This document discusses antigen, antibody, and complement systems and types of immune responses and hypersensitivity reactions. It provides an overview of innate and adaptive immunity, cells involved in the immune system including B cells, T cells, and macrophages. It describes the properties of antigens and antibodies as well as the components, functions, and activation pathways of the complement system. The document also discusses the four types of hypersensitivity reactions (type I-IV) and provides examples of conditions that fall under each type of hypersensitivity.
Introduction
History
Types of immunity
Tissues of immunity
Cells of immunity
Basic aspects of immunology
Major histocompatibility complex
Cytokines
Disorders of immune system
Immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis
Periodontal vaccine
Host modulation
Conclusion
References
LECTURE FOR MBBS, IMMUNOLOGY
ANTIBODY
React specifically & in some observable manner with Ag which stimulated their production
globulins produced in response to antigenic stimulation
Introduction
History
Types of immunity
Tissues of immunity
Cells of immunity
Basic aspects of immunology
Major histocompatibility complex
Cytokines
Disorders of immune system
Immune responses in periodontal pathogenesis
Periodontal vaccine
Host modulation
Conclusion
References
LECTURE FOR MBBS, IMMUNOLOGY
ANTIBODY
React specifically & in some observable manner with Ag which stimulated their production
globulins produced in response to antigenic stimulation
Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated or inappropriate immunologic responses occurring in response to an antigen or allergen. Type I, II and III hypersensitivity reactions are known as immediate hypersensitivity reactions because they occur within 24 hours of exposure to the antigen or allergen.
Immune response during bacterial, parasitic and viral infection.pptxVanshikaVarshney5
when a pathogen attacks on our body how's our body react to it?
this presentation is all about that.
How the immune respone to the parasite, virus or bacteria and save our body.
The presentation is made for optometry students with a deatiled review of ocular infections caused by Staphylococcus. It also includes general topics like pathogenicity and toxins produced by the microbe.
Hypersensitivity reactions are exaggerated or inappropriate immunologic responses occurring in response to an antigen or allergen. Type I, II and III hypersensitivity reactions are known as immediate hypersensitivity reactions because they occur within 24 hours of exposure to the antigen or allergen.
Immune response during bacterial, parasitic and viral infection.pptxVanshikaVarshney5
when a pathogen attacks on our body how's our body react to it?
this presentation is all about that.
How the immune respone to the parasite, virus or bacteria and save our body.
The presentation is made for optometry students with a deatiled review of ocular infections caused by Staphylococcus. It also includes general topics like pathogenicity and toxins produced by the microbe.
Major Histo compatibility Complex of Genes /certified fixed orthodontic cours...Indian dental academy
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Immunoprecipitation: Procedure, Analysis and Applicationsajithnandanam
Immunoprecipitation is a precipitaion technique which allows the isolation of protein or protein complex from biological samples.
Incubate sample with antibody against protein of interest.
Separate antibody-protein complex from remaining sample
Analysis
The Immune Response
Immunity: “Free from burden”. Ability of an organism to recognize and defend itself against specific pathogens or antigens.
Immune Response: Third line of defense. Involves production of antibodies and generation of specialized lymphocytes against specific antigens.
Antigen: Molecules from a pathogen or foreign organism that provoke a specific immune response
Here are five things to know about coronavirus tests: PCR and antigen tests are the most common but they work differently. While antigen tests look for proteins ...
An antigen is any substance that causes your immune system to produce antibodies against it. This means your immune system does not recognize the substance, and is trying to fight it off. An antigen may be a substance from th
magnification, It's definition, types, clinical uses, Uses in Optical instruments like microscopes, telescopes, Uses in Optical instruments like direct Ophthalmoscopes, indirect ophthalmoscopes and slit lamps, In low vision
Polarization and it's application in OphthalmologyRaju Kaiti
Polarization, types of polarization, mechanisms to produce polarization, Applications of polarization, precautions with polarizing sunglasses, ophthalmic uses of polarization
Color vision physiology, defects and different testing ProceduresRaju Kaiti
Color vision Physiology, Different types of Color vision defects, different testing procedures, trichromatic theory, color opponent theory, inheritance of color vision defect, management of color vision defect
Pediatric Ophthalmic dispensing in different visual problemsRaju Kaiti
Pediatric dispensing, introduction, different from adult dispensing, frame selection, lens selection, special case fitting, Do's and Dont's, Measurements, Down's syndrome, albinism, aphakia, strabismus, syndromes
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Pharynx and Clinical Correlations BY Dr.Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
Immuniy, Antigen and Antibody, Hypersensitivity reactions and ocular corelation by raju
1. ANTIGEN, ANTIBODY AND COMPLEMENTS.
TYPES OF IMMUNE RESPONSES AND
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS.
Raju Kaiti
Optometrist, Dhulikhel Hospital-Kathmandu University Hospital
2. REFERENCES
Short text book of medical microbiology, 6th
edition,
Satish Gupte
Lippincott’s microbiology
Robbin’s pathology
Immunopathology of the eye by A. H. S. Rahi and A.
Garner
Ocular Pathology by Myron Yanoff and Ben S. Fine
Internet
Class notes
3. IMMUNITY
Greek word
Immunis:- Free from burden
Sequence of cellular and molecular events
designed to rid the host of an offending
stimulus
Pathogenic organismtoxic
substancescellular debris neoplastic cells
4. Immunology
Science which deals with the body’s response
to antigenic challenge.
Deals with the vital immune system.
Immune system is an interacting set of
specialized cells and proteins designed to
identify and destroy foreign invaders or
abnormal substances before they damage
the body.
5. Two arms of immune system
1.Innate (or natural) immune system
a. Non specific
Physical barrier: skin, mucus
Proteins in serum and in tissues: Lysozyme, interferon,
complements. (eg. In tears…….)
b. Specific
Antibody mediated
Cell mediated
2.Adaptive(or acquired)specific immune system
6. Active Passive
1.Produced actively by the
immune system of host
1.Received passively by the host and the
immune system doesn’t participate.
2.Induced by infection or
by contact with
immunogen.
2.Conferred by introducing ready made
antibody.
3. Immune response-
durable and effective
3. Immune response-short lived and less
effective
4.Immunity develops only
after a lag period.
4.Immunity effective immediately.
5.Immunological memory
presumed.
5.No immunological memory.
6.Serves no purpose in
immunodeficient host.
6.Applicable in immuno-deficient host.
7.No inheritance of
immunity.
7.May be acquired from mother
10. Adaptive Immunity
Humoral
B cells
Antibodies
Complements
Cell-mediated
Antigen Presenting Cells
T cells
Characteristics:
Specific response
Late response
11. Cells of Immune system
T-Lymphocytes
Thymus derived lymphocytes
Role in cellular or cell-mediated immunity.
Constitutes 60-70% of peripheral lymphocytes
Differentiation of T-cells
Helper T cells
Essential to the differentiation of B-cells into plasma
cells and their subsequent secretion of Antibodies.
Each helper T-cell is capable of activating hundreds of
specific B-cells
12. Suppressor T-cells :
inhibit the development of B-cells in to
plasma cells
regulate the activity of killer T-cells and
suppress the productionof Abs when they
become excessive.
Also suppress auto-immune responses.
13. Killer T-cells
Have specific receptor for antigenic determinants.
Killer T-cell migrate from lymphoid tissue to the site of
foreign cell invasion where they secrete small protein,
lymphokines.
Prevent the reproduction of invading micro-organisms,
infected host cells or viruses inside host cells.
14. Memory T-cells
The T-cells that remain potentially active and viable even
after the antigen has been inactivated.
Upon 2nd
encounter memory cells proliferate,
differentiate into plasma cells and secrete Abs so rapidly
that the symptoms of the disease may not even be
observed.
16. Antigens
Basically Exogenous
Occasionally may be derived from body’s own tissues
Protein molecules or part which have specific AA
sequence folded in tertiary shapes.
Substances that stimulate Ab production when they
react.
Molecular wt. : 8000 or more
18. Hapten e.g lipid,nucleic acid
Two types:
Complex hapten and
Simple hapten
Immunogen Vs antigen
All immunogens are antigens but not all the
antigens are immunogens.
19. Antibody
o Specific glycoprotein molecules generated by
ß –cells in response to antigens.
o Also called immunoglobulins.
o Humoral substance found in serum,lymphs and other
body fluids.
o Highly specific in nature.
20. Organs producing Antibodies
Spleen, lymphnodes and bone marrow
Tissues like peyer’s patches, appendix, thymus
These structures contains lymphocytes macrophages
and plasma cells
21. FUNCTIONS
Neutralization of toxins.
Activation of complement (results in improved
opsonisation)
Lysis of invading microorganisms.
22. Immunoglobulin
Immunoglobulins are synthesized by plasma
cells and also by lymphocytes.
All antibodies are Immunoglobulins but all
Immunoglobulins may not be antibodies.
Immunoglobulin is the structural and chemical
concept while antibody is biological and
functional concept.
24. Immunoglobulin
IgG:
comprises 70% of total Ig.
Shortest half life of 21 days
Lowest mol. Wt. and found in highest concn in body.
crosses placenta and provides much of maternal antibody.
Responsible for late immune response.
Bivalent in structure.
Four sub classes: IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4.
25. IgA:
•In body secretion like milk, tears, saliva, urine etc.
•Also called secretory immunoglobulins
•Antibacterial and antiviral
•Present as either monomer or dimer
•Majorly generated in bone marrow
26. IgM:
Highest mol.wt
Present in serum as pentamer
Constitute only 10% of serum immunoglobin
Can’t cross transplacental barrier.
Responsible for early immune response.
27. IgE:
Play role in parasitic and allergic disease.
Shortest half life.
Present in small quantities.
28. Contd…
IgD:
Present in the surface
of the lymphocytes.
Least abundant of all.
Mainly intravascular
distribution.
29.
30.
31.
32. Chemistry of
immunoglobulins
All immunoglobulins composed of same basic units.
Consists two light (L) and two heavy (H) chains.
L chains and H chains linked together by a disulphide
bond.
Two H chains linked similarly.
33. Enzyme action breaks the structure into three.
Two identical Fab fragments
Third Fc fragment
Two classes of L chains – Kappa (k) and Lamda (λ)
Five classes of H chains
µ- IgM
α- IgA
γ- IgG
δ- IgD
ε- IgE
34. Different regions
Constant region ‘C’
Variable region ‘V’
Adjuvants are substances which enhance the
immune response
Weak antigens also evoke high order of
antibody production
35.
36. Complements
Protein substance involved in immune response
Synthesized by hepatocytes, blood monocytes, epithelial
cell of GI tract and tissue macrophages
Functions include opsonisation, target cytolysis,
inflamation and immune complex clearence with lysis of
bacterial cells
37. 2 pathway of complement activation.
complement system
classical alternate
Brought about by Ag-
Ab complex.
Involves activation of
nine major proteins
C1 to C9
Brought about by certain
bacterial polysaccharides,
endo-toxin
Activated by agregated
IgA
38. Contd…
Refers to series of factors occuring in normal serum
activated by Ag-Ab interaction
Concentration is fairly constant for each species of
animal
10% of human serum globulin.
Concentration decreased in acute glomerulo-nephritis,
serum sickness
Concentration increased in carcinomatosis, coronary
occlusion and rheumatic fever
39. Components of Complement
Known to have nine distinct components
One of which have three protein subunits
making total 11 proteins
C1: 3 proteins held by calcium ions.
40. Biosynthesis of Complement
C1 – synthesized in interstitial epithelium
C2 and C4 – macrophages
C5 and C8 – in spleen
C3, C6 and C9 – in liver
C7 – not known
41. Features of antigen antibody
reactions
Reactions highly specific
Entire molecules react and not fragment
No de-naturation of antigen or antibody during reaction
Combination is formed but reversible
Both Ag and Ab participate in formation of agglutinates
or precipitates
Ag and Ab may combine in varying proportion
42. Cross reactions
Particular antibody may react with other antigens
also
Heterophile antigens
Antigens those are cross reacting with other
antibodies
Heterophile antibodies
Antibodies those are cross reacting with or
antigens
Antibody title
highest dilution of patient serum where visible
antigen antibody reaction takes place
43. Factors influencing antibody
production
Age
Nutritional status
Root of adminstration
Size and no. of doses
Critical dose and immunological paralysis
Multiple antigens
Adjuvants
Immunosuperssive agents
45. Immune Response
Specific reactivity induced in host by
antigenic stimulus
Primary response Secondary response
Humoral
Cell-mediated
Slow, sluggish, short
lived with a long lag
phage and low
antibody production,
Predominantly IgM
Prompt, powerful,
prolonged with much
higher level of Ab
production
predominantly IgG
46. Ocular Immune Responses
Conjunctiva
Tear film:
Washes away debris and irritants
lysosyme, betalysin, lactoferrin, IgA
Well vascularized, Langerhans cells, dendritic
cells and macrophages
48. CORNEA
No localized immune processing
Immune Privilege: Normal limbal physiology,
avascularity, absence of APCs and lymphatics,
intact immunoregulatory systems of anterior
chamber
50. Failure of Immune system
Immune system
Hypersensitivity
(Overactive immune response)
Immunodeficiency
(ineffective immune
response)
Autoimmunity
(mistaken recognition of self
antigens)
51. Hypersensitivity
Term used to describe immune responses
that cause host tissue damage
Detrimental effect on hosts
Fever
shock
Inflammatory nature
Spasm of smooth muscle
Gastrointestinal and pulmonary disorders
Fatal circulatory collapse
52. Hypersensitivity
State in which the introduction of an
antigen into the body elicits an unduly
severe immunological reaction.
4 types: -
1. Anaphylaxis, atopic or Type I reaction.
2. Cytotoxic or Type II
3. Immune complex, Arthus-Type III
4. Delayed hypersensitivity Type IV
53. Hypersensitivity
Type I
Exaggerated IgE response to relatively harmless
environmental antigens
Genetic predisposition
Results in release of several active substances
including histamine, slow reacting substance and
an eosinophil chemo tactic factor
54. Type I
Eg:
Hay fever, atopic dermatitis, systemic anaphylaxis
Atopic conjunctivitis
Diagnosis:
In vivo skin testing with batteries of allergens
In vitro RAST test (quantitate specific IgE levels
56. Type II
Antibody mediated hypersensitivity against self
cells or receptors or membranes
Mediated by IgG or IgM antibodies against tissue
antigens, resulting in organ-specific antibody
production
57. Type II
Antibody binds to cells or tissues and causes local
complement activation, influx of leukocytes, and
tissue destruction by:
ADCC
Degranulation by phagocytes
Production of oxygen radicals
58. Type II
Diagnosis:
Detect immunoglobulins on affected cells
or tissues
Detect complement in affected tissue
Detect autoantibody or auto reactive T
cells
59. Type II
eg
Mooren’s ulcer
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Goodpasture syndrome
Hyper acute graft rejection
60. Type III
Due to high levels of circulating, soluble immune
complexes overwhelming the ability of the
mononuclear phagocyte system to remove them
Damage is caused by antigen-antibody complex.
61. Type III
The excess complexes deposit in various tissues
and activate complement
Subsequent attempt by neutrophils to remove
them results in degranulation and tissue damage.
62. Type III
Can take one of two forms according to
whether the immune complex develops in
circulating blood or in tissues
Arthus reaction
Local manifestation in tissue
Serum sickness
Systemic form of type III hypersensitivity
63. Type III
Eg.
Arthus reaction, serum sickness, Lupus, Rheumatoid
arthritis, etc.
Immune ring formation in cornea in Herpes simplex
keratitis
Diagnosis:
very low levels of complements in blood, esp. c3 and
c4
66. Type IV
No role of antibody or complement
One aspect of cell mediated immunity
Antigen activates specifically macrophages
and sensitized T-lymphocytes leading to
secretions of lymphokines
Due to activity of thymus dependent
lymphocytes and clinically has a delayed
onset
Two types:
Classical or Tuberculin type
Granulomatous reactions
73. Antibody-mediated Diseases
Vernal conjunctivitis :
Mostly affects children & adolescents
Occurs only in warm season of year.
Produces giant papillae (cobblestone) of tarsal
conjunctiva.
75. Reiter’s diseases
males>females
C/F
Self limited papillary conjunctivitis
Acute iridocyclitis or both eyes occasionally with
hypopyn.
76. 76
Other antibody mediated
Diseases
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Occlusive vasculitis of nerve fiber layer of retina.
Infarcts results in cytoid bodies or cotton-wool spots in
retina.
Pemphigus vulgaris
Intraepithelial bullae of conjunctiva
77. Lens induced Uveitis
Rare condition
associated with
circulating Ab to
lens protein.
In individuals
whose lens capsule
is permeable to to
these protein as a
result of trauma or
other Diseases.
78. Cell mediated Diseases
Ocular sarcoidosis
Panuveitis with inflammatory involvement of
optic nerve and retinal blood vessels.
Acute iridocyclitis
Conjunctival erythema.
79. Sympathetic ophthalmitis
Inflammation of 2nd
eye after
the other has been damaged
by penetrating injury.
Symptoms
Floating spots
Loss of accommodative power.
Ultimately may lead to
Pappilloedema and 20
glaucoma