Polarization, types of polarization, mechanisms to produce polarization, Applications of polarization, precautions with polarizing sunglasses, ophthalmic uses of polarization
This is about Polarization of Light, Type of Polarization, Different between Unpolarized Light and Polarized Light, Malus Law, Method of Polarization, Application of Polarization.
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What is Polarization?
Types of polarized light
Few related terms
Few laws related to polarization
Applications
FOR MORE VISIT: https://tariqalfayad.blogspot.com/
This is about Polarization of Light, Type of Polarization, Different between Unpolarized Light and Polarized Light, Malus Law, Method of Polarization, Application of Polarization.
▶️ YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/c/JoynulAbadinRasel
☕ Buy me a Coffee: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/JoynulAbadinR
What is Polarization?
Types of polarized light
Few related terms
Few laws related to polarization
Applications
FOR MORE VISIT: https://tariqalfayad.blogspot.com/
Keratometer is an ophthalmic instruments and has a very important role in optometry field specially for IOL power calculation, Contact lens fitting, to rule out corneal pathology and its progression ie Keratoconus, PMCD.
Pediatric Ophthalmic dispensing in different visual problemsRaju Kaiti
Pediatric dispensing, introduction, different from adult dispensing, frame selection, lens selection, special case fitting, Do's and Dont's, Measurements, Down's syndrome, albinism, aphakia, strabismus, syndromes
An autorefractor or automated refractor is a computer-controlled machine used during an eye examination to provide an objective measurement of a person's refractive error and prescription for glasses or contact lenses. This is achieved by measuring how light is changed as it enters a person's eye. Autorefractometer is a Instruement which is using in optometrist and Opthalmologist clinic for objective refraction.
Now a days autorefractometer is very usefull Instruement for the refraction than retinoscope
Keratometer is an ophthalmic instruments and has a very important role in optometry field specially for IOL power calculation, Contact lens fitting, to rule out corneal pathology and its progression ie Keratoconus, PMCD.
Pediatric Ophthalmic dispensing in different visual problemsRaju Kaiti
Pediatric dispensing, introduction, different from adult dispensing, frame selection, lens selection, special case fitting, Do's and Dont's, Measurements, Down's syndrome, albinism, aphakia, strabismus, syndromes
An autorefractor or automated refractor is a computer-controlled machine used during an eye examination to provide an objective measurement of a person's refractive error and prescription for glasses or contact lenses. This is achieved by measuring how light is changed as it enters a person's eye. Autorefractometer is a Instruement which is using in optometrist and Opthalmologist clinic for objective refraction.
Now a days autorefractometer is very usefull Instruement for the refraction than retinoscope
Polarization of Light and its Application (healthkura.com)Bikash Sapkota
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polarization of light & its application.
PRESENTATION LAYOUT
Concept of Polarization
Types of Polarization
Methods of achieving Polarization
Applications of Polarization
POLARIZATION
Transforming unpolarized light into polarized light
Restriction of electric field vector E in a particular plane so that vibration occurs in a single plane
Characteristic of transverse wave
Longitudinal waves can’t be polarized; direction of their oscillation is along the direction of propagation.............
For Further Reading
•Optics by Tunnacliffe
•Optics and Refraction by A.K. Khurana
•Principle of Physics, Ayam Publication
•Internet
Polarization of light, Types of Polarization, Plane polarized light and its production, Circular Polarization, Elliptical Polarization, E -ray , O-ray, Positive and negative crystals, Quarter wave plate and half wave plate.
This article describes the principle and phenomenon of polarization of light. This article also illustrates on Birefringence, Dichroism and crossed polarizers.
Malu's Law is elaborated here as prerequisite to understand Polarization along with Brewster's Angle. Polarization by reflection and polarization by refraction are also discussed here for quick comprehension of the readers.
Model the vector nature of light (Linear, Circular, Mueller/Stokes/Jones Matrix, Poincaré sphere ) and optical components that manipulate polarization (e.g., polarizing filters and quarter-wave plates).
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Color vision Physiology, Different types of Color vision defects, different testing procedures, trichromatic theory, color opponent theory, inheritance of color vision defect, management of color vision defect
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
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Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
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6. EM Waves
Light is an electromagnetic wave. EM waves are
transverse. Thus, the electrical field can vibrate in any
direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation.
Most light sources (candles, incandescent light bulbs etc..)
emit light that is unpolarized – the electric field has all
possible directions of vibrations.
7. However it is possible to have polarized light.
Polarized light occurs when the vibrations of the
electrical field are confined to one plane.
8. Introduction
Transforming unpolarized light into polarized
light
Restriction of electric field vector E in a particular
plane so that vibration occurs in a single plane
Characteristic of transverse wave
Longitudinal waves can’t be polarized;
direction of their oscillation is along the direction
of propagation
9. Polarization
Restriction of the
electric field
vectors of a light
in a particular
plane at a distinct
point of time.
10. Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves
Any electromagnetic wave consists
of an electric field component and a
magnetic field component.
The electric field component is used
to define the plane of polarization
because many common
electromagnetic-wave detectors
respond to the electric forces on
electrons in materials, not the
magnetic forces.
11. Why only electric field vector is considered
in polarization and not magnetic field vector?
Maxwell’s Equation E=c × B
c is velocity of light (c = 3 × 108
m/s),very large value
E>>>B i.e. Electromagnetic wave is predominantly an
electric wave (3*108
times magnetic wave)
To change any characteristics of Electromagnetic wave
wave, including polarization, Electric part should be
affected
12. Explanation of Polarization at the Molecular
Level
An electric field E that oscillates parallel to the long
molecules can set electrons into motion along the
molecules, thus doing work on them and transferring
energy. Hence, E gets absorbed.
http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/index.pl
13. Explanation of Polarization at the Molecular
Level
An electric field E perpendicular to
the long molecules does not have
this possibility of doing work and
transferring its energy, and so
passes through freely.
When we speak of the axis of a
Polaroid, we mean the direction
which E is passed, so a polarizing
axis is perpendicular to the long
molecules.
14.
15. Linear Polarization
If the oscillation does take place in only one direction
then the wave is said to be linearly polarized (or plane
polarized) in that direction.
Direction of oscillation
Direction of
travel
of wave
16. CIRCULAR POLARIZATION
Consists of two perpendicular plane Em waves with
equal amplitude and 900 phase difference
Plane of oscillation rotates around the propagation axis
May be right circularly polarized(clockwise) or left
circularly polarized(counterclockwise)
17. ELLIPTICAL POLARIZATION
Consists of two perpendicular waves of unequal
amplitude that differ in phase by 90 degrees
The tip of the resultant electric field vector describes an
ellipse in any fixed plane intersecting and normal to the
direction of propagation
Circular and linear polarization: special cases of elliptical
polarization
18. Production of polarized light
Four physical mechanism can produce
polarized light.
Dichroism
Reflection
Scattering
Birefringence
19. Production of polarized light
All four mechanisms have one factor in
common.
The system involved must have some form of
asymmetry in order to select one state of
polarization and remove all others from the
incident natural light.
The asymmetry may be related to the incident or
viewing angle or it may be an anisotopiy in the
polarizer itself.
20. Reflection
When an unpolarized light wave reflects off a non-
metallic surface, it can be completely polarized, partially
polarized or unpolarized depending on the angle of
incidence. The amount of polarization depends upon
the angle.
21. Complete polarization occurs when the reflected beam
and the refracted beam are 90o
to each other.
Reflected
ray
Incident
ray
o
90
pθ
rθ
pθ
1n
2n
22. Polarizing angle (Brewster’s angle)
The angle of incidence at which the reflected
light is completely plane-polarized is called
the polarizing angle (or Brewster’s angle).
By Snell’s law, rp nn θθ sinsin 21 =
Sinc
e
o
r p90 = +θ θ
and
pp
o
r θθθ cos)90sin(sin =−=
Then we get
1
2
tan
n
n
p =θ
23. Scattering
The basis of reflection, refraction and
diffraction.
A plane polarised light is always polarised
in the same plane after being scattered by
a molecule in any direction.
24. Polarization by Scattering
When light(such as that from the sun) shines on
particles, they can absorb and then reradiate part
of the light.
The absorption and reradiation of light is called
scattering.
Unpolarized light will be partially plane polarized
after scattering from small particles of dust etc
The scattered light will be completely plane
polarized if scattered light is 90.0o
from incident
light.
25. Polarization by Refraction
When an incident
unpolarized ray enters some
crystals it will be split into
two rays called ordinary and
extraordinary rays, which
are plane-polarized in
directions at right angles to
each other.
26. Double Refraction
When light is refracted into two rays each polarized with
the vibration directions oriented at right angles to one
another, and traveling at different velocities. This
phenomenon is termed "double" or "bi" refraction.
27. Dichroism
Dichroism is selective absorption of the two orthogonal
p-states in incident natural light.
It is physically anisotropic.
Wire grid polariser
In this parallel electrically conducting copper wires are
stretched between two insulating boards.
Here the x- component perpendicular to the wire is
transmitted while y-component parallel to the wire is
absorbedby the grid.
28.
29. Dichroic crystals
Because of their anisotropic structure. For eg tourmaline
(boron sillicate crystal compounded with elements such
as Al, Fe, Mg, Na, Li or K)
Optic axis of the crystal is the specific direction through
which
The electric field component perpendicular to the axis is
strongly absorbed
Only parallel electric field component is transmitted.
Dichroic means of two colors (transmitted light has two
color)
30. Birefringence
A material which displays two different speeds of
propagation in fixed and orthogonal directions
and therefore displays two refractive indices
Optical anisotropy
In some crystals the forces binding an electron
to the atomic nuclei is stronger in one direction
than another.
When an electromagnetic wave act upon them
the electrons set into vibration in one plane and
hence emit the wave with same energy and
frequency in that plane at the end.
31. But in another plane the wave will
be damped gradually and energy
is dessipated as heat.
The optic axis in these medium is
a direction and not a particular
discrete line
E.g Calcite crystal or calcium
carbonate is a fairly typical
birefringent crystal.
33. O ray and e ray
Following the speed of these two rays there are
two different index planes in the medium.
ne-no= dn, which is a positive value in a positively
uniaxial medium.
Considering the fact, birefringent biprisms such
as nicol, glan foucalt and wollaston are used to
produce polarized light.
34. O ray and e ray
A narrow beam of natural light incident normally to a
cleavage plane of calcite crystal emerges as two parallel
beams displaced laterally.
One beam passes through the parallel sided crystal
undeviated as expected or in ordinary manner, so called
O-rays.
The other beam is displaced sideays in an extraordinary
fashion so called e-rays.
Crystal no ne
calcite 1.6584 1.4864
Ice 1.309 1.313
Quartz 1.5443 1.5534
Tourmaline 1.669 1.638
37. The most common method of polarization involves the use of polaroid
Have long chain of molecules that are aligned within the filter in a
particular direction
When an unpolarized light falls on a polaroid:
The electric vector E oscillating in the direction of the alignment of
molecules of the polaroid is absorbed
Electric field vector oscillating perpendicular to the direction of the alignment
of molecules pass through the polaroid
Polaroids
38. How are Polaroids made?
To reduce the intensity of reflective glare more than that
of the surrounding objects, a filter that absorbs the
horizontally vibrating components of light would be
useful.
Polaroids are made up of sheet of polyvinyl acetate
(PVA).
PVA is heated and stretched to 5 times in one direction.
Later dipping it into iodine solution provide iodine
attached to the chain like hydrocarbon molecules.
39. Thus, producing an iodine wire grid (Polarizing filter).
This filter may be sandwiched between 2 layers of CAB
making plano polarizing lenses.
For prescription lenses, polarising sheet can be mounted
on one layer of CAB and molded directly into plastic lens
during the lens casting process.
An ideal H sheet would transmit 50% of the incident
natural light.
40. Dual Filter: Polarizer + Analyzer
If the transmission axes of polarizer and analyzer
are perpendicular, no light is transmitted
The light transmitted at other angles follows the
Law of Malus
Polarizer and analyzer relation can be best
described by picket fence analogy:
41. Polarization by Selective Absorption
Polarization of light by
selective absorption is
analogous to that shown
in the diagrams.
42. A polarizing filter has an absorption and transmission
axis.
If an ideal polarizing filter is oriented with its absorption
axis along 180 degrees, it will extinguish all horizontally
polarized light.
This means the transmission axis of the same filter will
be at 90 degrees and will allow all vertically polarized
light to pass through.
When the filter is tilted somewhere between these two
position, certain % of horizontally polarized light comes
through the filter.
MALUS LAW is a predictor of how much polarized light
will be transmitted by an obliquely oriented polarizing
filter.
43. Mathematics of Polarization
• Two consecutive polarizers.
– The first polarizer reduces the intensity by half.
– The second polarizer reduces the intensity by another factor of cos2
θ. This
is called Malus’s Law.
44. Malus law
Intensity emerging from polarizer is I α E2
Intensity emerging from analyser is I θ α E2
cos2
Dividing 2 by 1
We get I θ = I cos2
θ
So when θ=90 , transmission axis of polariser and
analyser is perpendicular
I θ = 0.
45. Detection of p-state light
Each component p-state in a natural light can itself be
resolved parallel and perpendicular to the polariser’s
transmission axis.
Those components parallel to this axis will emerge
from the polariser whilst those perpendicular to it will
be extinguished.
1. Take two plano polarizing lenses and by holding one
before the other with their polarizing axes crossed at 90
degrees, eliminate all incoming visible light rays. What
one polarizing lens doesn’t extinguish, the other will.
46. 2. Use a pair of glasses with
polaraizing lenses to view glossy
magazine. With the glossy
magazine in between you and
the light, the magazine will show
reflective glare. Move around
until glare is maximal. Now rotate
the lenses until the glossiness
decreases and totally disappear.
47. Applications of Polarizations (1)
Polaroid sunglasses
The glare from reflecting surfaces can be diminished
with the use of Polaroid sunglasses.
The polarization axes of the lens are vertical, as most
glare reflects from horizontal surfaces.
48. Applications of Polarization (2)
Stress Analysis
Fringes may be seen in the parts of a transparent
block under stress, viewing through the analyser.
The pattern of the fringes varies with the stress.
50. Applications of Polarization (4)
VHF and UHF antennas (aerial)
Radio waves can be detected either through their E-
field or their B-field.
Stations transmitted radio waves which are plane-
polarized.
51. Blue Sky
The blue color of the sky is caused by the
scattering of sunlight off the molecules of the
atmosphere. This scattering, called Rayleigh
scattering, is more effective at short
wavelengths
52. Sunset
As incoming sunlight passes through a more dense
atmosphere, shorter wavelengths of light (violet and
blue) are efficiently scattered away by particles
suspended in the atmosphere. This allows
predominantly yellow and red wavelengths of light to
reach the observer's eyes, producing a yellowish-red
53. Applications
As sun glasses to
cut of unwanted
reflected light best
utilized by
fisherman,
motorist, skiers,
sportsman etc.
55. Application of polarization by Dichorism
In Titmus stereo test
Makes use of vectograph
RE and LE pictures are polarized at 45 and 135
degrees respectively.
The pictures are viewed through a correspondingly
oriented spectacle analysers.
In normal eye, a perception of depth i. e. stereopsis is
produced when the brain fuses two images.
56. Application of polarization byBirefringence
In birefringence biprisms
In birefringent biprisms such as nicol, glan-focault
and wollastone are used to produce polarized light.
In Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
There are some crystals that become aligned when
an electric field is put across them. When this
happens they act as polarizing filter.
In Retina diagnosis
Polarization sensitive OCT (PS-OCT) is used to
measure the thickness and birefringence of the
RNFL
Birefringence change of the RNFL canserve as an
early indicator of Glaucoma
57. Application of polarization byBirefringence
In polarized Snellen’s eye charts
Special polarizing glass is used. RE polarized at 90 and LE
polarized at 180 degrees
Test one eye at a time though patient viewing binocularly
Alternative lines of optotype are also polarized at 90 and 180
degrees
Use to detect malingering
To detect defect in Intraocular lenses
Birefringence is detected by placing the lens between two linear
polarizers at right angles to each other.
Any light transmitted appears as a readily recognizable bright
spot
The bright spot indicates a possible defect in the strength of
lens
In polarized light Microscopy
Used extensively in optical mineralogy
58. Other uses
Haidinger’s Brush :Entoptic phenomenon
Yellowish bow tie shaped
Always positioned in macula, so visible in centre of visual field
Viewed while facing away from sun, bright background, eg LCD screen
Due to dichroism of xanthophyll pigment of macula
Used in Eccentric Fixation: utilized to train people with strabismus to look at
objects with their fovea rather than their eccentric retinal zone
In 3D films
Two films shown at a time through two projectors
Projected through polarizing filters with axes perpendicular to each other
Viewers wear glasses with 2 polaroid filters with axes perpendicular
RE sees the movie projected from left
LE sees the movie projected from Right
59. Other uses
Photoelasticity: stress analysis
In saccharimetry: measurement of
concentration of sugar solution
In slit lamp and Ophthalmoscopes
Control unwanted reflections e.g. that from the front
of cornea
Red filter, blue filter, green filter etc.
60. Recommended for:
1. To decrease driving fatigueness and increase driving
safety.
2. For fishing and boating on the water
3. For more visual comfort on the beach
4. So that colors are not bleached out
5. So that bright, snowy days are not as blinding
6. To block UV radiation
7. As a good sunglass
8. Photographers use filters to cut glare and get better
pictures
61. Precautions with Polarizing lenses
1. Since windshields are tempered, the tempering process
induces intentional stress into the materials. The stress
may be visible through polarizing lenses distracting the
observer.
2. Some skiers believe polarizing lenses make snow
conditions harder to judge. Tilting heads will change the
amount of transmission/absorption causing an ongoing
change in intensity of the reflected light.
3. Similar problems in golfers
4. An LCD display is polarized. If it is horizontally
polarized, polarizing sunglasses will extinguish the
display. LCDs are widely used in instrument panels in
cars.
62. Precautions with Polarizing lenses
5. Pilots experience a number of adverse situation.
Polycarbonate windshields in many aircrafts have stress
patterns. These patterns become visible and may distract.
Some airplane cockpits like in car instrument panels may have
polarized numbers or images that can disappear when viewed
through polarizing lenses.
Much of light coming from oncoming aircrafts that make it visiblr
is reflected from the metallic surface of plane. Much of this
reflected is horizontally polarized. When viewed through the
polarized lenses, these reflected lights may be eliminated
making oncoming aircrafts invisible.