Infrared thermography (IR/T) as a condition monitoring technique is used to remotely gather thermal information for monitoring the condition of virtually all of the electrical components on an entire system and from generation to end user. When equipments operating under regular conditions, has a normal operating thermal signature which is typical of the specific component being inspected. Infrared thermography presents this normal signature or baseline to us. Once the baseline is established, IR/T will reveal the thermal variances deviating from the norm this localized thermal deviation can either be caused by an overheated condition or absence of heat. The information is reviewed and decisions are made for repair or to plot the temperature change over time and repair the component at a more opportune time. The information can be stored and fully analyzed at a later date providing complete computer aided predictive maintenance capabilities and trending.
Infrared thermography (IR/T) as a condition monitoring technique is used to remotely gather thermal information for monitoring the condition of virtually all of the electrical components on an entire system and from generation to end user. When equipments operating under regular conditions, has a normal operating thermal signature which is typical of the specific component being inspected. Infrared thermography presents this normal signature or baseline to us. Once the baseline is established, IR/T will reveal the thermal variances deviating from the norm this localized thermal deviation can either be caused by an overheated condition or absence of heat. The information is reviewed and decisions are made for repair or to plot the temperature change over time and repair the component at a more opportune time. The information can be stored and fully analyzed at a later date providing complete computer aided predictive maintenance capabilities and trending.
A systematic procedure for the use of state feedback and output feedback to control
Induction motor is studied. The impact of which is to explore the advantages of feedback control
assuming that all the state variables are measurable. Feedback control is capable of being used for
asymptotic stability of the desired operating condition, for any load torque and for any initial
condition. A suitable model enables motor faults to be simulated and the change in corresponding
parameters to be predicted without physical experimentation. This project presents a
mathematical foundation and theoretical analysis of modeling and applications of induction
machines. A three-phase induction motor is simulated with fundamental equations. The
simulations results are presented for understanding purpose.
Medical Thermography and its applications in Medical & Clinical Research Fieldtestoindiaseo
Best method to diagnose Type-2 diabetes. Using thermal imaging camera, mass screening of people for early diagnostic of Type-2 diabetes and fever detection. Fast, easy, contactless method to screen persons to track viral infections.
Infrared Thermography is playing an increasingly important role in the prevention and control of visually undetectable maintenance problems. This technology allows us to detect overloaded circuits, faulty or high resistance connections, damaged fuses and clips, and other defective electrical components before they can cause expensive facility damage or production losses. Thermographic imagery helps to eliminate the risk of human injury and/or loss of life..Thermographic technology utilizes radiation emitted in the infrared light spectrum to image and measure thermal problems that are simply undetectable to the human eye. Without shutting down the equipment, or interfering with production, a thermographic inspection can detect problems in electrical panels, motor control centers, switchgear cabinets, disconnects, transformer bushings and terminations, and equipment control panels that may result in electrical fires, mechanical breakdowns, or significant business interruption.
Learn about the world of thermal imaging and its use in a variety of diagnostic applications. Everything from locating hot spots in electrical cabinets to evaluating the thermal performance of building enclosures to finding structural issues in aircraft components.
Success with infrared technology, however, involves more than just learning how to use a thermal imager. IR science, heat transfer, and application knowledge are all essential. This presentation discusses the basics of what an infrared camera can do for you and provide an overview of the information that every thermographer should know.
The transformation of vitality starting with one frame then onto the next is known as Transduction. A transducer fills
for this need.
A transducer is a device which converts signals from one form to another. This can include loudspeakers and linear
positioned are well as physical quantity to electrical signal devices. The latter are most frequently referred to as sensors.
They allow computers and other electronic devices measure, operate and control things.
We can state that Every transducer is likewise (or has) a sensor yet every sensor requires not be a transducer.
Optical or light related sensors and its principles are discussed. The use of the LDR, photocell, photodiodes, and many more transducers which are based on optical sensors are discussed with the applications related to it.
Thermal imaging technology in power drone inspectiAlbert2019
In the daily UAV power inspection, refinement inspection and troubleshooting, infrared thermal imaging have become an indispensable and important method.
THERMOGRAPHY AND EDDY CURRENT TESTING (ET)laxtwinsme
Thermography- Principles, Contact and non contact inspection methods, Techniques for applying liquid crystals, Advantages and limitation - infrared radiation and infrared detectors, Instrumentations and methods, applications. Eddy Current Testing-Generation of eddy currents, Properties of eddy currents, Eddy current sensing elements, Probes, Instrumentation, Types of arrangement, Applications, advantages, Limitations, Interpretation/Evaluation
A systematic procedure for the use of state feedback and output feedback to control
Induction motor is studied. The impact of which is to explore the advantages of feedback control
assuming that all the state variables are measurable. Feedback control is capable of being used for
asymptotic stability of the desired operating condition, for any load torque and for any initial
condition. A suitable model enables motor faults to be simulated and the change in corresponding
parameters to be predicted without physical experimentation. This project presents a
mathematical foundation and theoretical analysis of modeling and applications of induction
machines. A three-phase induction motor is simulated with fundamental equations. The
simulations results are presented for understanding purpose.
Medical Thermography and its applications in Medical & Clinical Research Fieldtestoindiaseo
Best method to diagnose Type-2 diabetes. Using thermal imaging camera, mass screening of people for early diagnostic of Type-2 diabetes and fever detection. Fast, easy, contactless method to screen persons to track viral infections.
Infrared Thermography is playing an increasingly important role in the prevention and control of visually undetectable maintenance problems. This technology allows us to detect overloaded circuits, faulty or high resistance connections, damaged fuses and clips, and other defective electrical components before they can cause expensive facility damage or production losses. Thermographic imagery helps to eliminate the risk of human injury and/or loss of life..Thermographic technology utilizes radiation emitted in the infrared light spectrum to image and measure thermal problems that are simply undetectable to the human eye. Without shutting down the equipment, or interfering with production, a thermographic inspection can detect problems in electrical panels, motor control centers, switchgear cabinets, disconnects, transformer bushings and terminations, and equipment control panels that may result in electrical fires, mechanical breakdowns, or significant business interruption.
Learn about the world of thermal imaging and its use in a variety of diagnostic applications. Everything from locating hot spots in electrical cabinets to evaluating the thermal performance of building enclosures to finding structural issues in aircraft components.
Success with infrared technology, however, involves more than just learning how to use a thermal imager. IR science, heat transfer, and application knowledge are all essential. This presentation discusses the basics of what an infrared camera can do for you and provide an overview of the information that every thermographer should know.
The transformation of vitality starting with one frame then onto the next is known as Transduction. A transducer fills
for this need.
A transducer is a device which converts signals from one form to another. This can include loudspeakers and linear
positioned are well as physical quantity to electrical signal devices. The latter are most frequently referred to as sensors.
They allow computers and other electronic devices measure, operate and control things.
We can state that Every transducer is likewise (or has) a sensor yet every sensor requires not be a transducer.
Optical or light related sensors and its principles are discussed. The use of the LDR, photocell, photodiodes, and many more transducers which are based on optical sensors are discussed with the applications related to it.
Thermal imaging technology in power drone inspectiAlbert2019
In the daily UAV power inspection, refinement inspection and troubleshooting, infrared thermal imaging have become an indispensable and important method.
THERMOGRAPHY AND EDDY CURRENT TESTING (ET)laxtwinsme
Thermography- Principles, Contact and non contact inspection methods, Techniques for applying liquid crystals, Advantages and limitation - infrared radiation and infrared detectors, Instrumentations and methods, applications. Eddy Current Testing-Generation of eddy currents, Properties of eddy currents, Eddy current sensing elements, Probes, Instrumentation, Types of arrangement, Applications, advantages, Limitations, Interpretation/Evaluation
PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT USING 3D THERMOGRAPHY AND IMAGE PROCESSINGEklavya Sharma
This paper revolves around a thermal imaging technology that enhance the perception and awareness towards the objects we see around us. Here, we are using this technology for the protection and defect detections of electrical power equipment. Starting from the origin of infrared we will go through the development and research on thermography. Then, it is followed by the real-time 3 dimensional thermography using Matlab and thermal imaging camera. Then the systematic procedures for the temperature measurement thereby detecting the faults in the electrical power equipment using 3D thermography. And then taking the corrective action by guiding the automation software’s according to the temperature signatures of the devices. In addition, this paper presents the outline of the previous researches related to the project.
Thermography test of electrical panels Thermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panelThermography test of electrical panel
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Evaluating the Arc-Flash Protection Benefits of IEC 61850 CommunicationSchneider Electric
The goal of arc-flash protection is to minimize the damaging effects of released energy, which requires very fast and reliable communication among protection system components. In addition to discussing communication requirements and options for sensors, current transformers, relays, circuit breakers, and upper level control systems, this paper introduces and evaluates the benefits and drawbacks of new IEC 61850-based communication options.
making a simple device that measures radiation coming out of various household gadgets like mobile,adapter,LAN router,cfl,laptop etc.basically it can measure non ionized radiation.
making a simple device that measures radiation coming out of various household gadgets like mobile,adapter,LAN router,cfl,laptop etc.basically it can measure non ionized radiation.
The temperature is the measure of warmth or coldness of an object or substance with reference to some standard value. Temperature is most often measured with a mercury thermometer up to a particular range. But in industrial purpose, product generation requires very high temperatures. For measuring and controlling the temperature, normal thermometers are not sufficient. In such cases, temperatures of materials can be measured and controlled by using LabVIEW and temperature measuring devices. Merging of LabVIEW programming with the temperature interfacing devices provides a flexible platform for creating sophisticated measurement and control systems.
Open-End-Winding Permanent Magnet Synchonous Generator for Wind Energy Conver...Naila Syed
Recent trend in Wind energy conversion system which helps in understanding how the control systems and power energy systems can be interfaced to make the best use of wind energy.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
2. OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
BASIC INFRARED THEORY
INFRARED INSPECTION EQUIPMENT
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF IR IMAGER
IR THERMOGRAPHY IN ELECTRICAL
INSPECTION
IR MAINTENANCE TECHNIQUES
PROS AND CONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
3. INTRODUCTION
Infrared thermography is a proactive troubleshooting and
predictive maintenance tool.
It is the process of acquisition and analysis of thermal
information from non-contact thermal imaging devices.
Thermal or infrared energy = Light which is not visible because
its wavelength is too long to be detected by the human eye: it's
the part of the electromagnetic spectrum we perceive as "heat".
Thermography = The use of an infrared imaging and
measurement device to "see" and "measure thermal energy
emitted from an object.
Infrared testing is essentially a non-invasive, non-destructive
inspection process that uses thermography cameras.
These devices gather temperature signatures that lie far
beyond the range of visible light.
4. ELECTROMAGNETIC
SPECTRUM
The electromagnetic spectrum is the distribution of
electromagnetic radiation according to energy. It is
the range of all possible frequencies
of electromagnetic radiation.
The electromagnetic spectrum extends from below the
low frequencies used for modern radio
communication to gamma radiation at the short-
wavelength (high-frequency) end, thereby covering
wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to
a fraction of the size of an atom.
5.
6. THERMAL SCIENCE
Heat is thermal energy associated with temperature-dependent
motion of particles
Photography can be described as writing with Light
Thermography can be described as writing with Heat
Heat Transfer Modes:
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
EMISSIVITY
Emissivity is a term representing a material's ability to emit thermal
radiation
Conduction
Radiation
Convection
7. PRINCIPLE OF IR
THERMOGRAPHY
Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects based on
their temperatures, according to the black body radiation law,
thermography makes it possible to “see” one’s environment
with or without visible illumination.
The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with
temperature; therefore thermography allows one to see
variations in temperature.
All objects emit a certain amount of black body radiation as a
function of their temperatures. The higher an object’s
temperature is the more infrared radiation as black-body
radiation it emits.
A special camera can detect this radiation in a way similar to
an ordinary camera does visible light.
It works even in total darkness because ambient light level
does not matter.
8. Visual Image Thermal image
Thermal Imaging with an
infrared camera.
“ Paints a different picture.”
These two glasses
visually appear the
same.
11. COMPONENTS FOR IR
IMAGER
Detector
There are two options for a thermal imaging detector, cooled and uncooled,
both types of detector absorb infrared energy which in turn affect the detectors
electrical properties to produce an image.
These detectors use narrow gap semiconductors to offer high sensitivity to
infra-red radiation. These semiconductors have to be housed in a vacuum
sealed case and cryogenically cooled (typically to below a temperature of
110K).
Lens
The Lens is not made out of glass like the lens of a normal
CCTV camera. The properties of glass mean that it does not
transmit infrared radiation very well and would be an
impractical lens material for thermal imagers. Instead
Germanium is used which is a naturally occurring chemical
element that is transparent to IR Radiation (that is that it will
allow IR Radiation to pass through it).
12. .
SENSOR:
The ML8540 is a medium-
resolution (approximately 2,000
pixels) infrared image sensor
that allows noncontact
temperature measurement of
an object and easy obtaining of
thermal images.
The ML8540 receives infrared
rays from an object at 48×47
(2,256) pixels resolution,
converts them into voltage
through a thermopile, and
selects pixels in accordance
with external CPU clocks to
output signals.
13.
14. IR THERMOGRAPHY IN
ELECTRICAL INSPECTION
The infrared electrical testing allows for inspection of a large
amount of electrical equipment in a short time as opposed to
the alternative method of physically inspecting and tightening
electrical components.
The infrared electrical systems survey locates faulty
electrical items not generally found during a physical
inspection.
The infrared electrical systems survey locates problems
before they lead to an unscheduled outage, equipment
damage or a fire. Today’s facilities engineers are avoiding
costly expenses every year with infrared electrical surveys.
Infrared thermography testing is non-contact and
nondestructive testing (NDT), there is no need to interrupt
system production.
15.
16. MAINTENANCE OF
EQUIPMENT BY IR
THERMOGRAPHY
Electrical switchgear and panels are the lifeblood
of a data center. Without it, equipment failure is
immediate.
If there is dual power or utilizing redundant power
sources, anytime we switch over power from
primary to a backup power source infrared scan
the switchgear and backup electrical panel boards
and branch circuits for excessive heat.
Testing while under load will tell us if there has
been any degradation in the system components
that could lead to future equipment failure and a
possible outage.
17. CHECKING OF VARIOUS EQUIPMENTS
ELECTRICAL PANELS:
Open and scan the electrical panel and look for hot
spots. Loose or week connections between
breakers and the main panel bus and other
deficiencies including overloaded circuits, load
imbalances, harmonic problems and defective
electrical components can all contribute to a thermal
scan heat signature.
Anytime someone needs to access an electrical
panel, power distribution unit or remote power
panel, they should infrared scan the branch circuits
and breakers for excessive heat. Even if you find
yourself in an electrical panel every week, it only
takes a few seconds to scan and determine if a
problem exists.
18. .
CIRCUIT BREAKERS:
This 2,000A breaker has an obvious over
temperature condition on the terminal. A
high resistance or loose bolted connection
is causing this problem. Early detection and
correction of this problem will prevent a
major plant-wide power outage. The
advanced warning from the thermographic
image will also prevent a significant
unplanned business interruption.
Bad Fuse Clip
This fuse clip, on the load-side of the C-
phase, has lost its tension. The loose
spring tension creates a high-resistance
joint that produces excessive heat .
Heating at this fuse clip can also cause
many nuisance blown fuses due to the
internal fuse element heating from this
local bad connection.
19. .
Loose Wire
The load-side wire on this control
panel contactor was not installed
properly. The wire was cut back
and properly re-terminated to allow
for continued plant production.
Power Feed from Plant
This is the connection point between a
renewable resource power plant and
the local utility grid. A medium-voltage
cable termination is showing excessive
heat compared to the other two
phases. Since this connection is
high atop a utility pole, it would be hard
to smell or see any smoke if it
developed. It is also far away from the
areas where anyone normally performs
work.
20. . Power Plant
This power plant has multiple problems with overheating
terminations on the network. A single thermographic image
can see all of the hot spots in one viewing and at a safe
distance away from the medium- or high-voltage
equipment. The criticality of any system is based on the
consequences of a failure. In a manufacturing plant failure and
outage, only one customer is typically affected. On the other
hand, when a utility electrical connection fails, entire
geographic areas can be affected by the resulting outage.
21. .
Transformer Connection
These three single-phase
transformers are connected to provide
a 3-phase service to a manufacturing
facility. You can see that two of the
secondary terminal connections are
overheating, a failure at this point in
the system means a total unexpected
plant shutdown. If the production
equipment is running at the time the
termination fails, the 3-phase
equipment will single-phase and is
likely to cause additional production
equipment damage beyond the failed
termination.
22. . Solar Panel
This is a thermographic image of a solar module. Many individual solar
cells make up one solar module. The solar cells are the squares within the
grid of dots on the module. You can see the cells that are giving off a much
higher heat signature. The hotter cells are not supplying energy to the grid
system because they are locally dissipating their energy as heat. As new
renewable energy technology advances, new uses are found for the
thermographic camera. Viewing the thermographic image needs to be
combined with the wisdom of a seasoned thermographer to properly
interpret and diagnose conditions.
23. PROS AND CONS
PROS
Low Power
Requirement
Low Circuitry Cost
Portable
Higher Security
CONS
Blocked By Materials
Short Range
Slow Data Transmission
24. CONCLUSION
Infrared surveys are a powerful, versatile, and highly
accurate diagnostic tool for uncovering a wide range
of problems in electrical systems.
Infrared monitoring and analysis has the widest
range of application (from high- to low-speed
equipment), and it can be effective for spotting both
mechanical and electrical failures.
It also requires minimum skills for analysis.
In recent times thermography is being used in
firefighting, law enforcement, industrial applications,
security, transportation, medical and many other
industries.
“To See More – Is to Know More”.
25. REFERENCES
25
Infrared thermography: An optical method in heat transfer and fluid flow
visualisation, by T. Astarita, G. Cardone, G.M. Carlomagno University`, Italy
Lucier, Ronald; “How to Guarantee Your Failure as an Infrared
Thermographer“; Proc. InfraMation; 2002.
Leonard Ken, Madding Robert P. and Orlove Gary L “Important measurements
that support IR surveys in substations” Proc. InfraMation; 2002, pp 19-25.