This document provides an overview of infrared thermography and its applications for electrical systems. It discusses what infrared thermography is, how it works, common test instruments used, electrical components that can be inspected, typical faults detected, condition monitoring benefits, electrical applications, and case studies. Infrared thermography allows non-contact surface temperature measurements and visualization of thermal issues. It can be used to detect problems in transformers, distribution panels, motors, and more. Periodic inspections provide predictive maintenance benefits like reduced downtime and safety improvements.
A systematic procedure for the use of state feedback and output feedback to control
Induction motor is studied. The impact of which is to explore the advantages of feedback control
assuming that all the state variables are measurable. Feedback control is capable of being used for
asymptotic stability of the desired operating condition, for any load torque and for any initial
condition. A suitable model enables motor faults to be simulated and the change in corresponding
parameters to be predicted without physical experimentation. This project presents a
mathematical foundation and theoretical analysis of modeling and applications of induction
machines. A three-phase induction motor is simulated with fundamental equations. The
simulations results are presented for understanding purpose.
Energy storage system can actually store energy and use the stored energy whenever the need arises.
As the need for clean energy arises, the need to replace current existing power plants have become a global issue.
NEED OF ENERGY STORAGE
Supply and Demand mismatch
Utilize storage for peak periods.
Reliable power supply.
Reduce the need for new generation capacity.
Electrical vehicles
Emergency support.
Energy storage systems are the set of methods and technologies used to store various forms of energy.
There are many different forms of energy storage
Batteries: a range of electrochemical storage solutions, including advanced chemistry batteries, flow batteries, and capacitors
Mechanical Storage: other innovative technologies to harness kinetic or gravitational energy to store electricity
Compressed Air: utilize compressed air to create energy reserves. Electricity can be converted into hydrogen by electrolysis. The hydrogen can be then stored and eventually re-electrified.
Pumped hydro-power: creates energy reserves by using gravity and the manipulation of water elevation
Thermal: capturing heat or cold to create energy
The choice of energy storage technology is typically dictated by application, economics, integration within the system, and the availability of resources.
In modern days, the use of energy consumption increasing very rapidly. Fossil fuels are finite and environmentally costly. Sustainable, environmentally benign energy can be derived from nuclear fission or captured from ambient sources. Large-scale ambient energy (eg. solar, wind and tide), is widely available and large-scale technologies are being developed to efficiently capture it. At the other end of the scale, there are small amounts of ‘wasted’ energy that could be useful if captured. Recovering even a fraction of this energy would have a significant economic and environmental impact. This is where energy harvesting (EH) comes in.
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
A systematic procedure for the use of state feedback and output feedback to control
Induction motor is studied. The impact of which is to explore the advantages of feedback control
assuming that all the state variables are measurable. Feedback control is capable of being used for
asymptotic stability of the desired operating condition, for any load torque and for any initial
condition. A suitable model enables motor faults to be simulated and the change in corresponding
parameters to be predicted without physical experimentation. This project presents a
mathematical foundation and theoretical analysis of modeling and applications of induction
machines. A three-phase induction motor is simulated with fundamental equations. The
simulations results are presented for understanding purpose.
Energy storage system can actually store energy and use the stored energy whenever the need arises.
As the need for clean energy arises, the need to replace current existing power plants have become a global issue.
NEED OF ENERGY STORAGE
Supply and Demand mismatch
Utilize storage for peak periods.
Reliable power supply.
Reduce the need for new generation capacity.
Electrical vehicles
Emergency support.
Energy storage systems are the set of methods and technologies used to store various forms of energy.
There are many different forms of energy storage
Batteries: a range of electrochemical storage solutions, including advanced chemistry batteries, flow batteries, and capacitors
Mechanical Storage: other innovative technologies to harness kinetic or gravitational energy to store electricity
Compressed Air: utilize compressed air to create energy reserves. Electricity can be converted into hydrogen by electrolysis. The hydrogen can be then stored and eventually re-electrified.
Pumped hydro-power: creates energy reserves by using gravity and the manipulation of water elevation
Thermal: capturing heat or cold to create energy
The choice of energy storage technology is typically dictated by application, economics, integration within the system, and the availability of resources.
In modern days, the use of energy consumption increasing very rapidly. Fossil fuels are finite and environmentally costly. Sustainable, environmentally benign energy can be derived from nuclear fission or captured from ambient sources. Large-scale ambient energy (eg. solar, wind and tide), is widely available and large-scale technologies are being developed to efficiently capture it. At the other end of the scale, there are small amounts of ‘wasted’ energy that could be useful if captured. Recovering even a fraction of this energy would have a significant economic and environmental impact. This is where energy harvesting (EH) comes in.
A flywheel, in essence is a mechanical battery - simply a mass rotating about an axis.Flywheels store energy mechanically in the form of kinetic energy.They take an electrical input to accelerate the rotor up to speed by using the built-in motor, and return the electrical energy by using this same motor as a generator.Flywheels are one of the most promising technologies for replacing conventional lead acid batteries as energy storage systems.
Seminar on AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMRAKSHSAH
this is the seminar presentation of automatic solar tracking system ,here i have present how it work and advantages and other things related to this.this presentation is our third year{pre finial year } presentation
so guys i hope you like this presentation
The electric power supplied by a photovoltaic power generation system depends on the solar radiation and temperature. Designing efficient PV systems heavily emphasizes to track the maximum power operating point.
This work develops a three-point weight comparison method that avoids the oscillation problem of the perturbation and observation algorithm which is often employed to track the maximum power point. Furthermore, a low cost control unit is developed, based on a single chip to adjust the output voltage of the solar cell array.
DETECTION OF FAULT LOCATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE USING INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)Journal For Research
Transmission lines are used to transmit electric power to distant large load centres. These lines are exposed to faults as a result of lightning, short circuits, faulty equipment’s, miss-operation, human errors, overload, and aging.To avoid this situation, and we need the exact location of fault occurrence. This problem ishandled by a set of resistors representing cable length in KMs and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at what distance and which phase is displayed on a 16X2 LCD interfaced with the microcontroller. Calculated values are sends to the receiving section with help of Zigbee. Measured values are updated in PC and monitored with help of .NET. RTC is used here to time and date reference, that when the event occurs.
These slides presents on introduction to energy storage devices. Later of the class the modelling and control aspects are also going to be presented in some other slides.
These slides are all about Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). An introduction to PMU is presented as a preliminary knowledge for the course 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Your valuable suggestions are welcome.
The terms atomic battery, nuclear battery, tritium battery and radioisotope generator are used to describe a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Like nuclear reactors they generate electricity from atomic energy, but differ in that they do not use a chain reaction.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Seminar on AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEMRAKSHSAH
this is the seminar presentation of automatic solar tracking system ,here i have present how it work and advantages and other things related to this.this presentation is our third year{pre finial year } presentation
so guys i hope you like this presentation
The electric power supplied by a photovoltaic power generation system depends on the solar radiation and temperature. Designing efficient PV systems heavily emphasizes to track the maximum power operating point.
This work develops a three-point weight comparison method that avoids the oscillation problem of the perturbation and observation algorithm which is often employed to track the maximum power point. Furthermore, a low cost control unit is developed, based on a single chip to adjust the output voltage of the solar cell array.
DETECTION OF FAULT LOCATION IN TRANSMISSION LINE USING INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT)Journal For Research
Transmission lines are used to transmit electric power to distant large load centres. These lines are exposed to faults as a result of lightning, short circuits, faulty equipment’s, miss-operation, human errors, overload, and aging.To avoid this situation, and we need the exact location of fault occurrence. This problem ishandled by a set of resistors representing cable length in KMs and fault creation is made by a set of switches at every known KM to cross check the accuracy of the same. The fault occurring at what distance and which phase is displayed on a 16X2 LCD interfaced with the microcontroller. Calculated values are sends to the receiving section with help of Zigbee. Measured values are updated in PC and monitored with help of .NET. RTC is used here to time and date reference, that when the event occurs.
These slides presents on introduction to energy storage devices. Later of the class the modelling and control aspects are also going to be presented in some other slides.
These slides are all about Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs). An introduction to PMU is presented as a preliminary knowledge for the course 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Your valuable suggestions are welcome.
The terms atomic battery, nuclear battery, tritium battery and radioisotope generator are used to describe a device which uses energy from the decay of a radioactive isotope to generate electricity. Like nuclear reactors they generate electricity from atomic energy, but differ in that they do not use a chain reaction.
The electricity supply industry is undergoing a profound transformation worldwide. Market forces, scarcer natural resources, and an ever-increasing demand for electricity are some of the drivers responsible for such unprecedented change. Against this background of rapid evolution, the expansion programs of many utilities are being thwarted by a variety of well-founded, environment, land-use, and regulatory pressures that prevent the licensing and building of new transmission lines and electricity generating plants.
Induction motor modelling and applications reportUmesh Dadde
A three-phase induction motor is one of the most popular and versatile motor in electrical
power system and industries. It can perform the best when operated using a balanced three-phase
supply of the correct frequency. In spite of their robustness they do occasionally fail and their
resulting unplanned downtime can prove very costly. Therefore, condition monitoring of
electrical machines has received considerable attention in recent years.
Induction motor modelling and applicationsUmesh Dadde
A three-phase induction motor is one of the most popular and versatile motor in electrical
power system and industries. It can perform the best when operated using a balanced three-phase
supply of the correct frequency. In spite of their robustness they do occasionally fail and their
resulting unplanned downtime can prove very costly. Therefore, condition monitoring of
electrical machines has received considerable attention in recent years.
Partial discharge (PD) atau biasa juga disebut dengan peluahan merupakan fenomena peluahan muatan elektrik yang bisa menjembatani system isolasi baik secara sebagian maupun menyeluruh di dalam suatu bahan dielektrik. Fenomena tersebut timbul diakibatkan oleh banyak factor diantaranya adalah kualitas bahan dielektrik, celah/rongga dalam bahan dielektrik, maupun adanya kerusakan ataupun ketidak sempurnaan dalam proses pengerjaan. Apabila fenomena partial discharge terjadi secara terus menerus maka akan menimbulkan panas berlebih pada daerah tertentu yang nantinya akan merusak bahan isolasi dan mengarah kepada terjadinya kegagalan system.
Pengertian korona berdasarkan American Standards Association adalah peluahan sebagian (partial discharge) ditandai dengan timbulnya cahaya violet karena terjadi ionisasi udara disekitar permukaan konduktor ketika gradien tegangan permukaan konduktor melebihi nilai kuat medan kritis disruptifnya. Terjadinya korona juga ditandai dengan suara mendesis (hissing) dan bau ozone (O3). Korona makin nyata kelihatan pada bagian yang kasar, runcing dan kotor. Peristiwa korona semakin sering terjadi jika pada saluran transmisi diterapkan tegangan yang lebih tinggi daripada tegangan kritis dan ketika udara yang lembab serta cuaca buruk. Peristiwa korona menimbulkan rugi-rugi penyaluran, merusak bahan isolasiserta gejala tegangan tinggi berupa Audible Noise (AN) dan Radio Interference (RI).
Thermography test of electrical panels Thermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panel
POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS & SOLUTIONS- POWER SYSTEMAnandYadav207
It's an Electrical core topic on which you can deliver your presentation with respect to your industrial certification program.
you can use Course era online courses platform as like me for this type of certification. it's really beneficial for you guys
Thanks//.
Pemesanan produk, hubungi PT Siwali Swantika melalui WhatsApp, Jakarta : 0811-1519-949 (chat only) | Surabaya : 0811-1519-948 (chat only). Kunjungi website kami di www.siwali.com, untuk detail informasi spesifikasi dan model alat.
Infrared Thermography is playing an increasingly important role in the prevention and control of visually undetectable maintenance problems. This technology allows us to detect overloaded circuits, faulty or high resistance connections, damaged fuses and clips, and other defective electrical components before they can cause expensive facility damage or production losses. Thermographic imagery helps to eliminate the risk of human injury and/or loss of life..Thermographic technology utilizes radiation emitted in the infrared light spectrum to image and measure thermal problems that are simply undetectable to the human eye. Without shutting down the equipment, or interfering with production, a thermographic inspection can detect problems in electrical panels, motor control centers, switchgear cabinets, disconnects, transformer bushings and terminations, and equipment control panels that may result in electrical fires, mechanical breakdowns, or significant business interruption.
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
1. Infrared thermography on electrical system
By
Name: Venkanagouda P.C
USN:
Under the Guidance of
Prof.Praveen .H
A seminar on
• Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
K. L. E. Institute Of Technology, Hubli.
1
2. Contents
Introduction
What is thermography
Test instrument
Inspection of components and faults
Condition monitoring
Electrical applications
Benefits of infrared thermography
Advantages and limitations
Case studies
Conclusion
References
2
3. Introduction
In 1800, astronomer Sir William Herschel discovered infrared
It is simply a picture of heat
On-line condition monitoring
fast, reliable and accurate temperature profile of any material surface.
New level of diagnostic aid and problem solving
Rapid growth in electric utilities and industrial sectors are embracing the
technology.
3
4. Infrared thermography_What it is?
An Infrared Camera Senses Infrared Radiation
It is objective image-giving measuring method
Enabling Us To Visualize The Thermal World
surface temperature can be determined contactless.
A Processor In The Camera Assigns Color To The Infrared Radiation-
Different Color Equals Different Temperature
4
5. In an electromagnetic spectrum the IR region appears between 0.8
micron to 1000 micron wavelength . This wavelength of IR spectrum is
more than that of a visible spectrum
5
6. Test Equipment
Hand held portable camera
Battery Powered
Range…..-20°c to +1500°c
Sensitivity…..0.1°c at 30°c
Real time display
Image Recording capability
6
7. The infrared camera evaluates and converts heat energy into
meaningful temperatures. Components in various states of failure
will emit more heat as a direct result of more energy dissipated into
the component.
7
8. Objectives of Test
To detect hot or cold area’s
To determine absolute temperature
To view Thermal profiles
To detect temperature loss
first determine a baseline
baseline is established when the system is operating under normal load and
operating conditions
the baseline images and data will be stored and compared to new data
collected from each inspection interval
8
9. Electrical Inspection Items
. Transformer
– Pad Mount
– Dry
– Overhead
• Distribution Panels
• Rectifiers
• Control Panels
• Drives
• Capacitor Banks
• Any Electrical Connection
• Main Switchgear
• Motor Control Centers
9
11. Electrical Applications
Power generation: hydro, thermal, and nuclear
Power distribution: transmission, switchyards, substations,
and distribution
Industrial users: all process and manufacturing industries
Commercial users: warehouses, office buildings, banks,
schools, virtually all buildings
11
12. Condition monitoring
No electrical system is 100% efficient
Temperature is an excellent indicator to the operating condition
It is well understood that the life of electrical components and materials is drastically
reduced as temperatures are increased.
IEEE, ANSI, IEC and manufacturers all publish standards and temperature ratings
for electrical components
the job of the thermographer to identify record, analyze and diagnose indications of
abnormal heat transfer in the electrical equipment or components
12
13. Exception Repair Priority Criteria
Priority 0
Temperature Difference 10F or Less
No Corrective Measures Required
At This Time.
Priority 4
Temperature Difference Over 100F
Corrective Measures Required Immediately
Priority 3
Temperature Difference 30F to 100F
Corrective Measures Required
As Soon As Possible
Priority 2
Temperature Difference 20F to 30F
Corrective Measures Required
As Scheduling Permits
Priority 1
Temperature Difference 10F to 20F
Corrective Measures Required
At Next Maintenance Period
13
14. Exception Example Breaker Load
Hot Spot Temperature….71F
Reference Temperature…55F
Temperature Difference..16F Repair Priority 0
No Corrective Measures Required
At This Time
92.6°F
119.1°F
95
100
105
110
115
Breaker Load A-105 amps
B-150 amps
C-167 amps
14
15. Exception Example
Main Switchboard Fused Switch
Hot Spot Temperature...311F
Reference Temperature..151F
Temperature Difference...160F
Repair Priority 4
Corrective Measures Required
Immediately
118.9°F
245.4°F
120
140
160
180
200
220
240AR01
SP01
15
16. Application in distribution system
Isolators, circuit breakers, Current Transformers, Potential Transformers,
Distribution Transformers, bus bars etc. Most faults are encountered in
the form of hot-spots at contact terminals which may be due to lose
contact, corrosive nuts & bolts, broken conductor strands etc
16
17. Applications Power Circuit of Electrical Drives
loose contacts at Motor Control Centre's
severe voltage unbalance is at the motor terminal end lead to single-phasing
This results in malfunctioning of the motor
415 volt 75 KW induction motor (101 0C) at MCC breaker terminal with
ambient about 30 0C in R-phase resulting in a voltage unbalance of about
4.7% at motor terminal
17
18. Benefits of Periodic Electrical Infrared Inspections
Predictive Maintenance...Allows Scheduling Of Repairs, Forward
Buying. The reduction in disassembling, rebuilding or repairing
components
Reduces Downtime… Find It, Repair It, Before It Blows Up and
Stops Production
18
19. Safety
Greater system security
Improved and less expensive maintenance
More efficient inspections
Reduced outage and operational costs
19
20. Advantages and Limitations
Advantages Limitations
•It is a non-contact type technique.
•Fast, reliable & accurate output.
•A large surface area can be scanned in no time.
•Presented in visual & digital form.
•Software back-up for image processing and
analysis.
•Requires very little skill for monitoring.
•Can work at a distance
•Portable
•Convincing Results
•Cost of instrument is relatively high.
•Unable to detect the inside temperature if the
medium is separated by
•glass/ polythene material etc.
•Operator experience is essential
•Filters may be needed for certain applications
•Sensitivity and Resolution reduce with distance
and angle of view
20
21. Case study 1
Consequence of Application of Thermography in a switchyard of a
Captive Power Plant
21
22. Case study 2
Transformer
Excessive transformer loading.
Excess current in the neutral of the
transformer.
Problems in the cooling system.
High harmonic content in the power
supply.
Sustained overvoltage which exists for a
long period of time.47.2°C
22
23. Case study 3
Transmission lines
23
A high-temperature spot is found at the connector of phase-T
conductor at the jumper of the riser pole.
it shows bad electrical
connection
24. Conclusions
Protect catastrophic equipment failures and unscheduled plant
shutdowns
a fast, reliable and accurate
maintenance priorities, enhance operational safety and contribute to a
stronger bottom line.
Enhancing and preserving system reliability and reducing
maintenance costs
24
=
$1.00 $4.00
25. REFERENCES
FLIR Infrared Cameras Help Detect the Spreading of Swine Flu and Other Viral Diseases Applegate.co.uk (2009-
04-29). Retrieved on 2013-06-18.
Poryev V.A., Poryev G.V. "Experimental determination of the temperature range of a television pyrometer" in
Journal of Optical Technology, Volume 71, Issue 1, pp. 70–71 (2004)
Maldague X. P. V., Jones T. S., Kaplan H., Marinetti S. and Prystay M. "Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Infrared and
Thermal Testing: Part 1. Principles of Infrared and Thermal Testing," in Nondestructive Handbook, Infrared and
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