This document provides an overview of deodorants and antiperspirants. It discusses the key differences between deodorants and antiperspirants, the components of sweat, and methods for reducing body odor. It also covers the ingredients and formulations of deodorants and antiperspirants, including active ingredients in antiperspirants like aluminum compounds. The document evaluates deodorant and antiperspirant effectiveness and discusses considerations like choosing a deodorant over an antiperspirant for health reasons. It also briefly touches on perfumes, talcum powder, and their classification and production.
Antiperspirant & Deodorant:A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration in armpits, feet, and other areas of the body. A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants, affect odor as well as prevent sweating by affecting sweat glands.
Antiperspirants are typically applied to the underarms, while deodorants may also be used on feet and other areas in the form of body sprays. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics, but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter drugs.
Mechanism perspiration control
Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the periotic and anterior regions of the brain's hypothalamus, where thermo sensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the skin.
Emollients are non-cosmetic moisturisers which come in the form of creams, ointments, lotions and gels. Emollients help skin to feel more comfortable and less itchy. They keep the skin moist and flexible, helping to prevent cracks.
Sun Protection (Classification of Sunscreen and SPF)Rahul Kushwaha
Introduction
Skin Damage
Sun Radiation Summary
Sunscreen Defination
Classification Of Sunscreen
Sunscreen Agents
Sun Protection Factor
Sun Protection Factor Classification
When to re-apply the sunscreen
Antiperspirant & Deodorant:A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of perspiration in armpits, feet, and other areas of the body. A subgroup of deodorants, antiperspirants, affect odor as well as prevent sweating by affecting sweat glands.
Antiperspirants are typically applied to the underarms, while deodorants may also be used on feet and other areas in the form of body sprays. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics, but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter drugs.
Mechanism perspiration control
Sweating allows the body to regulate its temperature. Sweating is controlled from a center in the periotic and anterior regions of the brain's hypothalamus, where thermo sensitive neurons are located. The heat-regulatory function of the hypothalamus is also affected by inputs from temperature receptors in the skin.
Emollients are non-cosmetic moisturisers which come in the form of creams, ointments, lotions and gels. Emollients help skin to feel more comfortable and less itchy. They keep the skin moist and flexible, helping to prevent cracks.
Sun Protection (Classification of Sunscreen and SPF)Rahul Kushwaha
Introduction
Skin Damage
Sun Radiation Summary
Sunscreen Defination
Classification Of Sunscreen
Sunscreen Agents
Sun Protection Factor
Sun Protection Factor Classification
When to re-apply the sunscreen
cosmetic and cosmeceutical
Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products
Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics, cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs
Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives. Classification and application
Skin: Basic structure and function of skin.
Hair: Basic structure of hair. Hair growth cycle.
Oral Cavity: Common problem associated with teeth and gums
Analytical cosmetics:BIS specification and analytical methods for shampoo, sk...Steffi Thomas
Analytical cosmetics:BIS specification and analytical methods for shampoo, skin-cream and toothpaste, Indian standards, Schedule S and Schedule Q, Drugs and cosmetic act, standards for heavy metals in cosmetics, standards for coloring agents in cosmetics, annexures, list of approved colours and dyes as per schedule Q Part 1, list of colours permitted to be used in soaps, types of toothpaste, general requirements for ECO mark and BIS mark, BIS certification marking
cosmetic and cosmeceutical
Classification of cosmetic and cosmeceutical products
Definition of cosmetics as per Indian and EU regulations, Evolution of cosmeceuticals from cosmetics, cosmetics as quasi and OTC drugs
Cosmetic excipients: Surfactants, rheology modifiers, humectants, emollients, preservatives. Classification and application
Skin: Basic structure and function of skin.
Hair: Basic structure of hair. Hair growth cycle.
Oral Cavity: Common problem associated with teeth and gums
Analytical cosmetics:BIS specification and analytical methods for shampoo, sk...Steffi Thomas
Analytical cosmetics:BIS specification and analytical methods for shampoo, skin-cream and toothpaste, Indian standards, Schedule S and Schedule Q, Drugs and cosmetic act, standards for heavy metals in cosmetics, standards for coloring agents in cosmetics, annexures, list of approved colours and dyes as per schedule Q Part 1, list of colours permitted to be used in soaps, types of toothpaste, general requirements for ECO mark and BIS mark, BIS certification marking
Design of cosmeceutical products for body odor.pptxBrijithaGokula
Design of cosmetic products for body odor.
what is body odor
causes of body odor
the biology behind body odor
prevention of body odor
natural remedies
cosmetics for body odor
properties of deodorants and antiperspirants
deodorants- formula and mechanism of action, manufacturing process
antiperspirants - formula and mechanism of action
deodorants vs antiperspirants
quality control tests
perfumes
when to consult a doctor
references
ANTIPERSPIRANTS AND DEODORANTS : MECHANISM OF ACTIONojaswinihemane
Antiperspirants and deodorants are personal care products used to manage body odor and sweat. Antiperspirants reduce sweat production, while deodorants mask or neutralize odor. They come in various forms and are widely used for daily hygiene and comfort.
HERBAL COSMETICS BY PRIVATE BODIES LIKE COSMOS.pptxpurvayeole1
GUIDELINES FOR HERBAL COSMETICS BY PRIVATE BODIES LIKE COSMOS
Preservatives
Emollients
Foaming agents
What are Cosmetics?
What are Herbal Cosmetics?
Advantages of Herbal Cosmetics
What is Cosmos?
Guiding principle of Cosmos
Certification signatures & Benefits
What the Cosmos standard covers?
Approval of ingredients
Cosmos standard:
Origin and processing of ingredients.
Composition of total product.
Storage, manufacturing and packaging.
Environment management.
Labelling and communication.
Inspection, certification and control.
CONTROVERSIAL INGREDIENTS OF COSMETICS
Parabens are a set of chemicals which are extensively used as preservatives especially in cosmetics.
They can be discovered in shampoos, industrial moisturizers, shaving gels, topical/parental preparations, tanning solutions, toothpaste, and also in food additives.
Parabens are used to prevent microbial growth of the bacteria in cosmetics to maintain the customers health and maintain the integrity of the product.
Common parabens used are: methyl paraben, propyl paraben, ethyl paraben and butyl paraben.
Parabens will cause a range of reactions to those with allergies. They are notable to cause skin irritation and dermatitis, that could be a serious form of skin inflammation characterized by rashes, blisters and burning skin.
Parabens deeply penetrate the skin and disrupt the conventional functioning of hormones.
Dioxane
The compound 1,4-dioxane is a trace contaminant in some cosmetic products. It is not used as an ingredient in cosmetics, but may be present in extremely small amounts in some cosmetics.
1,4-dioxane forms as a byproduct during the manufacturing process of certain cosmetic ingredients.
These ingredients include certain detergents, foaming agents, emulsifiers, and solvents.
The compound is formed through a process called as ‘Ethyoxylation’, in which ethylene oxide, a known breast carcinogen is added to other chemicals to make them harsh.
Formaldehyde Liberators
Formaldehyde is a colorless, strong smelling gas used in a wide range of industries and products including building materials, cabinets furniture, walls and personal care products.
Formaldehyde and formaldehyde releasing preservatives are found in many personal care products, particularly in shampoos, liquid baby soaps, nail polish, nail glue, hair gel and etc.
DMDM Hydantoin
DMDM hydantoin is an organic compound belonging to a class of compounds known as hydantoins.
DMDM hydantoin works as a preservative because the released formaldehyde makes the environment less favourable to the microorganisms.
DMDM Hydantoin is found in lotion, sunscreen and make-up remover and is one of the least sensitizing of the FRPs.
This slideshare describes the study of quality of raw materials used in cosmetics and general methods of analysis of raw materials used in cosmetic manufacture as per BIS
Deodorants and antiperspirants Cosmetic SciencePranjal Saxena
This presentation contains about description of Deodorants and antiperspirants with their Action, Evaluation, Difference between Deodorants and antiperspirants.
Addressing wrinkles, body odor & dandruff through cosmeceutical preparationsMonika Dovulary
This presentation is a precise yet descriptive information of the topic and will be of extreme use to postgraduate students.
I hope this will be of great help.
Unit 3 of B pharm..Sem 6th Herbal cosmetics ,market overview, sources of description of raw material of herbal ,waxes,gum colour, perfume, protective agent , bleaching agent, preservatives
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
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Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
3. Overview
• Deodorant and Antiperspirant
• Properties
• Differences
• Components of sweat
• Odor & Methods of Reduce it
• Ingredients & Formulation of Deodorants
• Evaluation of Deodorants
• Formulation of Antiperspirant Sticks
• Active Ingredients & Evaluation of Antiperspirant
3
4. Overview
• Choosing Deodorant over Antiperspirant
• Consciousness
• Perfume & Its Classification
• Talcum Powder & Its Merits
4
5. Deodorant and Antiperspirant
• A deodorant is a products applied to the body
to prevent body odor caused by the bacterial
breakdown of perspiration in armpits , feet ,
and other areas of the body and do not
reduce wetness.
• A subgroup of deodorant , antiperspirant ,
affects odor as well as prevent sweating by
affecting sweat glands .
5
6. Properties of Deodorants and
Antiperspirant
• It should not be irritant to the skin .
• It should not deteriorate clothing.
• It should be safe and nontoxic.
• Easy to use and adhere well on skin.
• Mask body odor with perfume.
• Absorb perspiration or inhibit the activity of
gram+ ve bacteria , which cause body
malodour.
6
8. Components of Sweat
Ethnicity: hypotonic liquid form of blood plasma.
Acidic substance which is the degree of acidity is
between 4 and 6. It consists mainly of 99% water
and some mineral salts, which are sodium chloride,
potassium, and bicarbonate.
It also contains inorganic compounds such as lactic
acid, urea, and ammonia which secreted by sweat
glands.
8
12. Odor
Numerous odors substances are responsible:
• decomposition of the proteins
• lower fatty acids, steroids and lactones(have
no smell , but they fix the odor
• combined action of food
• physical and psychological conditions
• individual property (dog detection)
12
13. Method to reduce or control
auxiliary odor
1-Reduce apocrine sweating
2-Remove the secretions
3-Impede bacterial growth
4-Absorb body odor
13
15. Deodorant Action
● According to Gomes, Drucker & liley, infections
caused by anaerotic bacteria often produce
strong odor due to production of short chain
fatty acids, sulfur compounds, ammonia &
polamines.
● Chlorine through its lethal activity on micro
organism & oxidative action on dead tissue &
bacterial products, eliminate the fetid odor
produced by necrosis.
15
18. Evaluation of Deodorants:
• Both in vivo and in vitro methods are available.
But In vitro techniques do not provide a reliable
indicator of clinical effectiveness.
• The two principal methods for the in vivo
evaluation of deodorant efficacy are-
1. Determination of the effect of treatment on the skin
microflora;
2. Olfactory assessment of the effects on skin odours.
• In the other method, olfactory assessment of the
effect of deodorants
on body odours may be performed by
direct armpit sniffing or by indirect sniffing of pads.
18
19. Formulation of Antiperspirant
sticks
Antiperspirant sticks consist of
• The active drug ingredients that control
perspiration;
• Gelling agents that form the stick matrix;and
• Other ingredients, such as fragrance or
colorants, that make the product aesthetically
pleasing.
19
20. Antiperspirant Action
Active ingredient will diffuse into the sweat &
apocrine glands & insoluble hydroxide gel will be
produced in sweat pores & thus physically blocking
the release of secretory products by constricting
the opening of the sweat gland ducts.
20
21. Active ingredients
• The FDA publishes an Over the Counter (OTC) Drug
monograph that lists which ingredients are approved for
use
• The ingredients on this list are limited to:
- natural antimicrobial agents: aluminum chlorhydrate,
aluminumdichlorhydrate
- aluminum chloride (must be non aerosol) and
- aluminum zirconium complexes.
• of these compounds, the most commonly used is
aluminum zirconiumtetrachlorohydrex glycine.
• Most of these materials are supplied as powders, and
they are typically used at levels of 8-25%based on
the weight of the finished product. 21
22. Alcohol
• Alcohol is an ingredient present in some roll-ons,
aerosols and gels.
• The active ingredients of antiperspirants and
deodorants are often dissolved in alcohol
because it dries quickly once applied to the skin
and gives an immediate sense of coolness.
22
23. Gelling Agent
• The bulk of the formulation consists of waxy or
fatty materials that are gelled to form a solid stick.
• Common examples include:
- stearyl alcohol
- cetyl alcohol
- hydrogenated castor oil, and glyceryl stearate.
• These waxy materials are blended with lubricating
oils and emollients such as cyclomethicone,
• In addition, talc, starches, or other powders may be
added to control stick consistency and to give the
product a dry feel.
23
24. Other Ingredients :
• Fragrance and colorants may be added to
the formula to improve its odour or
appearance.
• Some additives as calcium pantothenate may be
added,Calcium pantothenate in antiperspirants
is claimed to soothe irritated skin and to
promote wound healing, which often occurs
with underarm shaving.
24
26. Evaluation of Antiperspirant:
• Antiperspirants aim to bring about a temporary
decrease in sweatproduction in the axillae.
• The most widely used procedure for efficacy te
sting of antiperspirants is a gravimetric method
which involves the
collection and weighing of axillary sweat under
controlled conditions.
26
27. Why choose a Deodorant over an
Antiperspirant?
• Deodorants work by neutralizing the smell of the sweat
and by antiseptic action against bacteria.
• Deodorants are preferable because they don't interfere
with sweating, a natural cooling process.
• Antiperspirants, because of their ability to reduce
perspiration and thus diminish the medium that is a
factor in the development of axillary odour, can also
claim to be a deodorant.
• However, because a deodorant product only reduces
the body odour and does not reduce perspiration it can
only be labeled as a deodorant.
27
28. Healthy effect
1. Aluminum toxicity
Aluminum itself adversely affects the blood – brain
barrier, is capable of causing DNA damage, and has
adverse epigenetic effects.
2. Breast cancer
2004 and 2005 studies led by researcher Philippa
Darbre, hypothesizes that particular substances in
deodorants, such as preservatives called parabens, or
bolts such as aluminum chloride used in antiperspirants,
get into the bloodstream or accumulate in breast tissue,
where they enhance or emulate the effects of estrogen,
which stimulates the growth of cancerous breast cells.
28
29. Healthy effects
3. The agency warns people with renal dysfunction
to consult a doctor before using antiperspirants
containing aluminum.
4. Deodorant crystals containing synthetically
made potassium alum were found to be a weak
irritant to the skin. Alcohol-free deodorant is
available for those with sensitive skin.
29
31. Perfume
# Perfume is a mixture of fragrant essential oils or
aromatic compounds, fixatives and solvents used to
give the human body, animal, food objects and living
spaces a pleasant scent.
# It has been used for centuries by mankind.
# Perfumes are supposed to release a continuous
pleasant fragrance that will provide a long lasting
feeling of freshness.
# Initially it was only used for religious purpose but
now it has become an ornament of sophistication
for both men and women.
31
32. Classification of Perfume
• Perfumes are classified into five major groups on the basis of
concentration of fragrance and duration of lasting:
Class of aromatic compound % Duration(hours)
Perfume(perfume) 20-30 6-8
Eau de perfume 15-20 4-5
Eau de toilette 5-15 2-3
Eau de cologne 2-4 2
32
33. • Perfumes can further be classified into following classes:
1. Bright floral: Fragrance from one or several flowers. e.g. Estee
lauder’s Beautiful
2. Green: Fragrance from cut grass or leaf. e.g. Calvin Klein’s
Eternity
3. Aquatic: A clean smell reminiscent of ocean. e.g. Davidoff Cool
Water
4. Citrus: Has freshening effect. E.g. Faberge Brut
5. Fruity: Aromas of fruits other than citrus. E.g. Ginestet Botrytis
6. Gourmand: Scent with edible or desert like qualities. E.g.
Thierry Mugler’s Angel.
33
Classification of Perfume
34. AROMATIC SOURCES
Fragrances used in perfume can be found from following sources:
a) Plant Source: Barks, flowers, blossoms, fruits, resin, roots,
seeds, woods etc.
b) Animal Source: Musk, civet, honeycomb etc.
c) Synthetic Source: Calone, synthetic terpenes etc.
INGREDIENTS CAUSING ALLERGIC REACTION
1.Sandalwood Fragrance: Hypersensitivity.
2.Limonene: Slightly astringent smell Irritates the skin.
3.Benzyl alcohol: Fixative Skin irritant causing redness and pain.
4.Benzyl Benzoate:Fixative; sweet balsamic odor. Skin irritation
like blister .
5.Acetone Solvent Inhalation cause dryness of mouth & throat.
6.Ethyl Acetate Solvent Defatting effect on skin & may cause
drying & cracking
34
35. MANUFACTURING PROCESS
Perfumes can be manufactured by following steps:
I. Collection
II. Extraction
III. Blending
IV. Aging
I. Collection:
Before manufacturing process begins the sources of suitable
fragrances are collected in the manufacturing centre.
II.Extraction:
Oils are extracted from plants and other substances by several
methods like:
a. Steam distillation:
steam is passed through plant materials held in a still, whereby
the essential oil turns to gas.
35
36. This gas is then passed through tubes, cooled, liquefied and
collected.
b. Solvent extraction:
The flower parts are dissolved in benzene or petrolatum that
retains the fragrance of the flower.
Alcohol is used to dissolve the fragrance and heated to obtain it
after evaporation of alcohol.
c. Enfleurage:
Flowers are kept in glass sheet with grease that absorb the
fragrance of flowers.
d. Expression:
The citrus fruits or plants are manually or mechanically pressed
until all the oil is squeezed out.
36
37. Talcum powder
Talcum powder is the refined, powdery form of the
softest mineral on earth: talc. Talc is an “inert”
ingredient, meaning it does not generate a chemical
reaction when ingested or used on the skin. People
have taken advantage of its natural smoothness,
safety and absorbency since ancient Egyptian times.
Talc is found in rock deposits all over the planet and
is mined like many other minerals. Only
pharmaceutical grade talc is used in our baby
powder.
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38. How is talcum powder made?
Once it is taken from the earth, talc is partially
crushed, sorted and assigned a grade. The talc ore
that meets our standards is then milled to a
powder, tested for particle size and confirmed to
meet Johnson & Johnson’s purity requirements.
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39. Is Talc Safe?
1.Talc has been used for centuries.
It’s the softest mineral on earth, and has been
used for a variety of applications dating back to
ancient Egypt.
2.Talc is more common than you think.
It’s in the foods we eat, including chewing gum,
rice and olive oil, and many products we use
every day (like makeup, soap and antiperspirant.)
3.Talc is safe. Research, clinical evidence
and nearly 40 years of studies by independent
medical experts around the world continue to
support the safety of talc. 39
40. 4.Talc has been studied by independent
authorities around the world.
Government and non-governmental
agencies, such as the U.S. Food and Drug
Administration and Cosmetic Ingredient
Review Expert Panel have all investigated
the potential harmfulness of talc and determined that talc is
safe.
6.Talc does not cause cancer.
The National Cancer Institute’s Physician Data
Query Editorial Board concluded that the
weight of evidence does not support an
association between perineal talc exposure and increased risk of
ovarian cancer 40