This document provides an overview of immunity and the principles of vaccination. It discusses the immune system and the types of immunity, including innate and adaptive immunity. It describes how vaccines work, the goals of vaccination, and examples of different types of vaccines including bacterial, viral, and cancer vaccines. Challenges to developing an HIV vaccine are also summarized.

1. IMMUNITY & PRINCIPLES OF VACCINATION A Presentation by M. Isaac Umapathy, Department of Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, International Medical & Technological University, Dar-Es-Salaam, Tanzania.

4. Edward Jenner The Father of Immunization

6. Blood cells are produced in bone marrow where fighter cells are trained or sent to the thymus gland.

7. HUMAN LYMPHOID SYSTEM

36. OVERVIEW OF HUMORAL & CELL – MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE

42. POXVIRUSES Vaccination

45. POXVIRUSES Vaccination

46. POXVIRUSES Vaccination

49. Passive Immunization Acute thrombocytopenia and neutropenia Pooled human ig Some autoimmune disease Post-bite Horse Snakebite Prophylaxis Immune human Measles Prophylaxis Pooled human Ig Hepatitis A Post-exposure prophylaxis Immune human Hepatitis B Post exposure (plus vaccine) Immune human Rabies Post-exposure in immunodeficiency Immune human Varicella-Zoster Post-exposure Horse Botulism Post-exposure Horse Gas gangrene Post-exposure Horse Diptheria Post exposure (plus vaccine) Immune human; horse Tetanus Indications Source of Antiserum Infection

53. Antigen Preparations Used in Vaccines Typhoid (New) Subcellular fragment Diphtheria Inactivated toxin (toxoid) Tetanus Cholera (New) Meningococcus Capsular polysaccharide Pneumococcus Haemophilus Hepatitis B Surface antigen Cholera Influenza Typhoid Poli (Salk) Pertussis Rabies Whole killed oranism Varicella-Zoster Yellow fever Polio (Sabin) Rubella Typhoid (New) Mumps BCG Measles Living attenuated organism Vaccinia (Cowpox) Normal heterologous organism Examples Viruses Bacteria Type of antigen

55. Experimental Adjuvants Currently Undergoing Assessment Experimental only Cytokines: IL-1, IL-2, IFN γ . Slow-release devices, Freunds adjuvant. Immune complexes. Experimental, but likely to be approved Liposomes (small synthetic lipid vesicles). Muramyl dipeptide, an active component of Mycobacterial cell walls. Immune stimulating complexes ( ISCOMS) (e.g. from cholesterol or phospholipids). Bacterial toxins (E. coli, pertussis, cholera).

66. Vaccine Strategies

67. THANK YOU