to have inner and outer radii a and b respectively and is subjected to internal pressure p
only.
The basic strain rate equations are,
dr
d
r
(4.1)
r
(4.2)
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Where
dt
d
is the radial displacement rate and u is the radial displacement.
Where r and are radial and tangential strain rates.
Eliminating, from Eqs. (4.13) and (4.14), the basic compatibility equation is obtained as,
r
rd
dr
(4.3)
The cylinder is subjected to following boundary conditions,
At r = a, pr (4.4)
At r = b, 0r (4.5)
Where r is the radial stress.
The equilibrium equation of thick cylinder (Bhatnagar and Arya, 1969) can be written as
r
r
d
r
dr
(4.6)
Assuming incompressibility condition (i.e. volume constancy condition) for creep rate, we have
0r z (4.7)
The constitutive equations of theory of creep (Bhatnagar and Arya, 1969) are given below,
( )
2
e
r r z
e
G H H G
(4.8)
( )
2
e
z r
e
F H F H
(4.9)
( )
2
e
z z r
e
F G G F
(4.10)
Where, F, G, H are anisotropic constants of the material and e is the effective creep rate invariant.
The von Mises (Dieter, 1998) effective stress invariant e is given as below,
1/22 2 21
( ) ( ) ( )
2
e r r z zH G F (4.11)
The plane strain condition is assumed i.e. strain rate along axial direction is zero in the present
investigation,
0z (4.12)
From Eqs. (4.13), (4.14), (4.19), displacement rate is,
r
c
(4.13)
Where ‘c’ is the constant of integration.
Substituting Eqn. (4.25) in Eqn. (4.13), we get,
2r
c
r
(4.14)
By substituting Eqn. (4.25) in Eqn. (4.14), we obtain,
2
c
r
(4.15)
Also from Eqs. (4.22) and (4.24), we have
r
z
G F
F G
(4.16)
By using Eqn. (4.28) in Eqn. (4.23), the effective stress invariant (e) is given by,
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1/ 2
1
( )
( )2
e r
FG GH HF
F G
(4.17)
Substituting the values of ( r ) and (z) from Eqs. (4.26) and (4.28) in Eqn. (4.20), we obtain,
2
2
( ) . .e
r
e
F G c
FG HF GH r
(4.18)
Substituting the values of (e) and ( e ) from Eqs. (4.29) and (4.7) in Eqn. (4.30), we obtain,
2/
( )r n
T
P
r
(4.19)
Where,
1 1/
2
1/ 2
0
2( )
( ) .
( ( )
2( )
( ) . ( )
(
n n
n
F G C
T r
FG GH HF M r
F G
P r r
FG GH HF
Solving Eqs. (4.18) and (4.31), we have,
2/
2
( )
( )
( ) ( )
r
n
r
n
n
d T r
r P r
dr r
d T r P r
dr r
r
By integrating above expression from limit a to r, we get
2
( ) ( )
. .
r r
r lna a
n
T r P r
dr dr C
r
r
(4.20)
Where C1 is another constant of integration that can be evaluated by applying boundary conditions given by
Eqn (4.4) in Eqn (4.20)
Therefore, Eqn (4.20) becomes,
2
( ) ( )
. .
r r
r na a
n
T r P r
dr dr P
r
r
(4.21)
By applying another boundary condition given by Eqn.(4.5) in Eqn. (4.20), the constant ‘C’ appearing in
expression of T(r) can also be evaluated as below,
1/ 2
( )
1
2
2
( )
2( )
.
( )
1
. .
( )
.
b r
a
n
n b
na
n
r
F G
p dr
FG GH HF r
C
F G
dr
FG GH HF
r M
(4.22)
Using, Eqs. (4.21) into Eqs. (4.19), tangential stress can be evaluated as below,
( )2 2
( ) ( ) ( )
. .
r r
rna a
n n
T r P r T r
dr dr P P
r
r r
(4.23)
Putting, Eqs. (4.23) and (4.21) in Eqs. (4.16), axial stress can be evaluated
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
. .
2
2
r r
z na a
n n
T r P r T r P r
dr dr P
r
r r
(4.24)
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4.1 Calculation Procedure
Based on analysis carried out in previous section, a mathematical model has been developed to
calculate the steady state creep behavior of the rotating FGM cylinder consists of linearly decreasing SiCp
particles and subjected to positive thermal gradient. For the purpose of numerical computation, the inner and
outer radii of the cylinder are taken 25.4 mm and 50.8 mm respectively. The composite cylinder is subjected to
internal pressure of 85.25 MPa and zero external pressures. The particle size of SiC is taken as 1.7µm. The
dimensions of cylinder selected in this study are similar to those used in earlier experimental work (Johnson et
al, 1961) on thick-walled cylinder made of aluminum alloy. The radial, tangential and axial stresses at different
radial locations of the cylinder are calculated respectively from Eqs. (4.21), (4.23) and (4.24). The creep
parameters M(r) and o (r) required during the computation process are estimated from Eqs. (3.8) and (3.9), for
the desired combination of particle size, particle content and operating temperature. Further for isotropic
cylinders, the anisotropic constants becomes equal and their value is taken as unity i.e. F=G=H=1. In order to
determine the thermal gradient the temperature at inner surface is taken as 450o
C and at outer surface 350o
C
respectively. The thermal gradient required in Eqs. (3.8) and (3.9) is estimated from Eqn. (3.12).
Fig. 4.1: Variation of 5/1
versus for different Fig. 4.2: Variation of 5/1
versus for different
particle size of SiC Volume fraction of SiC
Fig. 4.3: Variation of 5/1
versus for different Fig. 4.4: Variation of conductivity for composite cylinders.
operating temperature.
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V. Results and Discussions
Based on the analysis, a mathematical model has been developed to obtain the stress distribution in
functionally graded cylinder which has been obtained for various combinations of particle size, P, particle
content, V, and temperature, T. The values of creep parameter have been taken from Table 3.1. The results have
been obtained for uniform composite cylinder and functionally graded cylinders with and without thermal
gradient, as mentioned in Table 3.2.
To accomplish this task, the creep rates are estimated from the present analysis for an isotropic
composite cylinder made of copper for which the results are reported in the literature (Johnson et al, 1961). The
dimensions of the cylinder, operating pressure and temperature, and the values of creep parameters used for the
purpose of validation are summarized in Table 5.1.
Table 5.1: Data used for validation (Johnson et al, 1961)
Cylinder Material : Copper
Cylinder dimensions: a = 25.4 mm, b =50.8 mm.
Internal Pressure = 23.25 MPa, External Pressure = 0
Operating Temperature = 250 o
C
Creep parameters estimated: M = 3.271×10-4
s-1/5
/MPa, σo = 11.32MPa
To estimate the values of parameters M and o for copper cylinder, firstly the values of effective stress,
e , have been calculated at the inner and the outer radii of cylinder by substituting the values of ,r and
z into von-Mises yield criterion given by Eqn. 4.11, as reported by Johnson et al (1961), at these locations.
The effective stresse, thus estimated at the inner radius ( MPae 83.189 and
18
10168.2
sxe ) and
the outer ( MPae 116 and
19
10128.1
sxe ) of the copper cylinder are substituted in creep law,
Eqn. (3.7) to obtain the creep parameters M and o for copper cylinder as given in Table 5.1. The material is
isotropic, so the values of anisotropic constants, F = G = H = 1.
5.1 Creep Stresses and Creep Rates
To study the effect of thermal gradient and particle gradient on creep behavior of composite cylinder,
the steady state stresses, have been obtained in four different composite cylinders as mentioned in Table 4.2,
and are also plotted in Figs. (5.1)-(5.4). The cylinder taken for investigation in the present work (Table 5.1) is
having same dimensions that of cylinder used by Johnson et al (1961) in their work.
The radial stress, Fig. 5.1 remains compressive (negative) throughout the cylinder, with maximum value
at the inner radius (82.25 MPa) and zero at the outer radius, due to imposed boundary conditions given in Eqs.
(4.4) and (4.5). The magnitude of radial stress increases throughout the cylinder when thermal gradient is
imposed and due to this the variation of radial stress becomes almost linear. However, the presence of particle
gradient leads to reduction in the magnitude of radial stress over the entire radial distance. The simultaneous
presence of particle and thermal gradient has averaging effect on the radial stress. It can be seen from Fig. 5.1
that the maximum variation observed in the magnitude of radial stress is 5.8 MPa at a radius of 35.6 mm of
composite cylinder. The tangential stress shown in Fig. 5.2 remains tensile throughout and is observed to
increase linearly with increasing radial distance for uniform cylinder C1. The imposition of thermal gradient,
with temperature at inner radius being higher than at the outer radius, in uniform cylinder (C2) leads to decrease
in tangential stress by 29.2 MPa, near the inner radius but increase in tangential stress by 45 MPa near the outer
radius as compared to those observed in cylinder C1. Further, similar to radial stress, the variation of tangential
stress also becomes linear and steeper with the imposition of thermal gradient alone. By incorporating more
amounts of silicon carbide particles near the inner radius, as in FG cylinder C3, the tangential stress
significantly increases by 30.5 MPa near the inner radius but decreases by 47.1MPa at the outer radius in
comparison to uniform cylinder C1. Further, the tangential stress distribution becomes more uniform thereby
reducing the in-homogeneity. The region having relatively more particle offers higher stress compared to the
region containing lesser amount of particle. The similar observation had also been reported by Pandey et al,
(1992) in their experimental study of Al-SiC composites. When the cylinder (C4) is subjected to particle and
thermal gradients together, the tangential stress is having averaging effect and its value is in-between the values
obtained for cylinder C2 and C3. The axial stress in cylinder C1 changes its nature from compressive (negative)
at the inner radius and it become tensile (positive) at the outer radius as shown in Fig. 5.3. By imposing
temperature gradient in uniform cylinder (i.e. cylinder C2), the axial stress near the inner radius becomes more
compressive. Further, the tensile value of axial stress increases near the outer radius compared to that observed
in uniform composite cylinder C1 at constant temperature. The imposition of particle gradient alone in uniform
cylinder (i.e. cylinder C3) decreases the magnitude of compressive value of axial stress near the inner radius
10. Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded Cylinders
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when compared with uniform cylinder C1. The simultaneous presence of both the gradients superimposes each
other to result effect similar to that observed for tangential stress in Fig. 5.2. The distribution of von-Mises
effective stress is plotted in Fig. 5.4. The effect of thermal and particle gradients alone or together on variation
of effective stress, Fig. 5.4, is almost opposite in nature to those observed for tangential stress in Fig. 5.2.
Further, the magnitude of effective stress is also increases for the entire radial distance of the composite
cylinder as compared to tangential stress values.
VI. Conclusions
1) The radial, tangential and axial stresses increases as we move from inner towards outer radii of cylinder,
reaches maximum before decreasing near the outer radius.
2) The stress distribution in the cylinder does not vary significantly for various combinations of particle size
and operating temperature. The increase in particle content shows sizable variation on stress distribution
cylinder
3) The effect of imposing thermal and particle gradients, either alone or simultaneously, on the axial stress is
almost similar to that observed for tangential stress in the cylinder.
4) The effective stress is significantly affected by incorporating particle as well as temperature gradient alone
or simultaneously. The trend of variation in effective stress is opposite to that of tangential stress.
Figures:-
Fig 5.1: Variation of radial stress in composite cylinder. Fig 5.2: Variation of tangential stress in
composite cylinder.
Fig 5.3: Distribution of axial stress in composite cylinder. Fig 5.4: Distribution of von-Mises effective stress.
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