Ophthalmic dosage are the preparation designed for application to the eye:-
For treatment
For symptomatic release of symptoms
For diagnostic purpose
As aid to surgical procedures
They are the sterile products meant to instillation in to the eye in the space between eye lid and the eye ball
They are also prepared as parenteral product. Example
Eye drops, Eye lotion, Eye ointment, Eye suspension, Contact lens solution
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems; formulation and manufacture of aerosols; Evaluation of aerosols; Quality control and stability studies
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
Pharmaceutical Aerosols: Definition, propellants, containers, valves, types of aerosol systems; formulation and manufacture of aerosols; Evaluation of aerosols; Quality control and stability studies
Liquid oral topic in Industrial Pharmacy contains many topics like solution, elixirs, syrups, emulsion, and suspension. This topic includes general introduction, types, formulation, components, uses, and Quality control tests. These are also beneficial in other subjects like Pharmaceutics.
These defects can cause serious injury and harm. When this occurs, you should speak with our product liability attorneys in Denver. You may have a viable claim to file a product liability lawsuit against the negligent manufacturer.Capsules are solid dosage forms in which the drug substance is enclosed within either a hard or soft soluble shell. Generally the shells are formed from gelatin. The capsule may be regarded as “container” drug delivery system, which provides a tasteless/odorless dosage form without the need of a secondary coating step, as may be required for tablets.Capsules are one of the essential components of the pharmaceutical sector. They are mainly used to hold dry powder or little pellets of medication and are made using specific machinery and techniques. The capsule's production method entails pharmaceutically active ingredients, additives, and a cover. Every pharmaceutical business understands capsule manufacturing takes time, and the reason is the critical measures.
The presentation deals with a detailed study of soft gelatin capsules. this involves the production of soft gelatin capsule based on the importance of base adsorption factor and minim/gram factor. also quality control studies was also elaborated.
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
I Omkar B. Tipugade , M-Pharm, Sem 4th , Department of Pharmaceutics , Shree Santkrupa College Of Pharmacy, Ghogaon. Today I published the hard gelatin & Soft Gelatin Capsule in brief .
Anatomy of eye and adrena, absorption of drug in the eye, classification of ophthalmic
products, safety consideration of ophthalmic products, formulation, vehicles and additives,
manufacturing consideration, environment, manufacturing techniques, quality control of
ophthalmic products, packaging of ophthalmic products.
These defects can cause serious injury and harm. When this occurs, you should speak with our product liability attorneys in Denver. You may have a viable claim to file a product liability lawsuit against the negligent manufacturer.Capsules are solid dosage forms in which the drug substance is enclosed within either a hard or soft soluble shell. Generally the shells are formed from gelatin. The capsule may be regarded as “container” drug delivery system, which provides a tasteless/odorless dosage form without the need of a secondary coating step, as may be required for tablets.Capsules are one of the essential components of the pharmaceutical sector. They are mainly used to hold dry powder or little pellets of medication and are made using specific machinery and techniques. The capsule's production method entails pharmaceutically active ingredients, additives, and a cover. Every pharmaceutical business understands capsule manufacturing takes time, and the reason is the critical measures.
The presentation deals with a detailed study of soft gelatin capsules. this involves the production of soft gelatin capsule based on the importance of base adsorption factor and minim/gram factor. also quality control studies was also elaborated.
A comprehensive interpretation of pellets based on their definitions, advantages, disadvantages, mechanism of pellet formation and growth, pelletization techniques, formulation requirements, and the equipment system for manufacture of pellets.
Hard gelatin capsules - a detailed studyTeny Thomas
The presentation involves a descriptive study on hard gelatin capsules which includes the production of the hard gelatin capsule shell, size of the capsules, capsule filling machines and the finishing techniques. The presentation also involves the special techniques of capsule formulation and the quality control tests of hard gelatin capsules
A detailed study on tablets, its classification, excipients, tablet granulation, methods of granulation, compression machines, equipment tooling and the problems that occur during the tablet manufacturing process. This presentation is based on the PCI syllabus for bpharm students of fifth semester.
I Omkar B. Tipugade , M-Pharm, Sem 4th , Department of Pharmaceutics , Shree Santkrupa College Of Pharmacy, Ghogaon. Today I published the hard gelatin & Soft Gelatin Capsule in brief .
Anatomy of eye and adrena, absorption of drug in the eye, classification of ophthalmic
products, safety consideration of ophthalmic products, formulation, vehicles and additives,
manufacturing consideration, environment, manufacturing techniques, quality control of
ophthalmic products, packaging of ophthalmic products.
Introduction to ophthalmic products useful as a basic & theoretical tool for pharmacy, medical & nursing students for their graduate and post graduate studies
Different types of solutions are use in contact lens practice. Some solutions are only for hydrophobic rigid contact lenses and some for hydrogel soft contact lenses. While few of them may be used for both types of lenses. Various solutions available can be grouped as follow:
• Wetting agents
• Cleaning agents
• Storage (soaking agents)
• Rewetting agents
Multifunctional solutions are combination of two or more of the above solutions that enhance compliance by reducing number of solutions the pt has to use.
Components of solutions
All solutions contain certain components that are peculiar to particular function of the solution at varying concentration.
Cleaning agent
Buffering agent
Vehicle
Surfactant cleaner
Enzymatic cleaner
Soaking solution
Heat for disinfection
Chemical disinfecting
Preservatives
Preservative conc. is usually low in CL solutions in order to reduce risk of any eye irritation.
Range of preservatives includes:
Benzalkonium chloride
Chlorobutanol
Thiomesal
Chlorhexidine
Ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA)
Sorbic acid
Potassium sorbate
1. Wetting solution
An agent that coats the contact lens with a film intends to minimize the friction of CL against pelpebral conjunctiva and cornea. It act as
buffer
Cushioning agent
It disintegrates to be replaced by lacrimal fluid. It must meet standards as regard to sterility, isotonicity, nonirritabilty and stability.
Should be buffered at pH of tears.
Essential characteristics of a Wetting agent
1. Wet thoroughly and spread over an entire surface of lens, rendering it hydrophilic.
2. Should form a film sufficiently tenacious so that it’ll not be washed away during the wearing period by tears.
3. Nonirritating and nonsensitizing
4. No residue existence (pure)
5. Cleaner, antiseptic and self-preserving
6. Viscous
7. Lubricant and preserving agent
8. Allow lens sticking on fingertip during insertion and sallow no oil of finger to get on lens
Not interfere with wetting
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
3. INTRODUCTION
Ophthalmic dosage are the preparation designed for application to the
eye:-
For treatment
For symptomatic release of symptoms
For diagnostic purpose
As aid to surgical procedures
They are the sterile products meant to instillation in to the eye in the
space between eye lid and the eye ball
They are also prepared as parenteral product. Example
Eye drops, Eye lotion, Eye ointment, Eye suspension, Contact lens
solution
4. Types of ophthalmic products
Liquid preparation,
For application to the surface of the eye. Example ,eye drop
and eye lotion
Semi solid preparation,
Introduced to the margin of eye lid or conjunctival sac.
example are eye ointment and cream and gel
Solid preparation
such as Ocular insert intended to be placed in contact with
the surface of the eye to produce prolong effect
5. Formulation consideration.
The preparation of ophthalmic should consider
the following properties:-
1.Foreign particles
2.Viscosity
3.Tonicity
4.pH of preparation
5.Sterility
6.Surface activity
6. Foreign particles
All the ophthalmic products should be clear and free from
foreign particles, fibers and filaments.
Ophthalmic solutions should be clarified very carefully by
passing through bacteria proof filters such as
membrane filters, sintered glass filters.
The particle size of the eye suspension should be in an
ultrafine state of subdivision to minimize irritation. A
separate filter should be used for different ophthalmic
products in order to avoid the contamination.
7. Viscosity
In order to prolong the contact time of the drug in the eye, various
thickening agents are added in the ophthalmic preparations.
Polyvinyl alcohol (1-4%), polyethylene glycol, methylcellulose,
carboxymethyl cellulose are some of the commonly used thickening
agents. These agents improve the viscosity of the preparation.
An ideal thickening agent should possess the following properties:
1) it should be easy to filter
2) It should be easy to sterilize.
3) It should be compatible with other ingredients.
Thickening agents are not included drops and eye lotions which are
required to be used during or after surgery due to some possible
adverse effects on the interior of the eye.
8. Sterility
Ophthalmic preparations must be sterile when prepared.
Pseudomonas aeroginosa is very common gram-ve bacteria which is
generally
found to be present in ophthalmic products. It may cause serious
infections of cornea. It can cause complete loss of eye sight in 24-48hrs
To maintain sterility in multi dose container, containing ophthalmic
products, a suitable preservative is added, The preservative should be
non-toxic,
non-irritant
should be compatible with medicaments.
9. The ophthalmic products are generally
sterilized by autoclaving, filtration through
bacteria proof filters and addition of
bactericides at low temperature
10. Tonicity
Ophthalmic products should be isotonic with
lachrymal secretions to avoid discomfort and
irritation.
It has been observed that eye can tolerate a
range of tonicity from 0.5-2% NaCI.
There are certain isotonic vehicles which are used
to prepare ophthalmic products like 1.9% boric
acid, sodium acid phosphate buffer.
11. Surface activity
Vehicles used in ophthalmic preparations must have good wetting
ability to penetrate cornea and other tissues. Certain surfactants or
wetting agents added which are found to be suitable for ophthalmic
products .
It should not cause any damage to the tissue of eye.
Benzalkonium chloride, polysorbate 20, polysoabate80, dioctyl
sodium sulpho succinate etc., are some of the surfactants which are
commonly used.
12. pH of the preparations
pH plays an important role in therapeutic activity,
solubility, stability and comfort to the patient. Tears
have a pH of about 7.4
Eye can tolerate solution having wide range of pH
provided they are not strongly buffered, since the tear
will rapidly restore the normal pH value of the eye.
13. Are sterile aqueous or suspension of drugs
that are instilled into the eyes with the help of
dropper
15. 1)Drug
These contains drug of various categories including antiseptic,
anti-inflammatory agent, mydriatric or meiotic properties.
2) Preservative
Eye drop should be sterile and should contain preservatives to
avoid microbial contamination when the container is open. The
preservative for ophthalmic use includes Benzalkonium chloride,
Chlorbutanol , Phenyl mercuric acetate, Phenyl mercuric nitrate
3) Sterilization
Eye drops are sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 minutes or
by bacteria filter to avoid thermal degradation; for example-
Preservative chlorbutanaol hydrolyzes at high temperature.
16. 4) Isotonicity
All the solutes including drug contribute to the osmotic pressure
of the eye drop, therefore isotonicity of the formula should be
calculated and it is adjusted with sodium chloride, for example-
Sodium chloride 0.9% and boric acid 1.9% are iso-osmotic
5) Buffer
The buffer should be added to maintain solubility, stability and
activity of drug. For example-, the hydrolyzed chlorbutanol forms
hydrochloride acid making the drop acidic, whereas certain drug
like pilocarpine hydrochloride are acidic.. Boric acid, monobasic
sodium phosphate are the common buffers for eye drop.
17. 6) Viscosity
The size of drop and its residences in eye depends on viscosity of
eye drops. Methylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and
polyvinyl alcohol are common viscosity enhancer
7) Container
The commonly used container for ophthalmic solutions or
suspension is multi-dose container (5ml, 10ml). Glass container is
supplied with sterile plastic dropper. Plastic bottles are with built-
up nozzle.
8) Label
Not for injection. For external use only . Shake well before use
(if it is suspension)
18. The eye drops are prepared in 4 stages.
1)Preparation of bactericidal and fungicidal vehicle:
The aqueous or oily vehicle is used in preparation of eye drops.
The aqueous vehicle may support bacterial or fungal growth,
so one of the following bactericide may be used to prepare the
eye drops,
I. Phenyl mercuric nitrate/ acetate 002%
II. Benzalkonium chloride 0.01%
III. Chlorhexidine acetate-0.01%
19. 2) Preparation of solution of medicaments and adjuvant:
The medicaments are dissolved in the aqueous vehicle
containing suitable anti microbial agent. The adjuvants are
also dissolved in the vehicle at a stage to form a stable
preparation.
3) Clarification:
The eye drops are clarified by passing the solutions through
membrane filter having pore size of 0.8µm. The clarified
solution is immediately transferred in to final containers
and sealed to exclude microorganisms.
4) Sterilization :
the eye drops are sterilized by autoclaving or heating with
bactericide at 98° to 100cfor 30 mins . or filtration through
bacteria proof filter
20. Eye lotion are the sterile aqueous solutions used for
washing of the eyes. The eye lotions are supplied in
concentrated form and are required to be diluted with
warm water immediately before use. They are usually
applied with a clean eye-bath or sterilized fabric
dressing and a large volume of solutions is allowed to
flow quickly over the eye.
21. Cont……
lotions should be isotonic and free from
foreign particles to avoid irritation to the eye.
They are required to be prepared fresh and
should not be stored for more than two days
as the lotion may get contaminated include
sodium chloride, sodium bicarbonate, boric
acid, borax or zinc sulphate
22. Eye lotions are simple solution.
They are iso-osmotic with tears because they cause much greater dilution
of the lachrymal fluid and hence are more likely to cause discomfort if not
adjusted.
The eye lotion should be sterile because the large volume is used to
irritation from the eye.
While removing the irritation from the eye, it become more susceptible to
infection.
The eye lotions are sterilized by autoclaving or by passing through bacteria
proof filters.
Sodium chloride eye lotion and sodium bicarbonate eye lotion are
commonly used to remove foreign substance from the eye.
23. EXAMPLE:-
To prepare and submit ml of sodium chloride eye lotion B.P.C
Rx
Sodium chloride 9gm
Purified water to produce 1000m
Method:
Dissolve sodium chloride in purified water and made the final volume by adding
more of purified water.
Filter through sintered glass filter grade 4.
The eye lotion is transfer to the bottle.
Close and sealed the bottle sterilize it by autoclaving.
24. Eye ointments are sterile preparation meant
for application to the eye.
These are prepared under aseptic conditions
and packed in sterile collapsible tubes which
keep the preparation sterile until whole of it is
consumed.
25. How to Use Eye Ointments and Gels
Properly?
25
26. The ointment based for an eye-ointment must be no-irritating to
the eye.
The eye ointment base should melt near to the body temperature,
so as to permit the diffusion of the drug through the lachrymal
secretions of the eye.
For the preparation of eye-ointment the following base is used:-
Yellow soft paraffin Liquid 80g
Paraffin 10g
Wool fat 10g
27. Melt wool fat, soft paraffin on a water bath.
Add liquid paraffin.
Filter through coarse filter placed in heated funnel.
It is sterilized by dry heat method (160°C for 2 hours).
Incorporate the medicament with the eye ointment
base. Pack in sterile containers.
28.
29. Evaluation is test of finish Parenteral product
are free from of micro-organism or not.
Evaluation of the ophthalmic product is done
by following tests
1. Sterility Test
2. Clarity Test
3. Leaker Test
4. Metal particles in ophthalmic ointment
30. 1. STERILITY TEST:
Two basic methods for sterility testing:
1.Direct Inoculation Method:
It involves the direct introduction of product test samples into the culture
media.
2. Membrane filtration Method:
Involves filtering test sample through membrane filter, washing the filter
with fluid to remove inhibitory property and transferring the membrane
aseptically to appropriate culture media. Detection of contamination used
to two culture media:-
A) Soybean-casein digest medium:- Incubated at 20 to 25C
B) fluid thioglycollate medium:- Incubated at 30 to 35°Con 7 Days
31. 2. CLARITY TEST:
Ophthalmic Solution by definition contain no undissolved
ingredients and are essentially free from foreign particles.
Visual Inspection:
Under a good light, baffled against reflection into the eye
and viewed against a black and white background with
contest set in motion with swilling action.
Instrumental method:
It is utilizing the principle of light Scattering, light
absorption and electrical resistance to obtain particle count
and size distribution - destruction of product units-only for
quality control testing
32. 3. LEAKER TEST: (defect)
1. Select 10 tubes of the ointment with seals applied when specified.
2. Thoroughly clean and dry the exterior surfaces of each tube with an
absorbent cloth.
3. Place the tubes in horizontal position on a sheet of absorbent paper in
an oven maintained at temperature of 60 for 8 hours.
4. No significant leakage occurs during or at the completion of the test.
1. If leakage is observed from one, but more than one of the tubes repeat
the test with 20 additional tubes of the ointment.
1. The requirement is met if no leakage is observed from the first 10 tubes
tested or if leakage is observed from not more than one of 30 tubes
tested
33. 4. METAL PARTICLES IN OPTHALMIC
OINTMENT
1. Extrude as completely as practicable the content of 10 tubes
individually into separate, clear, flat-bottom, 60-mm petri dishes
that are free from scratches.
2. Cover the dishes and heat at 85°c for 2 hours, increasing the
temperature slightly if necessary to ensure that a fully fluid sate is
obtained.
3. Taking precautions against disturbing the melted sample, allow
each to cool to room temperature and to solidify.
4. Remove the covers and invert each petri dish on the stage of
suitable microscope adjusted to furnish 30 times magnification
and equipped with an eye pieces micrometer disk that has been
calibrated at the magnification being used.
34. 5. Examine the entire bottom of the petri dish for metal particles.
6. Count the number of metal particles that are 50um on larger in
any dimension.
7. The requirements are met if the total number of such particles in
all 10 tubes does not exceed 50 and if not more than 1 tube is
found to contain more than 8 such particles. If these results are
not obtained, repeat the test on 20 additional tubes.
8. The requirements are met if the total number of metal particles
that are 50um on larger in any dimension does not exceed 150 in
all 30 tubes tested and if not mote than 3 of the tubes are found
to contain more than 8 such particles each.
35.
36. CONTAINERS USED IN OPHTHALMIC
PRODUCTS
Currently almost all commercially available
ophthalmic products are packaged in plastic
containers.
advantages
ease of use,
less spillage,
little breakage-
have led to universal acceptance of these plastic
packaging components,
37. The plastic bottles for packaging of ophthalmic
products are generally made of Low Density
Polyethylene(LDPE), either with or without
any colorants or with opacifying agents.
Polypropylene(PP) or high density
polyethylene(HDPE) are also used to meet
specific product requirements.
38. Eye drops (Single- dose containers):
Plastic bottles(LDPE) are widely used.
Eye drops(Multiple- dose containers):
Traditionally, glass bottles with rubber teat dropper were
widely used. Now- a-days, plastic bottles(LDPE) are widely
used.
Eye ointments:
Flexible plastic or collapsible metal tubes are used.
Caps or closures
are generally made from Polypropylene(PP) and basically
seal the container to prevent contamination or leakage of
the product.
39. Glass container
• Neutral, Boro-silicate type glass(Type 1 glass) were
widely used as a container for ophthalmic preparations,
Plastic container
• Thermoplastic polymers have been established as
packaging materials for sterile preparations such as
large-volume parenterals, ophthalmic solutions and
increasingly, small-volume parenterals.
Ampoules
• A parenteral product container made entirely of glass
and intended for single use.
40. Vials
A glass or plastic container closed with a
rubber stopper and sealed with an aluminum
crimp.
41.
42. LABEL SHOULD CONTAIN
THE FOLLOWING
1. The name of the pharmaceutical product.
2. The name(s) of the active ingredient(s).
3. The concentration of the active ingredients and the amount
or the volume of preparation in the container.
4. The batch number assigned by the manufacturer.
5. The expiry date, the utilization period, and, when required,
the date of manufacture.
6. Any special storage conditions or handling precautions that
may be necessary.
7. If applicable, the period of use after opening the container.