These slides presents on introduction to energy storage devices. Later of the class the modelling and control aspects are also going to be presented in some other slides.
MicroGrid and Energy Storage System COMPLETE DETAILS NEW PPT Abin Baby
A microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operates connected to a traditional centralized grid (macrogrid). This single point of common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected. The microgrid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected microgrid can be controlled as if it were one entity.
Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Produced heat from generation sources such as micro turbines could be used for local process heating or space heating, allowing flexible trade off between the needs for heat and electric power.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
These slides presents an introduction to distributed generators integration in distribution system. Later its modelling, control, protection aspects will be presented.
Role of storage in smart grid
Different types of storage technologies
USE OF BATTERIES IN GRID
TYPES OF BATTERIES
SMES {SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE}
Communication, Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for Smart Grid
Real time pricing
Smart Meters
CLOUD Computing
cyber security for smart grid
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
MicroGrid and Energy Storage System COMPLETE DETAILS NEW PPT Abin Baby
A microgrid is a localized grouping of electricity generation, energy storage, and loads that normally operates connected to a traditional centralized grid (macrogrid). This single point of common coupling with the macrogrid can be disconnected. The microgrid can then function autonomously. Generation and loads in a microgrid are usually interconnected at low voltage. From the point of view of the grid operator, a connected microgrid can be controlled as if it were one entity.
Microgrid generation resources can include fuel cells, wind, solar, or other energy sources. The multiple dispersed generation sources and ability to isolate the microgrid from a larger network would provide highly reliable electric power. Produced heat from generation sources such as micro turbines could be used for local process heating or space heating, allowing flexible trade off between the needs for heat and electric power.
This slide presents an introduction to microgrid. This is the second class for the subject 'Distribution Generation and Smart Grid'. Class wise I will provide all the discussions and analysis.
These slides presents an introduction to distributed generators integration in distribution system. Later its modelling, control, protection aspects will be presented.
Role of storage in smart grid
Different types of storage technologies
USE OF BATTERIES IN GRID
TYPES OF BATTERIES
SMES {SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE}
Communication, Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for Smart Grid
Real time pricing
Smart Meters
CLOUD Computing
cyber security for smart grid
Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
Multiple Energy Storage Technologies are being developed & are maturing, Gensol did an analysis of 1635 Energy Storage Projects developed globally to come up with which technology has captured market share.
The presentation also has multiple case studies.
In microgrid, if fault occurs or any other contingency happens, then the problems would be created which are related to power flow, also there are various protection schemes are used for minimize or eliminate these problems.
Voltage control is used for reactive power balance and P-f control is used for active power control.
Various protection schemes such as, over current protection, differential protection scheme, zoning of network in adaptive protection scheme are used in microgrid system .
This presentation outlines the different storage technology options available to cope up with the intermittent nature of the Renewable energy like wind and solar.
These slides present at an introduction level about the demand side management and demand response in smart micro-grid system. Later mathematical modelling and detail on optimization techniques will be covered.
seminar on SMART GRID is the best seminar of my branch
technology based on smart to integration of information technology on traditional power system
It may be best to understood Smart Grid as the overlaying of a unified communications and control system on the existing power delivery infrastructure to provide the right information to the right entity (e.g. end-use devices, transmission and distribution, system controls, customers, etc.) at the right time to take the right action. It is a system that optimizes power supply and delivery, minimizes losses, is self-healing, and enables next-generation energy efficiency and demand response applications.
To have connections between suppliers, distributors and consumers.
In definition, Smart Grid is a form of electricity network utilizing digital technology.
Its delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital communications to control appliances at consumers' homes; which in deed will saving the energy, reduce costs and increase reliability.
A key feature of the smart grid is automation technology that lets the utility adjust and control each individual device or millions of devices from a central location.
A Smart Grid must functions as followings
1. Be able to heal itself
Smart Grid is designed with a control system that self-analyzes its performance using intelligent autonomous reinforcement learning controllers that are able to learn new strategies and successfully implementing such strategies to govern the behavior of the grid in the face of an ever changing environment such as equipment failures.
2. Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations of the grid
If consumers have freedom to control own usage of energy, they will be motivated to participate and be part of the system. They can monitor their usage and manipulate by the assistance of “smart appliances” and “intelligent equipment” in homes or businesses. Advanced communications capabilities equip customers with tools to exploit real-time electricity pricing, incentive-based load reduction signals, or emergency load reduction signals.
3. Resist attack
Most important issues of resist attack is the smart monitoring of power grids, which is the basis of control and management of smart grids to avoid or mitigate the system-wide disruptions like blackouts.
4. Accommodate all energy generation and storage options
Smart Grid integrates two power generation source; traditional power generation likes fossil fuel powered power plant with renewable power generations either generates from residential, commercial, and industrial customers that will improves reliability and power quality, reduces electricity costs, and offers more customer choice.
5. High quality power
Outages and power quality issues is common for any country especially for major industrial-based countries. Smart Grid provides more stable power provided that will reduce downtime and prevent such high losses because of
These slides present the basics of different categories of energy storage devices, and their application to power system. Apart from that one control strategy has been presented. Later of the class I will discuss about its control strategies.
Multiple Energy Storage Technologies are being developed & are maturing, Gensol did an analysis of 1635 Energy Storage Projects developed globally to come up with which technology has captured market share.
The presentation also has multiple case studies.
In microgrid, if fault occurs or any other contingency happens, then the problems would be created which are related to power flow, also there are various protection schemes are used for minimize or eliminate these problems.
Voltage control is used for reactive power balance and P-f control is used for active power control.
Various protection schemes such as, over current protection, differential protection scheme, zoning of network in adaptive protection scheme are used in microgrid system .
This presentation outlines the different storage technology options available to cope up with the intermittent nature of the Renewable energy like wind and solar.
These slides present at an introduction level about the demand side management and demand response in smart micro-grid system. Later mathematical modelling and detail on optimization techniques will be covered.
seminar on SMART GRID is the best seminar of my branch
technology based on smart to integration of information technology on traditional power system
It may be best to understood Smart Grid as the overlaying of a unified communications and control system on the existing power delivery infrastructure to provide the right information to the right entity (e.g. end-use devices, transmission and distribution, system controls, customers, etc.) at the right time to take the right action. It is a system that optimizes power supply and delivery, minimizes losses, is self-healing, and enables next-generation energy efficiency and demand response applications.
To have connections between suppliers, distributors and consumers.
In definition, Smart Grid is a form of electricity network utilizing digital technology.
Its delivers electricity from suppliers to consumers using two-way digital communications to control appliances at consumers' homes; which in deed will saving the energy, reduce costs and increase reliability.
A key feature of the smart grid is automation technology that lets the utility adjust and control each individual device or millions of devices from a central location.
A Smart Grid must functions as followings
1. Be able to heal itself
Smart Grid is designed with a control system that self-analyzes its performance using intelligent autonomous reinforcement learning controllers that are able to learn new strategies and successfully implementing such strategies to govern the behavior of the grid in the face of an ever changing environment such as equipment failures.
2. Motivate consumers to actively participate in operations of the grid
If consumers have freedom to control own usage of energy, they will be motivated to participate and be part of the system. They can monitor their usage and manipulate by the assistance of “smart appliances” and “intelligent equipment” in homes or businesses. Advanced communications capabilities equip customers with tools to exploit real-time electricity pricing, incentive-based load reduction signals, or emergency load reduction signals.
3. Resist attack
Most important issues of resist attack is the smart monitoring of power grids, which is the basis of control and management of smart grids to avoid or mitigate the system-wide disruptions like blackouts.
4. Accommodate all energy generation and storage options
Smart Grid integrates two power generation source; traditional power generation likes fossil fuel powered power plant with renewable power generations either generates from residential, commercial, and industrial customers that will improves reliability and power quality, reduces electricity costs, and offers more customer choice.
5. High quality power
Outages and power quality issues is common for any country especially for major industrial-based countries. Smart Grid provides more stable power provided that will reduce downtime and prevent such high losses because of
These slides present the basics of different categories of energy storage devices, and their application to power system. Apart from that one control strategy has been presented. Later of the class I will discuss about its control strategies.
Energy storage system can actually store energy and use the stored energy whenever the need arises.
As the need for clean energy arises, the need to replace current existing power plants have become a global issue.
NEED OF ENERGY STORAGE
Supply and Demand mismatch
Utilize storage for peak periods.
Reliable power supply.
Reduce the need for new generation capacity.
Electrical vehicles
Emergency support.
Energy storage systems are the set of methods and technologies used to store various forms of energy.
There are many different forms of energy storage
Batteries: a range of electrochemical storage solutions, including advanced chemistry batteries, flow batteries, and capacitors
Mechanical Storage: other innovative technologies to harness kinetic or gravitational energy to store electricity
Compressed Air: utilize compressed air to create energy reserves. Electricity can be converted into hydrogen by electrolysis. The hydrogen can be then stored and eventually re-electrified.
Pumped hydro-power: creates energy reserves by using gravity and the manipulation of water elevation
Thermal: capturing heat or cold to create energy
The choice of energy storage technology is typically dictated by application, economics, integration within the system, and the availability of resources.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL LOADS USING POWER ELECTRONICSrenukasningadally
The work aims at an Energy Management System (EMS) for Critical loads using Power Electronics. Here hybrid power sources (Grid and Solar cells) with battery have been used to supply the power to the critical loads at all times, suppose an end user increases his critical loads or non-critical loads this EMS system helps to maintain continuous power supply to these loads. Solar or Photovoltaic cells have been used for storing energy through battery and these batteries will discharge the stored energy at two conditions, one is when grid is shut down for short duration or for a long duration and another one is when there sudden increase in load by users
It Describes about needs of energy storage and variations in energy demand.Energy storage is an important solution to get uninterrupted,flexible and reliable power supply. Energy storage can reduce the drawbacks of intermittent resources by storing the excess energy when the sun shine is more and it is utilized during night time.
Similar to Energy storage in smart micro-grid (20)
This presentation presents for the following purposes
1: It covers the chapter of Research Problem formulation in the subject Research methodology
2: Defining the research problem
3: Significance of the research problem
4: Necessity of the research problem
5: How to find out the research problem
6: Why research problem is very important
7: How a bad formulation of the research problem affects the project or research study
This presentation helps to the students how to write the Thesis or Project report. The presentation can be taken as a general tips or guidelines for the students to write their report in a technical and better way for the readers and for the visibility of their work. It covers all the standard procedure to write a technical research article, paper and Thesis
This slides are the Ph.D. work presentation on Active Power Filter design and implementation for harmonic elimination in micro-grid and electric vehicle
This is Ph.D. Thesis. The title reflects the work. Topologies and Controls for Optimal Energy Bifurcation in AC, DC, and Hybrid Microgrid. It will help to all the researchers work in this field
Defuzzification is the process of producing a quantifiable result in Crisp logic, given fuzzy sets and corresponding membership degrees. It is the process that maps a fuzzy set to a crisp set. It is typically needed in fuzzy control systems.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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Energy storage in smart micro-grid
1. CLASS-9: ENERGY STORAGE IN SMART MICRO- GRID
Prof. (Dr.) Pravat kumar Rout
Department of EEE,ITER
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan
(Deemed to be University),
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Subhasis Panda
(Research Scholar)
Department of EE,ITER
Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan
(Deemed to be University),
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Course: Distribution Generation and Smart Grid
2. INTRODUCTION
➢ Primary functions are
1. Deliver short-term power in KW (like power quality, voltage support and frequency
support services)
2. Supplying energy for a long period in kwh
3. Support for renewable energy (many RER are intermittent, generating whether dictates rather
than energy demand dictates )
4. Support to FACTS Devices for active power support and enhancing dynamic performance
5. Many transportation systems require energy to be carried with the vehicle
5. MAJOR APPLICATION
1. Power quality (used to mitigate the short term loss of power and power fluctuations, can be
used to mitigate voltage fluctuations and improves power quality issues such as harmonics )
2. Service provision to renewable generation (support by smoothing their output, matching
contract positions and shifting the generated energy in time, also supplying the energy deficit and
absorbing the excess)
3. Electrical Energy time shifting (involves storing energy when demand or price is low)
4. End use energy management (energy management at the customer premises)
5. Voltage support (voltage is maintain within limit )
6. Reserve ( to ensure system stability and reliability )
7. Load flowing (to follow frequently changing power demand)
8. Capacity of distribution circuits (used to relieve the congestion of distribution circuits)
6. PARAMETERS FOR SELECTION OF PROPER STORAGE
TECHNOLOGY
❖ Unit size (Scale of technology, storage technologies have an associated range for applications )
❖ Storage Capacity(Total store of available energy after charging)
❖ Available Capacity (Average value of power output based on the state of charge/depth of discharge)
❖ Self discharge time (Time required for a fully charged, non-interconnected storage device to reach a certain
depth of discharge (DOD), this is contingent on the operational condition of the system )
❖ Efficiency (Ratio of energy output from the device to the energy input issue of conversion technology )
❖ Durability or life cycle (Number of consecutive charge-discharge cycles a storage installation can undergo
while maintaining the installations and other specifications within limited ranges)
7. PARAMETERS FOR SELECTION OF PROPER STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
… CONTINUE
❖Autonomy (Ratio between energy capacity and maximum discharge power; indicates the maximum amount
of time the system can continuously release energy)
❖ Mass and volume densities (Amount of energy accumulated per unit mass or volume of the storage unit )
❖ Cost(Cost of installation, operation and maintenance of storage technology; cost should be analyzed
through out system life span)
❖ Feasibility (Degree of adaptability to the storage applications)
❖ Reliability (Guarantee of service )
❖ Response time for energy release and operational constraints
8. ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
❑ Flow batteries
❑ Advanced Batteries
❑ Super capacitors
❑ Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage
❑ Pumped Hydro
❑ Compressed Air
❑Flywheels
9. BATTERIES
❖ A battery is a device that produces electrical energy from the chemical reactions
❖ There are different kinds of batteries with different chemicals
❖ The idea behind them is that the two different chemicals within a battery cell have
different loads and are connected with a negative (cathode) and the other with a
positive electrode (anode). When connected with an appliance the negative electrode
supplies a current of electrons that flow through the appliance and accepted by the
positive electrode.
❖ For the use of storing energy produced by renewable energy sources only
rechargeable batteries are relevant and will be considered.
11. FLOW BATTERIES
• 1. Similar to lead acid batteries but the electrolyte is stored in a external container
and it circulates through the battery cell stack
• 2. Flow batteries use pumped electrolytes that move outside of the battery case
• Polysulfide Bromide (PSB), Vanadium Redox (VRB), Zinc Bromine (ZnBr), and
Hydrogen Bromine (H-Br) batteries are examples
• 3.A “filling station” could exchange spent electrolyte for new “charged” electrolyte
• 4. The power and energy ratings are thus independent since the power is from the
battery electrodes while the electrolyte may be replaced periodically
13. FLOW BATTERIES… CONTINUE
ADVANTAGES
1. Unlimited electrical storage
capacity, Only limitation is the
size of the electrolyte storage
reservoir
DISADVANTAGES
1. Limited number of cycles of
uses, after three to five years
the system has to changed
14. ADVANCED BATTERIES
• Advance batteries include lithium ion, polymerion, nickel metal hybrid and sodium sulfur type
16. SUPER CAPACITOR
• Electronic device with the capacity to provide high power and energy which
have the characteristics of capacitor and electrochemical batteries except
there is no chemical reaction
17. SUPER CAPACITORS…CONTINUE
ADVANTAGES
• 1.Virtually unlimited cycle life
• 2. Low impedance
• 3. Rapid charging
• 4. Simple charge methods
DISADVANTAGES
• 1. Linear discharge voltage prevents use
of the full energy spectrum
• 2. Low energy density
• 3. Cells have low voltages
• 4. High self-discharge
18. SUPER CONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY
STORAGE (SMES)
❖ The system consists of three major components: the coil, the power conditioning system, and
a cooling system
❖ The idea is to store energy in the form of an electromagnetic field surrounding the coil, which
is made of a superconductor.
❖ At very low temperature, some materials loose every electric resistance and thus becomes
superconducting. The superconducting magnetic storage system (SMES) makes use of this
phenomena and in theory stores energy without almost any energy loss (practically 90-95 %
efficiency)
19. SUPER CONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE
(SMES)… CONTINUE
❖ However, since relevant superconducting materials are only known to work
below – 253 degree centigrade (c) (20 degree kelvin), [niobium-titanium -264
degree centigrade 9 degree kelvin; niobium-tin -255 degree centigrade 18 kelvin]
a system to cool the components down to those temperature is required.
❖ This can be accomplished by liquefying helium; but, it is very expensive and the
process lowers the efficiency, especially in stand-by-mode.
22. SUPER CONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY
STORAGE (SMES)
ADVANTAGES
1. Power is available almost instantaneously
2. High power output for brief period
3. No loss of power
4. No moving part
5. Fast respond time
6. Capable of partial and deep discharges
7. No environmental hazard
DISADVANTAGES
1. Energy content is small and short lived
2. Cryogenic, cold temperature technology can be
challenging
3. High energy losses (approximately 12 percent
day)
4. Very expensive in production and maintenance
5. Reduced efficiency due to the required cooling
process
23. PUMPED STORAGE HYDROELECTRICITY
❖ When you lift an object a certain mass you overcome gravity. In order to do so you
must supply a force over a height. The force required to lift is defined by the physical
law F = m*a (m is the mass and a for acceleration), but in this case a is replaced by g
for the gravitational acceleration (9.81 meters per square second)
❖ The work, meaning the energy supplied and therefore stored in the object is defined
by W = F*d (in this example the term d for distance can be replaced by h for
height)
❖ This results in W = m*g*h, meaning the energy stored equals the mass multiplied
by the gravity and the height.
24. CONTINUE…
❖ The PSH plant puts this math into practice.
❖ Basically, the system contains two water reservoirs at different elevations. In times of low
electricity demand and high production, water is pumped from the lower reservoir into the
higher, storing the electricity in the water in the form of potential energy. When needed , for
example on peak demand, the water can be released, flowing down the pipes again and back
through the turbine which then generates the electricity.
❖ The general formula for the power output is P = Q * h* eta * g *rho, including the factors
of volume flow rate passing the turbine (Q) , the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine (eta) and
the density of the water (rho )
25.
26. HYDRO PUMPED STORAGE
1. Special turbines can run either to spin an alternator or to act as a pump
2. This reversibility allows excess electrical energy to be used to pump water to a higher
storage reservoir to be used as an energy source later
3. Since 2.31 ft of elevation has a bottom pressure of one pound per square inch (psi), a
head height of 200 ft is equivalent to 86 psi
4. Japan built a 30MW seawater pumped hydro system atYanbaru in 1999
5. Worldwide, pumped hydro is about 90GW, ~3% of total storage, the most widespread
high-energy storage technique
090331
27. PUMPED HYDRO STORAGE
ADVANTAGES
1. Readily available and widely used in high power
application
2. Lower cost of power, frequency regulation on the grid,
and reserve capability
3. Fast response time
4. Inexpensive way to store energy
5. High overall efficiency (70-80 )
6. Mature technology, capable of storing huge amount of
energy
DISADVANTAGES
1. Spends years in regulatory and environmental review
2. Can only be implemented in areas with hills that is few
potential sites
3. Huge environmental impacts
4. Requires a significant huge water source
28. COMPRESSED AIR PUMPED STORAGE
❖ CAES plants store energy in form of compressed air.
❖ Only two plants of this type exist worldwide. The first one built
over 30 years ago in Huntorf, Germany with a power output of 320
MW. The second one is located in McIntosh, Alabama, USA and
began operation with a 110 MW output and 2860 MWH of storage
capacity. Both are till in operation
080331 http://unisci.com/stories/20013/0802016.htmhttp://www.caes.net/mcintosh.html
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29. CONTD…..
❖ The basic idea is to use an electric compressor to compress air to a
pressure of about 60 bars and store it in giant space to power a turbine
to generate electricity again when demanded. These storage are sealed
airtight as proved by the existing two plants and have also been used to
store natural gas for years now. When the air is released from storage,
it expands through a combustion turbine to create electricity.
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30.
31. COMPRESSED AIR ENERGY STORAGE
ADVANTAGES
1. Conserve some natural gas by using low
cost, heated compressed air to power
turbines and create off-peak electricity
2. inexpensive way to store energy
3. Fast response time
4. Capable of storing huge amounts of
energy, similar to PSH
DISADVANTAGES
1. low efficiency due to the extra reheating energy needed to
turn on the turbine
2. for every KWH of energy going in, only 0.5 kwh of energy
can be taken out
3. Not yet fully developed
4. Competing against other storage needs (natural gas and
hydrogen)
5. Economical only up to a day of storage
6. requires sealed storage caverns
32. FLY-WHEELS: BASIC CONCEPTS
❖ Basically flywheel is disk with a certain amount of mass that spins, holding kinetic
energy. A cylinder that spins at a very high speed, storing kinetic energy
❖ Example:Toy cars that kept going after spinning there wheels
❖ Modern high-tech flywheels are built with the disk attached to a rotor in upright
position to prevent gravity influence. They are charged by a simple electric motor
that simultaneously act as a generator in the process of discharging.
❖ The spinning speed for a modern flywheel reaches up to 16000 rpm and offers a
capacity up to 25 kwh, which can be absorbed or injected almost instantly.
33.
34. FLYWHEELS
ADVANTAGES
1. Low maintenance and long lifespan: up
to 20 years
2. Almost no carbon emission
3. Fast response time
4. No toxic components
DISADVANTAGES
1. Power loss faster than for the batteries
2. High cost
3. Low storage capacity
4. High self discharge (3-20 percent per hour )
35. CONCLUSION: COMPARISON OF SEVERALTYPICAL
ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES
Types Efficiency(%) Energy
density
(Wh/Kg)
Power
density
(W/Kg)
Response
time
(ms)
Cycle life
(time)
Cost
($/kW h)
Battery 60-80 20-200 25-1000 30 200-2000 150-1300
SMES 95-98 30-100 1e4-1e5 5 1e6 High
Flywheel 95 5-50 1e3-5e3 5 >20000 380-2500
Super Cap 95 <50 4000 5 >50000 250-350
NaS 70 120 120 <100 2000 450
36. REFERENCES
• Tan, X., Li, Q., & Wang, H. (2013).Advances and trends of energy storage technology in
microgrid. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 44(1), 179-191.
• Ferreira, H. L., Garde, R., Fulli, G., Kling,W., & Lopes, J. P. (2013). Characterisation of electrical
energy storage technologies. Energy, 53, 288-298.
• Baker, J. (2008). New technology and possible advances in energy storage. Energy Policy, 36(12),
4368-4373.
• Ribeiro, P. F., Johnson, B. K., Crow, M. L.,Arsoy,A., & Liu,Y. (2001). Energy storage systems for
advanced power applications. Proceedings of the IEEE, 89(12), 1744-1756.
• Castillo,A., & Gayme, D. F. (2014). Grid-scale energy storage applications in renewable energy
integration:A survey. Energy Conversion and Management, 87, 885-894.
37. QUESTIONS
• State the functions of storage system in smart grid ?
• State and explain different types of storage technologies in smart grid?
• Compare several typical Energy Storage Devices used in smart grid?