This document describes the formulation and evaluation of a natural lip balm. It provides the ingredients used to make the lip balm, including beeswax, ghee, castor oil, honey, and vitamin E. The document outlines the formulation process and evaluates the finished lip balm's properties, such as melting point, organoleptic qualities, pH, spreadability, and skin irritation. The lip balm was found to have a melting point of 63-65°C, a pH of 6.0, and showed no skin irritation. The formulation provided stable natural lip balm without negative side effects.
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of various cosmetic products. It begins by defining cosmetics and their classification. It then covers formulations for different types of creams, lotions, powders and color cosmetics like lipsticks and rouges. Specific formulations are provided for products like cleansing cream, cold cream, sunscreen lotion, face powder, lipstick etc. along with ideal properties and ingredients for each type of cosmetic.
BUILDING BLOCK FOR FORMULATION OF TOOTHPASTEPrakash Ata
This document discusses the formulation of toothpaste. It begins by outlining the requirements of an effective toothpaste, including cleaning teeth adequately, leaving a fresh sensation, being cost-effective to encourage use, and being harmless and convenient. It then describes the main types of toothpastes based on their intended functions, such as anti-caries, plaque prevention, whitening, and sensitivity relief. The key ingredients of toothpaste are explained, including abrasives, surfactants, humectants, sweeteners, flavors, and minor additives. Finally, a basic procedure for formulating toothpaste is provided along with some example formulations.
Building blocks of different product formulations of cosmeticsAlexa Jacob
This document provides information on building blocks for different product formulations of cosmetics. It discusses the definition, ingredients, general formulas, manufacture and evaluation of moisturizing cream, vanishing cream, cold cream, shampoo, toothpaste, soap and syndet bar. Specific formulas and preparation procedures are provided for moisturizing cream, vanishing cream and cold cream. Key ingredients for different cosmetic products are also outlined, including oils, fats, waxes, emulsifying agents and preservatives. Methods of evaluating different properties of creams such as pH, viscosity, spreadability and stability studies are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of deodorants and antiperspirants. It discusses the key differences between deodorants and antiperspirants, the components of sweat, and methods for reducing body odor. It also covers the ingredients and formulations of deodorants and antiperspirants, including active ingredients in antiperspirants like aluminum compounds. The document evaluates deodorant and antiperspirant effectiveness and discusses considerations like choosing a deodorant over an antiperspirant for health reasons. It also briefly touches on perfumes, talcum powder, and their classification and production.
This document discusses several herbal ingredients that can be used in cosmetic products. It describes the botanical information and key constituents of herbs commonly used as surfactants, hair colorants, conditioners and in skin care products, including soapnut, henna, tea, hibiscus, turmeric, vetiver, lemon peel and aloe vera. The document provides details on how these herbs can benefit hair and skin when formulated into cosmetics.
This document discusses rheological additives used in cosmetics. It begins with an introduction to rheology and how it relates to cosmetics performance. It then classifies rheological additives into aqueous-phase and non-aqueous phase additives. The main types of aqueous additives discussed are associative thickeners, hectorite, and bentone hydrophilic clays. For non-aqueous additives, it covers bentone organophilic clays, bentone gel, and thixcin r additive. It concludes by listing some applications of these additives and citing references.
This document discusses the formulation and evaluation of various cosmetic products. It begins by defining cosmetics and their classification. It then covers formulations for different types of creams, lotions, powders and color cosmetics like lipsticks and rouges. Specific formulations are provided for products like cleansing cream, cold cream, sunscreen lotion, face powder, lipstick etc. along with ideal properties and ingredients for each type of cosmetic.
BUILDING BLOCK FOR FORMULATION OF TOOTHPASTEPrakash Ata
This document discusses the formulation of toothpaste. It begins by outlining the requirements of an effective toothpaste, including cleaning teeth adequately, leaving a fresh sensation, being cost-effective to encourage use, and being harmless and convenient. It then describes the main types of toothpastes based on their intended functions, such as anti-caries, plaque prevention, whitening, and sensitivity relief. The key ingredients of toothpaste are explained, including abrasives, surfactants, humectants, sweeteners, flavors, and minor additives. Finally, a basic procedure for formulating toothpaste is provided along with some example formulations.
Building blocks of different product formulations of cosmeticsAlexa Jacob
This document provides information on building blocks for different product formulations of cosmetics. It discusses the definition, ingredients, general formulas, manufacture and evaluation of moisturizing cream, vanishing cream, cold cream, shampoo, toothpaste, soap and syndet bar. Specific formulas and preparation procedures are provided for moisturizing cream, vanishing cream and cold cream. Key ingredients for different cosmetic products are also outlined, including oils, fats, waxes, emulsifying agents and preservatives. Methods of evaluating different properties of creams such as pH, viscosity, spreadability and stability studies are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of deodorants and antiperspirants. It discusses the key differences between deodorants and antiperspirants, the components of sweat, and methods for reducing body odor. It also covers the ingredients and formulations of deodorants and antiperspirants, including active ingredients in antiperspirants like aluminum compounds. The document evaluates deodorant and antiperspirant effectiveness and discusses considerations like choosing a deodorant over an antiperspirant for health reasons. It also briefly touches on perfumes, talcum powder, and their classification and production.
This document discusses several herbal ingredients that can be used in cosmetic products. It describes the botanical information and key constituents of herbs commonly used as surfactants, hair colorants, conditioners and in skin care products, including soapnut, henna, tea, hibiscus, turmeric, vetiver, lemon peel and aloe vera. The document provides details on how these herbs can benefit hair and skin when formulated into cosmetics.
This document discusses rheological additives used in cosmetics. It begins with an introduction to rheology and how it relates to cosmetics performance. It then classifies rheological additives into aqueous-phase and non-aqueous phase additives. The main types of aqueous additives discussed are associative thickeners, hectorite, and bentone hydrophilic clays. For non-aqueous additives, it covers bentone organophilic clays, bentone gel, and thixcin r additive. It concludes by listing some applications of these additives and citing references.
This document discusses dandruff, its causes, treatments, and recent research. It begins with an introduction to dandruff and its main cause, the yeast Malassezia furfur. It then explores microbial and non-microbial causes of dandruff. Treatment strategies are classified including lifestyle changes and ingredients like tea tree oil. Three research articles are summarized that formulated and evaluated anti-dandruff gels, shampoos containing tea tree oil, and a herbal shampoo with pomegranate extract. The studies found concentration-dependent antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur and that the formulated products were effective treatments for dandruff.
1. Soap is produced through a chemical reaction between fatty acids and alkalis like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This process is known as saponification.
2. The major steps in soap manufacturing are saponification, glycerin removal, soap purification, and finishing. In saponification, fats and oils react with alkalis. Glycerin is then removed from the soap.
3. Syndet bars, also known as soap-free soaps, use synthetic surfactants like sodium cocyl isethionate that are derived from oils or fats. They tend to be milder and less irritating than traditional soap.
This document discusses various skin, lip, eyelid, hand, feet, neck, scalp, nail and underarm care products. It provides details on ingredients and benefits of face washes, cleansers, moisturizers, fairness creams, lip balms, lip gloss, lip liners, lipsticks, eye shadows, mascara, eyeliners, hand moisturizers, hand sanitizers, nail bleaches, nail lacquers, and hair removal methods for underarms.
This document provides information on the key components of shampoos. It defines shampoo as a preparation containing surfactants that will remove dirt from hair without harm. The main ingredients include anionic surfactants, conditioning agents, thickeners, preservatives, and fragrances. Different types of shampoos are described such as liquid, lotion, and conditioning varieties. Guidelines for evaluating shampoos involve testing for solid content, pH, viscosity, foaming ability, skin/eye irritation, cleaning effectiveness, and packaging/labeling requirements.
This document discusses herbal ingredients that are commonly used in skin care products. It provides information on the benefits of herbal cosmetics compared to conventional products, as herbal ingredients are natural and have few side effects. Examples of herbal ingredients that are used as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers include coconut oil, aloe vera, essential oils like lemon and sandalwood. The document also lists several herbal plants and extracts that are used to treat specific skin conditions or provide anti-aging benefits.
HERBAL INGREDIENTS USED IN HAIR CARE , cosmetics , herbal cosmetics , Herbal ingredients used in the cosmetics , preparation for hair , Hair oil , Shampoos , Hair dye , Hair lotion , Ingredient used in Herbal hair oil , Marketed herbal hair oil , Evaluation of herbal hair oil , Ingredient used in Herbal shampoo , Marketed herbal shampoo , Evaluation of herbal shampoo , Ingredient used in the herbal hair dye , Marketed herbal hair dye , Evaluation of herbal hair dye
A presentation about anti-aging creams giving a brief of aging, anti-aging cosmetics, some general and some modern anti-aging agents and their mechanism of action, some detailed info of marketed formulations
This document provides information about lipstick formulation and manufacturing. It defines lipstick as a cosmetic product containing pigments, oils, waxes, and emollients that applies color and texture to the lips. It discusses the key components of lipstick including waxes, oils, bromo mixtures, colors, preservatives, and fragrances. It also covers common formulation and moulding related problems in lipstick production such as sweating, bleeding, and deformation. Evaluation methods for finished lipstick products like color control, melting point determination, and softening point are also outlined.
Toothpastes are substances used with toothbrushes to clean teeth. They can provide cleaning, polishing, stain removal, prevention of tooth decay, and reduction of bad breath. Toothpastes contain abrasives, detergents, water, humectants, thickeners, flavors, sweeteners, preservatives, corrosion inhibitors, colors, bleaches, anti-cavity agents, and anti-tartar agents. The main ingredients are abrasives like silica or calcium carbonate for cleaning, and detergents like sodium lauryl sulfate that help with cleaning. Toothpastes are evaluated based on their composition, homogenity, tube compatibility, abrasiveness, spreadability, fin
This document provides an overview of herbal cosmetics. It discusses various types of herbal cosmetics according to site of application, including those for skin, hair, dentifrices, nails, and eyes. Specific herbal formulations are presented for different skin types, hair products, toothpastes, and nail fungal infections. Guidelines for using herbs safely are outlined. The document concludes that herbal cosmetics are increasingly popular due to their lack of side effects compared to synthetic products.
COSMETICS CLASSIFICATION By Tannu SainiTannuSaini4
Classification of Cosmetics -
Can be classified based on widely used body parts as:
Skin cosmetics
Hair cosmetics
Face cosmetics
Eye make ups
Lip decorators & carers
Nail cosmetics
Preservatives are used in cosmetics to prevent spoilage from oxidation, microbial growth, and other causes of deterioration. There are several classes of preservatives used including organic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, phenolic compounds, esters, mercury compounds, surfactants, and miscellaneous agents. The effectiveness of preservatives can be affected by factors like pH, concentration, and ingredients in the cosmetic formulation. Guidelines for preservative selection include identifying materials that promote microbial growth and choosing the least toxic preservative. Some potential adverse effects of certain preservatives include skin irritation and allergic reactions.
The document discusses evaluation parameters for cosmetic products, including moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content, rancidity, heavy metals content, fineness of powder, density, and viscosity. Moisture content is determined using Karl Fischer titration. Ash content and volatile matter are determined through gravimetric methods involving heating. Rancidity is evaluated by peroxide value testing. Heavy metals are analyzed using wet digestion and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Fineness is evaluated through sieve analysis. Density is measured as mass over volume. Viscosity is measured using viscometers like Brookfield.
This document summarizes colors used in cosmetics. It discusses regulatory bodies that classify and approve color additives. Colors are classified as either organic or inorganic, and as subject to certification or exempt. Both natural and synthetic colors are permitted. Common natural colors discussed include annatto, beta-carotene, caramel, carmine, chlorophyllin copper complex, henna and guanine. Inorganic colors like mica, titanium dioxide, iron oxides and zinc oxide are also summarized. Specific regulations around various certified colors are provided in tables. Henna is highlighted for its hair coloring properties from Lawsonia inermis leaves.
This document provides information on lipstick, including its definition, characteristics, composition, manufacturing process, potential defects, and evaluation methods. Lipstick is defined as a dispersion of coloring matter in a base of oils, fats, and waxes molded into a stick. It aims to impart attractive color and gloss to lips while preventing drying and cracking. The composition includes waxes, oils, coloring agents, preservatives, and fragrances. Potential defects include sweating, bleeding, and streaking. Lipstick is evaluated based on color consistency, melting point, softening point, microbial contamination, rancidity, breaking load, and rupture strength.
Soap and syndet bars evolution and skin benefitsSteffi Thomas
SOAP VS SYNDET BARS, SAPONIFICATION, EVALUATION OF SOAPS AND SYNDET BARS, TYPES OF SOAP, HISTORY OF SOAP AND SOAP MAKING, FORMULA OF SOAP AND SYNDET BAR FORMULATION, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOAP, RAW MATERIAL FOR MANUFACTURING OF SOAP AND SYNDET BAR, CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAPS, MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SOAP, B.PHARM, 8th sem, COSMETIC SCIENCE, BP809ET,
This document discusses herbal fairness creams. It begins by explaining that fairness is often associated with attractiveness in many cultures. It then discusses natural and synthetic ingredients commonly used in fairness creams to lighten skin by inhibiting melanin production, such as licorice, saffron, hydroquinone, and kojic acid. The document provides details on how these creams are formulated and evaluated. It concludes by listing several popular herbal fairness cream brands marketed in India.
This document provides information about a course on soap and detergent manufacturing offered at An-Najah National University. The course will cover the chemistry, manufacturing processes, raw materials, and types of soaps, detergents, and other cleaning products. Students will learn about surfactants, visit local industries, and conduct experiments in the department lab. The objectives are to understand the theories and applications of product formulation, analysis, labeling, and mixing processes in the industry. The course will be graded based on exams, assignments, and projects.
cosmetic and cosmeceutical
Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products
Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics, cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs
Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives. Classification and application
Skin: Basic structure and function of skin.
Hair: Basic structure of hair. Hair growth cycle.
Oral Cavity: Common problem associated with teeth and gums
This document discusses dandruff, its causes, treatments, and recent research. It begins with an introduction to dandruff and its main cause, the yeast Malassezia furfur. It then explores microbial and non-microbial causes of dandruff. Treatment strategies are classified including lifestyle changes and ingredients like tea tree oil. Three research articles are summarized that formulated and evaluated anti-dandruff gels, shampoos containing tea tree oil, and a herbal shampoo with pomegranate extract. The studies found concentration-dependent antifungal activity against Malassezia furfur and that the formulated products were effective treatments for dandruff.
1. Soap is produced through a chemical reaction between fatty acids and alkalis like sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. This process is known as saponification.
2. The major steps in soap manufacturing are saponification, glycerin removal, soap purification, and finishing. In saponification, fats and oils react with alkalis. Glycerin is then removed from the soap.
3. Syndet bars, also known as soap-free soaps, use synthetic surfactants like sodium cocyl isethionate that are derived from oils or fats. They tend to be milder and less irritating than traditional soap.
This document discusses various skin, lip, eyelid, hand, feet, neck, scalp, nail and underarm care products. It provides details on ingredients and benefits of face washes, cleansers, moisturizers, fairness creams, lip balms, lip gloss, lip liners, lipsticks, eye shadows, mascara, eyeliners, hand moisturizers, hand sanitizers, nail bleaches, nail lacquers, and hair removal methods for underarms.
This document provides information on the key components of shampoos. It defines shampoo as a preparation containing surfactants that will remove dirt from hair without harm. The main ingredients include anionic surfactants, conditioning agents, thickeners, preservatives, and fragrances. Different types of shampoos are described such as liquid, lotion, and conditioning varieties. Guidelines for evaluating shampoos involve testing for solid content, pH, viscosity, foaming ability, skin/eye irritation, cleaning effectiveness, and packaging/labeling requirements.
This document discusses herbal ingredients that are commonly used in skin care products. It provides information on the benefits of herbal cosmetics compared to conventional products, as herbal ingredients are natural and have few side effects. Examples of herbal ingredients that are used as cleansers, toners, and moisturizers include coconut oil, aloe vera, essential oils like lemon and sandalwood. The document also lists several herbal plants and extracts that are used to treat specific skin conditions or provide anti-aging benefits.
HERBAL INGREDIENTS USED IN HAIR CARE , cosmetics , herbal cosmetics , Herbal ingredients used in the cosmetics , preparation for hair , Hair oil , Shampoos , Hair dye , Hair lotion , Ingredient used in Herbal hair oil , Marketed herbal hair oil , Evaluation of herbal hair oil , Ingredient used in Herbal shampoo , Marketed herbal shampoo , Evaluation of herbal shampoo , Ingredient used in the herbal hair dye , Marketed herbal hair dye , Evaluation of herbal hair dye
A presentation about anti-aging creams giving a brief of aging, anti-aging cosmetics, some general and some modern anti-aging agents and their mechanism of action, some detailed info of marketed formulations
This document provides information about lipstick formulation and manufacturing. It defines lipstick as a cosmetic product containing pigments, oils, waxes, and emollients that applies color and texture to the lips. It discusses the key components of lipstick including waxes, oils, bromo mixtures, colors, preservatives, and fragrances. It also covers common formulation and moulding related problems in lipstick production such as sweating, bleeding, and deformation. Evaluation methods for finished lipstick products like color control, melting point determination, and softening point are also outlined.
Toothpastes are substances used with toothbrushes to clean teeth. They can provide cleaning, polishing, stain removal, prevention of tooth decay, and reduction of bad breath. Toothpastes contain abrasives, detergents, water, humectants, thickeners, flavors, sweeteners, preservatives, corrosion inhibitors, colors, bleaches, anti-cavity agents, and anti-tartar agents. The main ingredients are abrasives like silica or calcium carbonate for cleaning, and detergents like sodium lauryl sulfate that help with cleaning. Toothpastes are evaluated based on their composition, homogenity, tube compatibility, abrasiveness, spreadability, fin
This document provides an overview of herbal cosmetics. It discusses various types of herbal cosmetics according to site of application, including those for skin, hair, dentifrices, nails, and eyes. Specific herbal formulations are presented for different skin types, hair products, toothpastes, and nail fungal infections. Guidelines for using herbs safely are outlined. The document concludes that herbal cosmetics are increasingly popular due to their lack of side effects compared to synthetic products.
COSMETICS CLASSIFICATION By Tannu SainiTannuSaini4
Classification of Cosmetics -
Can be classified based on widely used body parts as:
Skin cosmetics
Hair cosmetics
Face cosmetics
Eye make ups
Lip decorators & carers
Nail cosmetics
Preservatives are used in cosmetics to prevent spoilage from oxidation, microbial growth, and other causes of deterioration. There are several classes of preservatives used including organic acids, alcohols, aldehydes, phenolic compounds, esters, mercury compounds, surfactants, and miscellaneous agents. The effectiveness of preservatives can be affected by factors like pH, concentration, and ingredients in the cosmetic formulation. Guidelines for preservative selection include identifying materials that promote microbial growth and choosing the least toxic preservative. Some potential adverse effects of certain preservatives include skin irritation and allergic reactions.
The document discusses evaluation parameters for cosmetic products, including moisture content, ash content, volatile matter content, rancidity, heavy metals content, fineness of powder, density, and viscosity. Moisture content is determined using Karl Fischer titration. Ash content and volatile matter are determined through gravimetric methods involving heating. Rancidity is evaluated by peroxide value testing. Heavy metals are analyzed using wet digestion and atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Fineness is evaluated through sieve analysis. Density is measured as mass over volume. Viscosity is measured using viscometers like Brookfield.
This document summarizes colors used in cosmetics. It discusses regulatory bodies that classify and approve color additives. Colors are classified as either organic or inorganic, and as subject to certification or exempt. Both natural and synthetic colors are permitted. Common natural colors discussed include annatto, beta-carotene, caramel, carmine, chlorophyllin copper complex, henna and guanine. Inorganic colors like mica, titanium dioxide, iron oxides and zinc oxide are also summarized. Specific regulations around various certified colors are provided in tables. Henna is highlighted for its hair coloring properties from Lawsonia inermis leaves.
This document provides information on lipstick, including its definition, characteristics, composition, manufacturing process, potential defects, and evaluation methods. Lipstick is defined as a dispersion of coloring matter in a base of oils, fats, and waxes molded into a stick. It aims to impart attractive color and gloss to lips while preventing drying and cracking. The composition includes waxes, oils, coloring agents, preservatives, and fragrances. Potential defects include sweating, bleeding, and streaking. Lipstick is evaluated based on color consistency, melting point, softening point, microbial contamination, rancidity, breaking load, and rupture strength.
Soap and syndet bars evolution and skin benefitsSteffi Thomas
SOAP VS SYNDET BARS, SAPONIFICATION, EVALUATION OF SOAPS AND SYNDET BARS, TYPES OF SOAP, HISTORY OF SOAP AND SOAP MAKING, FORMULA OF SOAP AND SYNDET BAR FORMULATION, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOAP, RAW MATERIAL FOR MANUFACTURING OF SOAP AND SYNDET BAR, CLEANSING ACTION OF SOAPS, MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF SOAP, B.PHARM, 8th sem, COSMETIC SCIENCE, BP809ET,
This document discusses herbal fairness creams. It begins by explaining that fairness is often associated with attractiveness in many cultures. It then discusses natural and synthetic ingredients commonly used in fairness creams to lighten skin by inhibiting melanin production, such as licorice, saffron, hydroquinone, and kojic acid. The document provides details on how these creams are formulated and evaluated. It concludes by listing several popular herbal fairness cream brands marketed in India.
This document provides information about a course on soap and detergent manufacturing offered at An-Najah National University. The course will cover the chemistry, manufacturing processes, raw materials, and types of soaps, detergents, and other cleaning products. Students will learn about surfactants, visit local industries, and conduct experiments in the department lab. The objectives are to understand the theories and applications of product formulation, analysis, labeling, and mixing processes in the industry. The course will be graded based on exams, assignments, and projects.
cosmetic and cosmeceutical
Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products
Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics, cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs
Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives. Classification and application
Skin: Basic structure and function of skin.
Hair: Basic structure of hair. Hair growth cycle.
Oral Cavity: Common problem associated with teeth and gums
Lipstick is made through a process of melting and mixing various raw materials like wax, oils, pigments, and alcohol. The mixture is poured into tubes and allowed to cool before being packaged. Quality control procedures ensure lipsticks meet FDA standards through tests like measuring heat resistance and rupture pressure. Lipstick manufacturing can be highly automated or manual depending on production needs. The global lipstick market remains strong with annual sales in the US exceeding $720 million in 1986.
Building blocks for different product formulations of cosmeticsSiddu K M
The document discusses the building blocks used for formulating different types of cosmetic products, specifically focusing on shampoos. It defines key ingredients used in shampoos like surfactants, conditioning agents, viscosity modifiers, foaming agents, and preservatives. It then provides examples of different shampoo formulations including powder shampoo, liquid shampoo, anti-dandruff shampoo, and herbal shampoo. The document aims to outline the essential ingredients and their functions that go into creating shampoos and other cosmetic products with different intended uses and properties.
The document discusses various nail care preparations including nail lacquers, enamel removers, and pharmaceutical nail lacquers. It provides definitions and ideal characteristics of nail lacquers and enamel removers. It describes the key ingredients in nail lacquer formulations such as nitrocellulose, resins, solvents, plasticizers, colorants, and opacifiers. The processes involved in the manufacture, packing, filling, and evaluation of nail lacquers are also summarized.
Physicochemical and sensory evaluations of moisturising lip balm using natur...Mohd Shukri Mat Nor
Abstract: Nowadays, people are demanding on the naturally derived cosmetic products, including lip balms. However, there is a lack of studies for the physicochemical properties of the formulated lip balms. Besides, there are little publications found on the use of beetroot as an active ingredient and colourant in lip balm formulation. Thus, this study aims to formulate lip balm using beetroot; and test the physicochemical properties of formulated lip balms to get three best formulations. The stability of these best lip balms was conducted for 4 weeks in room temperature and chiller conditions. Finally, a sensory evaluation was conducted to identify consumer acceptance towards the best lip balms. Lip balms placed in room temperature were all stable while few changes occurred for the lip balms placed in a chiller. All panellist preferred the same lip balm in the sensory test. The result of this study can be extended to assess the potential of beetroot in the formulation of other cosmetic products.
Formulation and Evaluation of Sugar Cane Wax Based Lipstickijtsrd
Press mud is a rejected waste material of sugarcane industries causes the problem of pollution to the surrounding of sugar mills on its accumulation. Present work deals with the development of the method for the isolation and analysis of wax from press mud waste of the sugar industries. The crude wax is extracted by using toluene and benzene solvents and pure wax is obtained by giving the treatment of isopropyl alcohol. The physicochemical testing was carried out for characterization of isolated micro wax. The yield of wax found from toluene solvent was 2.40 3.60 and from benzene solvent was 3.9 4.4 . The color of crude wax was brownish green while the pure wax was light yellow in color. The preparation of this lipsticks with natural ingredients like Olive oil, cetyl alcohol, carnauba wax, sugarcane wax. Due to various adverse effects of available synthetic preparation, the present work was conceived by us to formulate a sugarcane wax based lipsticks having minimal or no side effects which will extensively be used by the women of our communities with great surety and satisfaction. Ms. Chetana D. Patil | Mr. Ritesh Kadam | Ms. Smita P. Bedis "Formulation and Evaluation of Sugar Cane Wax Based Lipstick" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26497.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmaceutics/26497/formulation-and-evaluation-of-sugar-cane-wax-based-lipstick/ms-chetana-d-patil
formulation and evaluation of medicated lipstickNikitaGidde
The document summarizes the formulation and evaluation of medicated lipsticks. It discusses introducing medicated lipstick, advantages, literature review, objectives, experimental work, and results. Five lipstick formulations were prepared using herbal ingredients like turmeric, aloe, and honey to treat lip problems. Formulation F4 was found to be the best based on evaluation tests for parameters like melting point, breaking point, and skin irritation. The conclusion is that the natural ingredients can effectively treat dryness, cracking, swelling, and sores of the lips without side effects.
THIS PRESENTATION IS TO GIVE AN INFO ABOUT LIPSTICKS .... IT WAS CATEGORISED AS A COSMETIC PRODUCT FOR 3RD BPHARM STUDENTS IN THE 5TH SEMESTER. THIS PRESENTATION WILL HELP THEM AS A FASTRACK REFERENCE FOR EXAMS AND ALSO FOR COMPETITIVE EXAMINATIONS..
Herbal lipsticks are gaining popularity due to being safer than synthetic lipsticks. They aim to enhance beauty with less toxicity. An ideal lipstick imparts uniform color, makes lips soft, is stable, and applies easily. Herbal lipsticks are formulated with natural pigments, oils, waxes, and emollients. They are tested for color consistency, melting point, breaking load, microbial contamination, and rancidity. Formulating herbal lipsticks involves color grinding, mixing, moulding, and packaging. The global herbal lipstick market is growing and several Indian brands offer herbal lipstick options.
THIS PRESENTATION CONTAINS INFORMATION ABOUT SHAMPOOS , WHICH WAS DESCRIBED AS A COSMETIC
PREPARATION FOR 3RD BPHARMACY STUDENTS IN THEIR 5th SEMESTER...
buidings blocks for formulation of shampoo, toothpaste and creamsRb Bhardwaj
This document discusses the key ingredients used in formulating various cosmetic products like shampoo, toothpaste, and creams. It outlines the main components of each type of product such as surfactants, humectants, emulsifiers, and preservatives. It also provides examples of common ingredients and their roles. Formulations for liquid shampoo, cream shampoo, and toothpaste are presented. Evaluation methods for properties like foam, cleaning ability, and viscosity are also summarized.
This document provides formulations for various types of cosmetics, including lipsticks. It discusses the ideal characteristics of lipsticks and their components. The key components of lipsticks include waxes (e.g. beeswax, ozokerite wax), oils (e.g. castor oil, mineral oils), softening agents (e.g. lanolin, cocoa butter), and coloring agents (e.g. carmine, eosin dyes). Waxes provide structure and hardness, oils act as solvents, and softening agents enhance spreadability and feel. Color is added using soluble or insoluble dyes and pigments. The document provides details on sourcing and properties of each component
This document provides an overview of cosmetic science, summarizing different types of cosmetics including skin, hair, face, eye, and nail cosmetics. It describes key ingredients and formulations for different cosmetic products like moisturizers, cleansers, hair conditioners, mascara, lipstick, and nail polish. The document also discusses trends in cosmetic use throughout history and how cosmetics help beautify and care for skin, hair, nails, and facial features.
1. The document describes the formulation and evaluation of a herbal lipstick. Key natural ingredients used include beeswax, coconut oil, olive oil, castor oil, beetroot juice for color, and vanilla and rose essences.
2. The lipstick was tested for various parameters like color, texture, pH, melting point, skin irritation, stability, and spreadability. The results showed the lipstick was pinkish red color with a smooth texture, pH of 6.3, and no skin irritation.
3. It was concluded that the formulated herbal lipstick containing natural colorants from beetroot juice would be safe, effective and have minimal side effects while nourishing the lips.
ointments and preparation of ointments.pptabcpharma33
This document provides information about ointments, including their definition, types, advantages, applications, and preparation. It discusses the different types of ointment bases and how to select an appropriate base. The document outlines good manufacturing practices for producing ointments and guidelines for packaging, storage, quality control testing, and evaluation. Key topics covered include the definition of ointments as semisolid medicated preparations for external application; the main types of ointment bases; advantages such as ease of application and prolonged drug contact; and preparation methods involving mixing, milling, and filling containers.
Lipstick is made of dyes and pigments in a fragranced oil-wax base. The primary ingredients found in lipstick are wax, oil, alcohol, and pigment.
To make lipstick, the various ingredients are first melted separately, and then the oils and solvents are ground together with the desired color pigments.
The manufacturing process consists of melting and mixing the lipstick’s components; pouring the mixture into the tube; and finally packaging the product for sale.
There are two special tests for lipstick: the Heat Test and the Rupture Test.
Home Scale Lipstick Production:
We tried to recreate this process at home by using
• Colored crayons instead of pigments.
• Petroleum Jelly (Vaseline) instead of wax.
• Baby oil instead of industrial oil.
The result as expected: we got our own Red Lipstick!
The document provides information about lipstick formulations, including ideal characteristics, common ingredients, and composition. It discusses the key components of lipsticks such as solid waxes (e.g. beeswax, carnauba wax), liquid oils (e.g. castor oil, mineral oil), softening agents (e.g. lanolin, cocoa butter), and coloring agents (e.g. carmine, dye stuff stains). The formulations aim to impart an attractive color and gloss to lips while being long-lasting and non-irritating.
Ophthalmic dosage are the preparation designed for application to the eye:-
For treatment
For symptomatic release of symptoms
For diagnostic purpose
As aid to surgical procedures
They are the sterile products meant to instillation in to the eye in the space between eye lid and the eye ball
They are also prepared as parenteral product. Example
Eye drops, Eye lotion, Eye ointment, Eye suspension, Contact lens solution
TUNNELING IN HIMALAYAS WITH NATM METHOD: A SPECIAL REFERENCES TO SUNGAL TUNNE...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the Sungal Tunnel project in Jammu and Kashmir, India, which is being constructed using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM).
2) NATM involves continuous monitoring during construction to adapt to changing ground conditions, and makes extensive use of shotcrete for temporary tunnel support.
3) The methodology section outlines the systematic geotechnical design process for tunnels according to Austrian guidelines, and describes the various steps of NATM tunnel construction including initial and secondary tunnel support.
STUDY THE EFFECT OF RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR ON RC FRAMED STRUCTUREIRJET Journal
This study examines the effect of response reduction factors (R factors) on reinforced concrete (RC) framed structures through nonlinear dynamic analysis. Three RC frame models with varying heights (4, 8, and 12 stories) were analyzed in ETABS software under different R factors ranging from 1 to 5. The results showed that displacement increased as the R factor decreased, indicating less linear behavior for lower R factors. Drift also decreased proportionally with increasing R factors from 1 to 5. Shear forces in the frames decreased with higher R factors. In general, R factors of 3 to 5 produced more satisfactory performance with less displacement and drift. The displacement variations between different building heights were consistent at different R factors. This study evaluated how R factors influence
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RCC ELEMENT OF SLAB WITH STARK STEEL (HYSD STEEL) A...IRJET Journal
This study compares the use of Stark Steel and TMT Steel as reinforcement materials in a two-way reinforced concrete slab. Mechanical testing is conducted to determine the tensile strength, yield strength, and other properties of each material. A two-way slab design adhering to codes and standards is executed with both materials. The performance is analyzed in terms of deflection, stability under loads, and displacement. Cost analyses accounting for material, durability, maintenance, and life cycle costs are also conducted. The findings provide insights into the economic and structural implications of each material for reinforcement selection and recommendations on the most suitable material based on the analysis.
Effect of Camber and Angles of Attack on Airfoil CharacteristicsIRJET Journal
This document discusses a study analyzing the effect of camber, position of camber, and angle of attack on the aerodynamic characteristics of airfoils. Sixteen modified asymmetric NACA airfoils were analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) by varying the camber, camber position, and angle of attack. The results showed the relationship between these parameters and the lift coefficient, drag coefficient, and lift to drag ratio. This provides insight into how changes in airfoil geometry impact aerodynamic performance.
A Review on the Progress and Challenges of Aluminum-Based Metal Matrix Compos...IRJET Journal
This document reviews the progress and challenges of aluminum-based metal matrix composites (MMCs), focusing on their fabrication processes and applications. It discusses how various aluminum MMCs have been developed using reinforcements like borides, carbides, oxides, and nitrides to improve mechanical and wear properties. These composites have gained prominence for their lightweight, high-strength and corrosion resistance properties. The document also examines recent advancements in fabrication techniques for aluminum MMCs and their growing applications in industries such as aerospace and automotive. However, it notes that challenges remain around issues like improper mixing of reinforcements and reducing reinforcement agglomeration.
Dynamic Urban Transit Optimization: A Graph Neural Network Approach for Real-...IRJET Journal
This document discusses research on using graph neural networks (GNNs) for dynamic optimization of public transportation networks in real-time. GNNs represent transit networks as graphs with nodes as stops and edges as connections. The GNN model aims to optimize networks using real-time data on vehicle locations, arrival times, and passenger loads. This helps increase mobility, decrease traffic, and improve efficiency. The system continuously trains and infers to adapt to changing transit conditions, providing decision support tools. While research has focused on performance, more work is needed on security, socio-economic impacts, contextual generalization of models, continuous learning approaches, and effective real-time visualization.
Structural Analysis and Design of Multi-Storey Symmetric and Asymmetric Shape...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research project that aims to compare the structural performance of conventional slab and grid slab systems in multi-story buildings using ETABS software. The study will analyze both symmetric and asymmetric building models under various loading conditions. Parameters like deflections, moments, shears, and stresses will be examined to evaluate the structural effectiveness of each slab type. The results will provide insights into the comparative behavior of conventional and grid slabs to help engineers and architects select appropriate slab systems based on building layouts and design requirements.
A Review of “Seismic Response of RC Structures Having Plan and Vertical Irreg...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes and reviews a research paper on the seismic response of reinforced concrete (RC) structures with plan and vertical irregularities, with and without infill walls. It discusses how infill walls can improve or reduce the seismic performance of RC buildings, depending on factors like wall layout, height distribution, connection to the frame, and relative stiffness of walls and frames. The reviewed research paper analyzes the behavior of infill walls, effects of vertical irregularities, and seismic performance of high-rise structures under linear static and dynamic analysis. It studies response characteristics like story drift, deflection and shear. The document also provides literature on similar research investigating the effects of infill walls, soft stories, plan irregularities, and different
This document provides a review of machine learning techniques used in Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS). It begins with an abstract that summarizes key applications of machine learning in ADAS, including object detection, recognition, and decision-making. The introduction discusses the integration of machine learning in ADAS and how it is transforming vehicle safety. The literature review then examines several research papers on topics like lightweight deep learning models for object detection and lane detection models using image processing. It concludes by discussing challenges and opportunities in the field, such as improving algorithm robustness and adaptability.
Long Term Trend Analysis of Precipitation and Temperature for Asosa district,...IRJET Journal
The document analyzes temperature and precipitation trends in Asosa District, Benishangul Gumuz Region, Ethiopia from 1993 to 2022 based on data from the local meteorological station. The results show:
1) The average maximum and minimum annual temperatures have generally decreased over time, with maximum temperatures decreasing by a factor of -0.0341 and minimum by -0.0152.
2) Mann-Kendall tests found the decreasing temperature trends to be statistically significant for annual maximum temperatures but not for annual minimum temperatures.
3) Annual precipitation in Asosa District showed a statistically significant increasing trend.
The conclusions recommend development planners account for rising summer precipitation and declining temperatures in
P.E.B. Framed Structure Design and Analysis Using STAAD ProIRJET Journal
This document discusses the design and analysis of pre-engineered building (PEB) framed structures using STAAD Pro software. It provides an overview of PEBs, including that they are designed off-site with building trusses and beams produced in a factory. STAAD Pro is identified as a key tool for modeling, analyzing, and designing PEBs to ensure their performance and safety under various load scenarios. The document outlines modeling structural parts in STAAD Pro, evaluating structural reactions, assigning loads, and following international design codes and standards. In summary, STAAD Pro is used to design and analyze PEB framed structures to ensure safety and code compliance.
A Review on Innovative Fiber Integration for Enhanced Reinforcement of Concre...IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on innovative fiber integration methods for reinforcing concrete structures. It discusses studies that have explored using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with recycled plastic aggregates to develop more sustainable strengthening techniques. It also examines using ultra-high performance fiber reinforced concrete to improve shear strength in beams. Additional topics covered include the dynamic responses of FRP-strengthened beams under static and impact loads, and the performance of preloaded CFRP-strengthened fiber reinforced concrete beams. The review highlights the potential of fiber composites to enable more sustainable and resilient construction practices.
Survey Paper on Cloud-Based Secured Healthcare SystemIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a survey on securing patient healthcare data in cloud-based systems. It discusses using technologies like facial recognition, smart cards, and cloud computing combined with strong encryption to securely store patient data. The survey found that healthcare professionals believe digitizing patient records and storing them in a centralized cloud system would improve access during emergencies and enable more efficient care compared to paper-based systems. However, ensuring privacy and security of patient data is paramount as healthcare incorporates these digital technologies.
Review on studies and research on widening of existing concrete bridgesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes several studies that have been conducted on widening existing concrete bridges. It describes a study from China that examined load distribution factors for a bridge widened with composite steel-concrete girders. It also outlines challenges and solutions for widening a bridge in the UAE, including replacing bearings and stitching the new and existing structures. Additionally, it discusses two bridge widening projects in New Zealand that involved adding precast beams and stitching to connect structures. Finally, safety measures and challenges for strengthening a historic bridge in Switzerland under live traffic are presented.
React based fullstack edtech web applicationIRJET Journal
The document describes the architecture of an educational technology web application built using the MERN stack. It discusses the frontend developed with ReactJS, backend with NodeJS and ExpressJS, and MongoDB database. The frontend provides dynamic user interfaces, while the backend offers APIs for authentication, course management, and other functions. MongoDB enables flexible data storage. The architecture aims to provide a scalable, responsive platform for online learning.
A Comprehensive Review of Integrating IoT and Blockchain Technologies in the ...IRJET Journal
This paper proposes integrating Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies to help implement objectives of India's National Education Policy (NEP) in the education sector. The paper discusses how blockchain could be used for secure student data management, credential verification, and decentralized learning platforms. IoT devices could create smart classrooms, automate attendance tracking, and enable real-time monitoring. Blockchain would ensure integrity of exam processes and resource allocation, while smart contracts automate agreements. The paper argues this integration has potential to revolutionize education by making it more secure, transparent and efficient, in alignment with NEP goals. However, challenges like infrastructure needs, data privacy, and collaborative efforts are also discussed.
A REVIEW ON THE PERFORMANCE OF COCONUT FIBRE REINFORCED CONCRETE.IRJET Journal
This document provides a review of research on the performance of coconut fibre reinforced concrete. It summarizes several studies that tested different volume fractions and lengths of coconut fibres in concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. The studies found that coconut fibre improved properties like tensile strength, toughness, crack resistance, and spalling resistance compared to plain concrete. Volume fractions of 2-5% and fibre lengths of 20-50mm produced the best results. The document concludes that using a 4-5% volume fraction of coconut fibres 30-40mm in length with M30-M60 grade concrete would provide benefits based on previous research.
Optimizing Business Management Process Workflows: The Dynamic Influence of Mi...IRJET Journal
The document discusses optimizing business management processes through automation using Microsoft Power Automate and artificial intelligence. It provides an overview of Power Automate's key components and features for automating workflows across various apps and services. The document then presents several scenarios applying automation solutions to common business processes like data entry, monitoring, HR, finance, customer support, and more. It estimates the potential time and cost savings from implementing automation for each scenario. Finally, the conclusion emphasizes the transformative impact of AI and automation tools on business processes and the need for ongoing optimization.
Multistoried and Multi Bay Steel Building Frame by using Seismic DesignIRJET Journal
The document describes the seismic design of a G+5 steel building frame located in Roorkee, India according to Indian codes IS 1893-2002 and IS 800. The frame was analyzed using the equivalent static load method and response spectrum method, and its response in terms of displacements and shear forces were compared. Based on the analysis, the frame was designed as a seismic-resistant steel structure according to IS 800:2007. The software STAAD Pro was used for the analysis and design.
Cost Optimization of Construction Using Plastic Waste as a Sustainable Constr...IRJET Journal
This research paper explores using plastic waste as a sustainable and cost-effective construction material. The study focuses on manufacturing pavers and bricks using recycled plastic and partially replacing concrete with plastic alternatives. Initial results found that pavers and bricks made from recycled plastic demonstrate comparable strength and durability to traditional materials while providing environmental and cost benefits. Additionally, preliminary research indicates incorporating plastic waste as a partial concrete replacement significantly reduces construction costs without compromising structural integrity. The outcomes suggest adopting plastic waste in construction can address plastic pollution while optimizing costs, promoting more sustainable building practices.
Optimizing Gradle Builds - Gradle DPE Tour Berlin 2024Sinan KOZAK
Sinan from the Delivery Hero mobile infrastructure engineering team shares a deep dive into performance acceleration with Gradle build cache optimizations. Sinan shares their journey into solving complex build-cache problems that affect Gradle builds. By understanding the challenges and solutions found in our journey, we aim to demonstrate the possibilities for faster builds. The case study reveals how overlapping outputs and cache misconfigurations led to significant increases in build times, especially as the project scaled up with numerous modules using Paparazzi tests. The journey from diagnosing to defeating cache issues offers invaluable lessons on maintaining cache integrity without sacrificing functionality.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.